The present study constitutes a part of urological studies on Japaneses fetuses, which is the research projectof our department, comprising the following papers:
1. The pyelograms of Japanese fetuses (a preliminary report.)
2. Part I The pyelograms of Japanese fetuses
3. Part II Development and morphologic growth of the renal pelvis, major an minor renal calices.
4. Part III The values and variations of the pyelograms in adults based on the measurement lines of fetuses.
5. Part IV Morphologio studies on the development of the ureter.
6. part V Formation of renal artery in the fetus.
7. Part VI Morphologic development of the urinary bladder in the light of the costograms of Japanese fetuses.
8. Special report: The ductules opening into the rectumt in the Japanese fetuses
In addition to the above subjects, the results of study on to changes in mensural values of body surface due to the growth of fetuses ranging in gestation age of 16-40 weeks as well as of postnatal period, are here summarized. These results should have been reported at an earlier stage of our studies, bue to the necessary delay in the collection of materials, they are presented as Part VII.
This paper presents the results of measurement of body surface at 40 different locations, which constitute the basic data for all the papers previously published. The surface area and size of each fetus studied in preceding papers can readily be found by simply referring to its number mentioned in this paper. Furthermore, the present study has endeavoured to describe the changes occurring in the body surface of the fetus due to the growth of fetal body. The points arbitrarily selecyed for measurement are: (A) body length, weight, chest circumference, digital span and planter length; (B) various points of the head and face; (C) various points of the trunk; (D) various points of the limbs; (E) the ration of mensural values of various points and organs of the head and face against the third digital length; and (F) correlation among the circumferences of the chest, abdomen, upper arm and thigh.
The results of these measurements are as follows:
1) The measurements were made on fetuses ate ach week ranging in age from 16 to 40 weeks of gestation and the averages are summarized in the accompanying table.
2) The monthly average values are calculated for fetuses at each month of gestation.
3) The ratio of the baby length to the measurement values obtained at each month of gestation age was obtained and the data are classified into three groups.
1. The lowest value of the ratios lying within the approximating limits was set at 0.48, to which the circumferences of the chest, head and abdomen belong.
2. Among the body length rations in the range of 0.35-0.11 are the total head length, the maximal length, the width of the head, the chest thickness, the interspinous distance of the ilium, the maximal waist width, the length, the maximal and minimal circumferences of the upper arm, and the length of the right sole.
3. The values lying between 0.07 and 0.02 in the body length ratio are those of the length and width of the nose, eye fissure, mouth width, oral fissuer, philtrum, the length of the right third finger, of the penis and of the labial tissure.
4. The ratio between the length of the right third finger and various organs of the head and face was calculted, but no particular significance could be found in the values.
5. The correlation among various important points of body surface was presened in a special graph.
6. The accompanying table indicates the growth rate of fetuses calculated on the basis of the weight at the 4th gestation month reached at the 10th month. It is clear that the greatest the greatest values are the body weight which is 42.5 times, the penis 5.76 times, the greatest circumference of the thight 4.89 times, the digital span and the labial fissure both 4.54 times. The smallest values are 2.1 times of the

