On the purpose to investigate the physiological role of kallikrein in the human kidney, its activity in human urine (Human urinary kalikrein; H. U. K.) was determined by TAME (p-toluene sulfonyl-1-Arginine methyl ester) assay described by Moriya.
The values obtained with this method well correlated to those obtained as kinin releasing activity where released kinins were assayed by observing the contraction of isolated guinea pig ileum.
To obtain normal range, 6 healthy males and females were examined. The results were as follows: male, average 63 E. U. per day (ranged 0-126); female, average 39 E. U. per day (ranged 0-68).
H. U. K. activity in patients with primary aldosteronism showed significant high values. In patients with Cushing's syndrome, renal lesions and others were within normal range. H. U. K. in primary aldosteronism decreased after extirpation of the adrenal adenoma.
H. U. K. activities in 7 cases of renal homotransplantation were determined serially. Soon after the transplantation, most cases of them showed extremely low levels but in some cases showed relatively high levels.
In the cases which showed relatively high levels, the activity also decreased gradually and became almost zero before their endstadium. In 3 cases out of 6 who finally succumbed, as Werle reported, H. U. K. decreased before blood urea nitrogen level increased.
The role of kallikrein in primary aldosteronism was discussed from the standpoint of sodium and water balance and it is suggested that kallikrein in human kidney may be one of the factors controlling homeostasis of human body.
The decrease of H. U. K. in the patients of renal transplantation is thought to be ascribable to tubular dysfunction or destruction caused by the rejection reaction.
The reason why H. U. K. diminishes before blood urea nitrogen levels rise may be that tubular cells are more easily damaged than glomerular cells under ischemic conditions.

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Patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder were subjected to the studies of plasminogen activator activity in urine (38 cases) and cancer cells (18 cases).
Plasminogen activator in urine was extracted with 2M potassium thiocyanate solution and the activity was measured by the fibrin plate method. The cancer cells were studied by the histochemical fibrin slide technique.
The results obtained were as follows:
1. In 60.5% of patients with bladder cancer, plasminogen activator activity in urine increased to a high level. Especially in a high malignant tumor group the increase was significant.
2. After surgical intervention (partial cystectomy or TUR), the plasminogen activator activity in urine decreased significantly.
3. The recurrence of bladder cancer was followed again by an increase of plasminogen activator activity. This would indicate that the plasminogen activator was released from the tumor into the urine.
4. Some of the cancer cells showed fibrinolytic activity on the fibrin slides, while the normal epithelial cells showed no activity. The number of cases showing fibrinolytic activity in the cells increased with the malignancy. However, the fibrinolytic activity may be in some aspect due to the artificial damage on the cells in making the preparations.
Furthermore, the possible origin of the plasmiongen activator and its possible physiological functions are discussed.

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The intractable urinary infection in neurogenic bladder has been remained to be one of the most important problems in the clinical field. Especially, the inevitable occurrence of cystitis and successive renal disorder give a key point for the prognosis in such a patient. Therefore, for the clarification of the fundamental aspect in regard to the expansion of the urinary infection, several ideal experiments for making neurogenic bladder were attempted with dogs by means of the selective section of the various nerves innervating the urinary bladder. One week and one month later, the dog was sacrificed and histological examination of the urinary tract was performed. And the pattern of extension of the inflammatory process in each specimen was followed up to find out the relation to the intravesical pressure as well as the vesicoureteral reflux.
The selective nerve section was performed on the pelvic or the hypogastric nerves, and also on the ventral or the dorsal roots of the sacral nerve; especially on the proximal part from the spinal ganglion or ganglionectomy of the dorsal roots.
According to the cystometrogram obtained after the operation, the bladder function was classified into three types, 1) normotonic, II) hypertonic, III) hypotonic.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) The inflammation of the vesical wall was inevitable after the section of various nerves, particulary severe after the proximal section of the dorsal roots of the sacral nerve.
2) An increase of the thickness of the vesical wall was pronounced most remarkably in the hypertonic bladder, and next in the hypotonic bladder. One week after an operation, significant edema in stroma was observed and one month after an operation, marked muscle hypertrophy had occurred.
3) The inflammation was also observed in the ureteral wall. There was no difference in the grade of inflammation between the upper and lower parts of the ureter, and it was not paralleled with vesical inflammation.
4) Inflammatory process progressed in parallel in the renal pelvis and in the ureter.
The extension of inflammation into the renal parenchyma was divided into three forms of pelvic diverticulum, papilla, and combination of these. The pelvic diverticulum form showed the highest rate in all of examined cases.
5) The degree of inflammation and the form of its extension did not depend on the difference of nerve section.
From the results obtained in the experiment, it was assumed at first that nonspecific inflammation due to the direct effect of nerve section was always found in the vesical wall. And second, such infectious cystitis would develop to the extension of the inflammation to the renal pelvis through vesicoureteral reflux. But there could not be found any direct relation on the inflammation between the bladder and the ureter by histologic observations.
And third, there seemed to be three types of extension patterns in the ascending infection of the renal pelvis as well as of the renal parenchyma. And it was considered that such a fundamental study would cast a light on the prognosis of the patient.

