Histological studies were performed in 29 renal specimens obtained from hydronephrotic kidney of various degrees (A to F, low to high, after Huzino's grading) at the time of kidney-conserving operation. Special references were made to the correlation of recovery of renal function and histological findings. The results were as follows:
In lower degree of hydronephrosis (up to C grade), hydronephrotic changes ran histologically parallel to those appeared on the pyelogram. Beyond that degree, these two changes were not always parallel. Remarkable infection (renal pyuria) was found in 16 cases. The higher the grade of hydronephrosis, the more the kidney was apt to be infected. Inflammatory changes of renal parenchyma were histologically not always parallel to the intensity of pyuria, —sometimes these two behaved opposingly.
In lower degree of hydronephrosis (B-C) (Fig. 1-7) histological changes were not remarkable, and if present, slight atrophy of glomeruli, slight degeneration of tubular epithelium and sometimes focal proliferation of stromal connective tissue were seen. The recovery of renal function was satisfactory.
In D grade of hydronephrosis (Fig. 8-10) atrophied glomeruli increased in number, and some showed regressive degeneration. Slight diffusive proliferation of stromal connective tissue began to appear, and more or less sclerosis of the blood vessels occured. Hydronephrotic changes of tubules did not always increase. The renal function recovered sufficiently in over a half of cases.
In E grade of hydronephrosis (Fig. 11) hydronephrotic changes were less than what was expected. However, the proliferation of stromal connective tissue became more diffusive with even strong proliferation in some part. The blood vessels were moderately sclerotic. Functional recovery were nevertheless comparatively satisfactory.
The most essential factors regulating the recovery of renal function were the proliferation of stromal connective tissue and vascular sclerosis. The extent and grade of cellular infiltration itself did not directly control the recovery of renal function, but cellular infiltration must follow secondarily, especially in cases of chronic infection, proliferation of connective tissue, vascular sclerosis and glomerular degeneration. So it was essential to check the infection as early as possible.
We do not actively agree to the renal counterbalance theory of Hinman. The functional recovery of hydronephrotic kidney apparently seems to be influenced by the condition (healthy or not) of the opposite kidney. From our studies, however, it becomes clear that the curability of the hydronephrotic kidney was very reflexion of the histological changes already occured, regardless of the condition of the opposite kidney. In the cases in which the demand for renal function is keen, such as patients with bilateral renal diseases or nephrectomized patients, the functional recovery is snore satisfactory than patients with unilateral renal disease, who shows similar remarkable changes histologically. It is not reasonable to decide the indication of conservative operation in hydronephrosis only either from the pyelographical degree of hydronephrosis or from the existence or not of apparent infection of the upper urinary tract. There are not a few cases of remarkably infected and relatively promoted hydronephrosis, which will recover satisfactorily after kidney-conserving operation.

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Two cases of the clinical lower nephron nephrosis following transurethral resection of the prostate gland are presented and discussed.
Sterile distilled water was the irrigating medium and post-resection hemoglobinemia of 518mg per cent was noticed in one case and apparently higher but not quantified in the other case. The marked oliguria syndrome followed by uremia was occurred in both cases but was successfully managed by careful control of the serum electrolyte and water balance.
Use of nonhemolytic irrigating medium is desirable to prevent hemolytic reaction during resection. However, we still feel that plain water is an excellent irrigating medium because it produces a better visual field for the resectionist. Recently, we are gaining a satisfactory result by limiting the use of plain water up to ten litters and then change to 4% glucose when more irrigating medium is needed.

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Emptying time means the time it takes to excrete the whole contents which entered the pelvis of the kidney.
I have studied 42 cases of nephroptosis patients at our department. In kidneys with delayed emptying time, the degree of ptosis, inversion, enlarged renal pelvis, ureter flexion, etc. Were studied and the following results were obtained.
1) 26 persons (61.9%) had delayed emptying time.
2) Among the 26 persons, only the right kidney delayed were 7 persons (26.9%), only the left kidney delayed were 5 persons (19.2%), and both kidneys delayed were 14 persons (53.8%).
3) The delayed emptying time did not have any direct connection with the degree of ptosis. Among the variation in the kidney and ureter, the ureter flexion (including the flexion at the ureteropelvic junction) has much connection and Narath's symptom could be seen in some cases.
4) In the left side delayed cases, the degree of ptosis, the variation of the kidney and ureter was little compared to the right side cases.
5) As an whole, the emptying time delaying was more in the bilateral cases compared to the unilateral cases.

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The authers of the present report have recently diagnosed a interesting case of diverticulum of seminal vesicle, and it was confirmed by a surgical operation.
Our case was a 37-years old man with chief complaints of hematospermia and having two children.
His vesiculogram revealed the finding of the bilateral saccural dilatation of seminal vesicle and ampulla of vas deference, and moreover, his pyelogram suggested that he was of polycystic kidney.
Such a case of the bilateral diverticulum of seminal vesicle accompanied by polycystic kidney is quite rare, the like of which has reported only in Nakazima & Yanase's case (1958) in past literature.
Classification of diverticulum of the seminal vesicle was discussed from the clinical point of view, and we proposed a private plan as follows:
Type 1: cystic dilatation of seminal vesicle accompaning defect of a kidney or ureter of same side.
Type 2: cystic dilatation of seminal vesicle without another urogenital anomalities.
Type 3: dilatation of ampulla or ductus ejaculatorius.
Type 4: cystic structure from another origin (Wolff's duct or Müller's duct)
Type 5: bilateral dilatation of seminal vesicle and ampulla accompaning polycystic kidney.
Type 6: mixed form.

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