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I. Electroureterographic responses of the bilateral ureter following continuous rectangular current stimulation of various intensities on one ureter were studied in 42 rabbits and in 28 patients.
II. Electroureterographic recording apparatus, electrodes and stimulators are described.
III. The experimental methods on the animals and hospital patients are presented in detail.
IV. The following results were established.
1) The shape of the peristaltic waves to became more complex after stimulation as compared with pre-stimulation control. No direct correlation between the intensity of the stimuli and the changes in the configuration of the waves was noted, however.
2) The mean maximal value of the amplitude of the peristaltic wave groups was 0.55mV on the right, 0.53mV on the left ureters in 42 rabbits, and 1.4mV on the right, 1.8mV on the left ureters in 28 humans.
3) The change in the conduction rate was measured in 15 patients and an increase in the rate of conduction was noted on the stimulated side in 5 cases (33%). There was no correlation between the intensity of the stimuli applied and the increase in the conduction rate.
4) Electroureterographic responses to continuous rectangular current stimuli of 4V 6V 10V and 20V on one side were studied in 20 rabbits. Ureteral peristalsis was inhibited bilaterally following stimuli of 4V, and 6V, and was augmented by an intense stimulus of 20V. Stimuli of intermediate intensity, i, e., 10V caused equivocal changes.
5) The effects of Banthine and Vagostigmine on ureters were studied electroureterographically. Banthine inhibits the ureteric motility, especially the duration of the peristaltic waves. Vagostigumin augments ureteric motility, especially in the increased amplitude of the waves.
6) Electroureterographic responses of the bilateral ureters to continuous rectangular current stimulations on one side in the 22 rabbits treated prior to stimulation with the above-mentioned drugs were found to be similar to those found in the un-treated 20 animals.
7) Continuous rectangular current stimulations were applied to the ureter on one side in 5 patients with normal ureter, 12 with nephroureterolithiasis and 11 with floating kidneys, and the electroureterographic responses were observed. Stimuli of less than 10V, caused inhibitory responses on bilateral ureters in most of the patients.
This finding is in accord with that of the animal experiments. Stimuli of greater intensity, such as 20V used in animal experiments, were not tried on the patient group.
In patients with nephro-ureterolithiasis, stimuli were applied on the affected ureter in 6 cases, and on the contralateral in 6 cases.
In the floating kidney group, the stimuli were applied on the affected side in 4 cases, and on the healthy side in 7 cases. The side of the stimulation did not seem to influence the direction of the responses.
8) Following the stimulation on one side, both ureters responded namely, augmenting one side and inhibiting the other side in 15 out of 42 rabbits (35.7%) and in 9 out of 28 clinical cases (32.1%).
This seemingly reciprocal response in the bilateral ureters were noted on stimuli of medium intensity, 6V, 10V, in animals and 10V to 14V in clinical cases.

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From electroureterographic experiments on 48 rabbits and on 44 patients the author established the following results.
1) The findings which can be interpreted as retrograde peristalsis of the ureter on the affected side were found in 10 of 44 patients (27.7%). Six of these patients had stones in the upper urinary tract. They represents 38% of the total patients with floating kidneys. These were cases of marked ptosis such as those accompanied by hydro-nephrosis. Retrograde peristalsis was also seen in a patient with vascular anomaly of the kidneys and in a patient who had undergone exploratory laparotomy for a gynecologic condition.
The retrograde peristalsis in the above cases disappeared postoperatively, and normal peristalsis was restored. Retrograde peristalsis was noted in 6.3% of the animals studied.
2) The electroureterogram of a megaloureter which showed no definite peristaltic wave is described.
3) Marked diminished amplitude in the peristaltic waves of the ureter was noted on the affected side in 5 out of 14 floating kidney cases (36%), in two out of 8 cases of ureterolithiasis during the interval between colic, and in one ureter of a post-hysterectomy patient. The peristaltic waves resumed their normal amplitude post operatively. This process was presented electroureterographically.
4) Increased amplitude of the peristaltic waves was noted in the healthy ureter when the contralateral ureter is in serious dysfunction. This was also observed during colic of ureterolithiasis on the affected side.
5) No specific change in the conduction rates of the peristaltic waves was affected by any of the various diseases. On the whole, however a tendency of a slower conduction in the ureter of floating kidneys on the affected side, and of a fester conduction in the ureters with stones compared with the healthy ureter was noted.
6) The normal value of the frequency of the peristaltic waves was determined. The changes in duration in the course of certain diseases are described. Namely, the frequency of the peristaltic waves was prolonged on the affected side of ureterolithiasis, and the difference in the frequency of the waves of either ureters diminished following removal of the stone. In cases of severe floating kidneys such as those accompanied by hydronephrosis, the duration of the waves was prolonged, and its recovery was found in keeping with results of other urological tests following nephropexy.
7) Waves of abnormal figurations and interval are described.
8) The discussion concerning the above subjects is presented accompanied with bibliography.

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The outpatients with nocturnal enuresis in Urological Department of Hirosaki University for the past 1.3 years (1946 to 1958) were examined statistically, and investigated especially with respect to the effects of various therapeutic procedures.
The results obtained were as follows.
1) 285 patients in total were found, which corresponded to 5.5% of 5107 urological patients. The highest frequency was 12.7% in 1947 and the lowest 2.7% in 1955.
As to age, 70.1% of 285 patients were under 15 years old and corresponded to 32.6% of 613 urological patients under 15 years old.
2) Of 250 cases treated with various kinds of treatments, 175 cases (70%) were clinically improved. Comparing the direct effects of these treatments, 65 cases (85.6%) were improved in 75 cases by the combined treatment of Cathelin's epidural injection and internal use of Pervitin, which showed the highest rate of improvement, and next, 38 (77.5%) in 49 cases by Cathelin's injection only.
The above mentioned rates of improvement might be apparently higher than that of 50% in 20 cases by local injection of Imidalin into the bladder wall.
3) In 83 cases, the further course after treatment was pursuited for 6 months as the shortest and 11 years as the longest, and these remote results were compared by the kind of treatments. The combined treatment of Cathelin's injection and internal use of Pervitin showed the highest cure rate of 76.0% (19 out of 25 cases).
Excest the internal use of pervitin only, the cure rates in remote results were lower than the direct cure rates.
4) According to this examination on remote results, the relapse of enuresis was found in 17 cases (23.4%) out of the 47 cases who had been decided as cure at the time when the treatments were discontinued. On the other hand, it was assumed that socalled natural cure owing to growth was found at 32.4%≥P≥8.2% in the far improved cases (confidence limits 98%).

