地理学評論
Online ISSN : 2185-1719
Print ISSN : 0016-7444
ISSN-L : 0016-7444
27 巻, 7-8 号
選択された号の論文の5件中1~5を表示しています
  • 谷岡 武雄, 山田 安彦
    1954 年 27 巻 7-8 号 p. 275-286
    発行日: 1954/08/01
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    We have investigated the distribution of the “Jori”-type pattern in the paddy fields, with an intention of examining historically exploitation and reclamation in the eastern Harima Plain, southern part of Hyogo Prefecture. And also this treatise is aimed at the reconstruction of the “Jori”-system as a system of agricultural village planning in ancient times. In this region, a vast area is occupied by the hills of Miocene Series and the uplands of the Plio-Pleistocene Series, the alluvial plain is relatively narrow. Consequently, the development of the exploitation in the plain is not very old and the process was rather slow. In this plain, the “Jori”-type system is not universal and is discontinuous, as seen in Fig. 1-3.
    The “Jori”-system was a system established in 652 to divide the cultivated land in a mesh of 6-cho squares, (a 6-cho square is equal to about 650 metres square in area.) These squares were called “Sato”. A “Sato”, in turn, was divide dinto 36 equal parts, a part being 1-cho square, this was called a “Tsu.bo”. The allotments of the paddy fields based on the “Jori”-system in Kato -gun (county) have a direction of N 43°E (Fig. 3) along the lengthwise lines. But, in many other areas, the lengthwise lines of the allotments of the paddy fields run about N 18°E or N 22°E, and resemble those in the Shikama-gun (Himeji district), In Taka-gun which is situated along the upper stream of the Kakogawa, the lengthwise lines of the “Jori” pattern run nearly N-S, or approximately N 6°W; the latter is similar to those of the “Jori” pattern in Tajima and Tamba areas (northern part of Hyogo Prefecture).
    In the eastern Harima plain, the distribution of the “Jori”-type pattern is limited to the valleys which have had no recent inundation or to the older deltas. In the valley plains, the older settlements have been located at the foot of the uplands. But, the “Jori” pattern is not found in mountainous districts, hilly lands, uplands flood plains and the newer deltas.
    On the delta of the Kakogawa, the “Jori” -system exists in the areas more than 2 kilometers inland from the coast line. But, on the delta of the Akashigawa, it is found also in the areas near the coast line.
    We have tried to reconstruct the site of the “Joel”-system, the ancient administrative system, in Kako-gun (Fig. 2.) and Akashi-gun (Fig. 3.), basing the reconstruction on the lots, place names, cadastral maps and ancient documents. In these two counties, the east-west line of “Sato” of the “Jori” pattern which divided the cultivated lands into 6-cho squares was called the “Bo”, and the north-south line was called the “Jo”, the former counting from the southern border line to the northern, the latter counting from the western border line to the eastern. This system, in this province, was called the “Jobo”, but in other provinces, was called the “Jori”.
    In these areas, the cadastral number in the “Jori”-system makes a continuous series, that is, from the south-eastern corner to the south-western corner, next, from the west to the east and so on, thus to arrive at the north-eastern corner.
  • 藩政下における村:上戸村を例として
    斎藤 晃吉
    1954 年 27 巻 7-8 号 p. 287-296
    発行日: 1954/08/01
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    At many places on the coast of the Noto Peninsula, there was produced a great deal of salt every year, before the beginning of the Meiji Era (1868-1912). All of the salt produced went to the Kaga Feudal Lord, and in return for the salt the workers received rice. The method of salt-making in the Noto Peninsula has been called Agehama salt-making. The rice received in return for the salt was called Shiotemai. There were many social and economic problems in the salt-making and the receiving of the Shiotemai. Taking Uedo-mura, Suzu-gun (county), a village located on the coast of the Noto Peninsula, I have discussed in this article the following five aspects:
    1. The salt-bed owners. The salt-makers were owners both of salt-beds and crop lands. Their numbers were about one fifth of all farmers. They owned relatively large farms and employed many workers from among those farmers who had only small farms or no land at all for their salt-making industry. People without land were called the Atamafuri in the domain of the Kaga Clan.