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It is generally accepted that the urinary bladder of the dog is innervated by two nerves; namely, the hypogastric nerve originating from L₁-L₃, which is sympathetic, and the pelvic nerve originating from S₁-S₃, parasympathetic. Since the nature of the “Basal Rhythm of the Bladder (BR)” has been examined corresponding to the various selective sections of related nerves, the author has had to assume that the lower lumbar segment of the spinal cord would have some important role on the functional control of the urinary bladder. Therefore, to clarify the mode of the innervation, patho-physiological alteration of the vesical function and retrograde urethral resistance 3 weeks after selective section of the lower lumbar spinal nerves (L₅-L₇) was examined, as well as the vesical response against selective electrical stimulation on an adequate area in the lumbar spinal cord, and also on the histological aspect of the vesical wall after the nerve section. The results obtained were as follows:
1) The spinal reflex contraction of the bladder observed on the cystometrogram was disappeared after bilateral resection of the ventral root and the spinal ganglion, section of the ventral root, resection of the spinal ganglion, proximal section of the dorsal root or the ventral-and-dorsal roots, of the L₅-L₇ lumbar nerves, as well as bilateral section of the ventral rami of the same lumbar nerves. But it was retained after bilateral interganglionic (L_3-4) section of the sympathetic chains, or resection of the L₇ and S₁ sympathetic ganglions.
2) The basic tonicity of the vesical wall had increased after proximal section of the ventral-and-dorsal roots of the L_5-7 lumbar nerves, or bilateral section of the ventral rami of the same nerves. But it had decreased after bilateral resection of the ventral root and the spinal ganglion of the same nerves.
3) The maximal intravesical pressure in adaptaion phase had increased in most cases after the nerve section, except the case with bilateral interganglionic (L_3-4) section of the sympathetic chains.
The vesical capacity had decreased after bilateral section of the ventral root, proxima section of the dorsal root or the ventral-and-dorsal root, and bilateral section of the ventral rami, of the L₅-L₇ lumbar nerves, as well as the resection of the L₇ and S₁ sympathetic ganglions. But it had increased after bilateral resection of the ventral root and the spinal ganglion, or resection of the spinal ganglion of the L₅-L₇ lumbar nerves.
4) The “Basal Rhythm of the Bladder (BR)” had been activated after bilateral resection of the ventral root and the spinal ganglion, or proximal section of the ventral-and-dorsal root of the L₅-L₇ lumbar nerves. But it was depressed after proximal section of the dorsal root of the same nerves.
5) The retrograde urethral resistance had decreased after selective section of the L₅-L₇ lumbar nerves, and retained at lower value over 3 weeks after the nerve section. The degree of its decrement was over 50% of the preoperative state in most cases, bit it was under 40% of the value in the case of proximal scetion of the dorsal root of the same nerves.
A significant decrement of urethral resistance was found also in the case of bilateral section of the ventral rami of the same nerves, but it had not been changed after bilateral interganglionic (L_3-4) section of the sympathetic chains, or bilateral resection of the L₇ and S₁ sympathetic ganglions.
6) The histological aspect of the bladder wall 3 weeks after the nerve section had not revealed any systemic character corresponding to the kind of nerve section. But it was rather significant in the most cases with sel

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Various classifications have been attempted on testicular tumors so far, but this still remains as a controversial problem because of the presence of tumors of germ cell origin.
In the present study, specimens from 48 cases of testicular tumors of germ cell origin were submitted to toluidin blue staining primarily according to Kramer and Windrum's method to demonstrate the mesenchymal system histologically.
The results were as follows:
1. The tumor cells of seminoma were normochromatic to the stain.
2. Among the teratoma cells, those of the bone and cartilage demonstrated marked γ-metachromasia.
3. The tumor cells of choriocarcinoma were normochromatic.
4. Among those of embryonal carcinoma, some showed strong γ-metachromasia, but others did not.
Therefore, it was speculated that embryonal carcinoma is a teratoma of a further more immature type than immature teratoma.

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