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Electroencephalogram was examined in 68 cases of nocturnal enuresis as well as in 3 cases of irritable bladder and 1 healthy person as control.
1) In the control group, only one case of irritable bladder was regarded as borderline cases of E. E. G. and the rest showed the normal E. E. G., whereas, in nocturnal enuresis group (68 cases), 51 cases (75.1%) as borderline cases of E. E. G. and 12 cases (17.6%) as normal.
2) For the kind of abnormal E. E. G., dysrhythmia, spike and wave complex, and high voltage slow wave were comparatively frequently recognized.
As the findings of E. E. G. were synthetically observed, 28 cases (41.3%) showed the lower threshold for convulsion, 13 cases (19.2%) epileptic disorder, 5 cases (7.3%) dysrhythmia, 5 cases (7.3%) brain damage wave and 5 cases (7.3%) borderline E. E. G. Adding the number of patients showing the lower threshold for convulsion to the patients showing epileptic disorder, the total number became to 41 cases, which were corresponded to 80.4% of 51 cases with abnormal E. E. G. This suggested that convulsion-waves were frequently found in abnormal E. E. G. of nocturnal enuresis patients
3) Examining the relations between the findings of E. E. G. and the direct effects of various therapeutic drugs, it was revealed that, the comparatively higher cure rates were obtained in normal E. E. G. group with chlorpromazine, in esileptic disorder and lower threshold for convulsion group with antispasmodics (chiefly composed of Aleviation), in dysrhythmia and borderline E. E. G. group with psycho-motor stimulants (Ritalin, Melatrane and Pervitin) or chlorpromazine.

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In the patients with nocturnal enuresis, the autonomic nervous function was examined by means of Aschner's phenomenon, pharmacological test, Manoiloff's reaction, and additionally, by applying an electrocardiotachography, which had been regarded as a new autonomic nervous function test connected with emotional factor. Adding the roentgenological measurement of Sella turcica to the above procedures, the collective findings on the autonomic nervous function were obtained and summarized as follows.
1) On Manoiloff's reaction, 18 (64.4%) out of 28 cases showed a parasympathicotonic reaction, whereas 50% of 28 normal persons showed the same reaction. This suggested no efficient difference in Manoiloff's reaction between nocturnal enuresis patient and control normal person.
2) On an electrocardiotachography, 9 out of 16 cases with nocturnal enuresis showed abnormal type (III and IV type) suggesting the dysfunction of autonomic nervous system, and in contrast to this, normal type (I and II type) was seen in 12 out of 13 normal subjects.
3) On roentgenological measurement of Sella turcica in 13 patients, no remarkable differences in the average values of diameters and area of Sella turcica between those patients and the control persons. Nevertheless, a patient aged 11 showed abnormal smaller Sella turcica, arytenoid shaped, and epileptic disorder on E. E. G., abnormal type III on electrocardiotachogram and parasympathicotonic Manoiloff's reaction, and this patient was hardly improved with various treatments.
4) In view of the above mentioned findings, it might be concluded that, an electrocardiotachography should be remarked as an useful test for autonomic nervous function in nocturnal enuresis patient.

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There follows a report on a case of bladder tumor metastatic from the cancer in stomach. K. F. was a 43 year-old taxi-driver, transferred from the Department of Surgery for consultation of hematuria. The conservative gastrectomies had been twice operated about 2 years ago and a week ago. Cystoscopically the tumor was located at the vertex of the urinary bladder and resected by partial cystectomy. Seventy days after the last operation he died from cachexia. At autopsy the secondary tumor of the urinary bladder metastatic from the cancer in stomach was confirmed and histologically both cancers discovered to be adenocarcinoma.

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