    2. The relation between the salt-making industry and the keeping of horses. The percentage of the numbers of horses which had been bred by the saltmakers was larger than that of the ordinary farmers. Many more horses were needed in salt-making than in agriculture in Uedo-mura, because great amounts of fuel for salt-making had to be carried by horses. Fuel for salt-making was called Shioki and greater part of Shioki consisted of wood and brush.
    3. The forests in Uedo-mura. In the Feudal System of the Kaga Clan, it was prohibited to cut down some species of trees, even when there were in forests used by the farmers. But the need for salt-making was so great that many forests of the farmers were left unplanted and turned iuto brushwood.
    4. Self-supporting agriculture. There are no data about the sort of crops produced except for rice, in Uedo-mnura, but we may presume what the conditions were from data of the near by villages. Probably all sorts of crops needed in the daily life of the coastal people were planted. According to the data from the near-by village, it is of interest to note that some cotton, tea, and tabacco were planted.
    5. Seasonal emigrants. It was very difficult to make a living only fromm agriculture or from working in the salt-making industry. Terefore, many peasants or farmers of small farms were accustomed to become seasonal emigrants. For example, Minamikata, a part of Uedo-mura, had fifty-eight emigrants in 1854. The greater number of them were employed in the breweries in Goshu (the Shiga Prefecture of Today). The chief of each little group of emigrants was called the Toji.
    In short, farmers and peasants under the, Feudal System were regulated strictly, but they did their best under these conditions.
  • 吉田 義信
    1954 年 27 巻 7-8 号 p. 297-310
    発行日: 1954/08/01
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    1. The groundwater of the -Zidare River alluvial fan is supplied mainly by the No River, not only in that part of the area where the stream exists, but also where there. are no. streams. In the lower half of this alluvial fan, the water of the Midare River and the Oshikiri River are added to the water of the No River. The groundwater by the Shiromizu River is very scanty.
    2. In the upper continously flowing part of each river influent seepage is observed. In the lower reaches, where there are no streams, effluent seepage occurs. In the lower reaches of each river there is a mutual relation between groundwater and the influent seepage in the cases where there are streams. In cases there are no streams, there is a mutual relation between effluent seepage and groundwater.
    3. The level of the groundwater has been studied in the Osanagi-go, located in the central part of the fan. This level shows a “ridge and valley-like” character.
    4. The principal cause of the dearth of wells in the Osanagi-go is that they are situated in the ridge of groundwater, and that the degree of digging is small.
    5. The rising of the groundwater table after a heavy rain is remarkable in the areas near the banks of the rivers and near the hillocks on the top of the alluvial fan.
  • 茨城県久慈郡中里村入四間
    二神 弘
    1954 年 27 巻 7-8 号 p. 311-313
    発行日: 1954/08/01
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    1. About 600 years ago, because of a defeat in battle, General eki, his family and principal retainers escaped to the Irishiken Basin in the Satogawa Valley, a branch of the Kuji River in Ibaragi Prefecture. They settled there and lived mostly by means of farming and woodcutting. In the early settlement period, the relation between General Seki and his retainers was stirl that of master and servant. As time passed on, the relation of the descendants of the early settlers changed to that of village headman and villager or land-owner and tenant.
    2. In 1630, Yorifusa Tokugaw a, the head of the Mito Clan re-established the Oiwa Shrine at Irishiken. As a result, pilgrims increased annually, so that the villagers turned from farming to managing inns or tea-houses to cater to the dilgrians.
    3. As the pilgrims suddenly decreased at the begining of Meiji period (circa 1868) because of the lack of patronage of the Mito Clan and because the people's religions faith in the shrine decreased. Irishiken reverted to its former rural community status. In spite of this last change in the commu-nity's function, the Settlement landscape has remained the same.
  • 1954 年 27 巻 7-8 号 p. 314-354_1
    発行日: 1954/08/01
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
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