1 第2次大戦前における,本邦養蚕卓越村の人口増減は,非養蚕村に比較すると明瞭に異なり,地域的にもそれぞれ独特の傾向を示す.すなわち (1) 養蚕卓越村では,共通して人口増減の巾が大きく,昭和初期の人口増加はいちじるしく,つづく養蚕業の不振期には減少が急激となる.この傾向は,同一地方に存在する水田卓越村の人口増減があまりないのと対照的である. (2) 1920年を基準としてみると,養蚕卓越村の人口は,水田卓越村あるいは全県人口の顕著な増加にもかかわらず,ほとんど増加していない. (3) 養蚕卓越村の人口増減は,地域的にもそれぞれ特色ある傾向をとつている.これを分類すると,東北型・関東型・中央高地型・近畿型・中国四国型となる.
2 大戦中を通じて,本地域の人口もいちじるしく増加したことは, 日本の一般郡部地域における傾向と同様であるが,戦后は一般郡部地域とは異なり,ふたたび減少に転ずる傾向が強い.とくに, (4) 水田卓越村の人口は,停滞ないし増加しているのに対し,養蚕卓越村は停滞あるいは減少し,戦前からの人口増加の地域的分化が一層明瞭になつてきた. (5) 養蚕不振期以降,桑園の縮少,他作物への転換,養蚕経営の変化に応じて,地域ごとにそれぞれ別の人口増減型をとつている. (6) 養蚕卓越村の中核であつた長野県下の例によると,以上のごとき養蚕卓越村の人口増減は,間接的には繭価の騰落と関連し,直接には養蚕経営規模の拡大・縮少に伴う経済的,労働力需要の大小に原因する.

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(1) In the Nagano Basin (Zenkoji-daira), apple were first grown for trial in around 1879, and widely cultivated in all parts of the basin at the beginning of the 20th century. Unlike those grown in Aomori prefecture, however, they could prove no dominant commercial crop.
In around 1918, as the cultivating technique was improved, the apple-growing industry was gradually expanding in the diluvial upland on the western edge of the basin and on the natural levees of River Chikuma, where apple-cultivation possesses relatively superior condition to sericulture.
After the economic crisis of 1930, making a nucleus of the existing apple-culivation on a small scale, it had developed to a certain extent in the whole basin, thus the apples produced here came to be a commercial farm product in place of that by sericulture.
After the war, they have become the most dominant commercial crop in the baein, and now it ranks second to Tsugaru Plain as an important apple-growing area in Japan.
(2) It is clear that 80% of the apple-production in Nagano prefecture is concentrated in the Nagano Basin because of its physical condition to fit apple-growing and its geographical situation near the markets. What is more, however, the principal conditions that enables the apple-growing to expand so rapidly are the high productivity traditionally fostered by engaging in commercial agriculture since old times, the cooperative producing organization and the cheap labors richly supplied from the surrounding mountain villages.
(3) The apple is a most refined commercial crop, and its cultivation is controlled by physical and social conditons, so that the apple-growing in this basin has not evenly developed.
The principal growing areas are the diluvial upland on the western edge of the basin, the natural levees of River Chikuma and the diluvial upland in the northern part and the fans in the eastern part, where the apples are grown as the main crops. In the other areas, however, farmers grow them as a plural management or a sideline while they engage in sericulture together with raising of rice, wheat, vegetables, flowers, tobacco and hops.

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1. In spite of its importance, the analysis of economic structure of the mountain villages usually been neglected in the Japanese geographical circle. The present paper intends to explain the reason why the shifting cultivation at Gokano-sh Village, one of the most characteristic type of mountain village in Japan, has been carried out far a long time and is now on the gradual decline.
2. Gokano-sho Village is located in the center of the Kyushu mountains, dissected in the full mature stage and characterized by high peaks, steep slopes and deep gorges than any of the other mountains of Kyushu. Owing to rugged characters of the mountains, Gokano-sho village had been isolated for a long time.
3. Until quite recently, the shifting cultivation on the steep slopes had been the only means of living for the people in this village. There are various kinds of the shifting cultivation as follows,
(1) Summer-Koba; tree-cutting in June_??_July, and burning in July.
(2) Autumn-Koba; tree-cutting in September_??_October of the previous year, burning in April_??_
May of that year.
(3) Barley-Koba; tree-cutting in September_??_October, burning in October_??_November.
(4) Tea-Koba; tree-cutting in May_??_June, burning in June_??_July of the previous year.
“Koba” means the place of shifting cultivation.
The main crops are barnyard millet, millet, corn, barley, buckwheat, sweet potato, soya-bean, tea and red bean. The last two crops are mostly planted for sale.
4. As a result of the extention of drag roads into this area since 1938, the lumbers which had been almost valueless by that time are commercialized. Consequently the farmers mostly gave up the shifting cultivation and engaged in more profitable works, such as tree-cutting, transportation, sawing, afforestation, and so on.
That is the reason why the shifting cultivation tends to decline gradually, except in the region where no drag roads extend.

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There are many deltas of various size along the northern coast of Japanese Inland Sea (Setouchi) such as Hiroshima and Iwakuni. To analyse the factors which decide this area, the author (A) calculates the volume of each delta deposit on the key surface in the sea level of Würm ice age, (B) after oberving the factors which determine the volume, (C) analyses the relation between the volume and the area (See table I). The results are as follows:
1 The volume of delta deposit v is mainly determined by each drainage area a which belongs to, and is shown by the next regression line. v=0.000671 a-0, 01295
2 Each quantity calculated by this equation is not co-ordinate to area directly but restrict by the morphological factors of each drowned valley and accumulative efficiency come about great differenciation.
3 There are many morphological factors, i. e. depth to key bed at the end of delta d, length of old burried shore line l, angle of drowned river mouth a, etc, but d is most strong. And so the accumulative efficiency is the highest at Fukuyama and becomes lower both side gradually. These results indicate that be fore the latest submergence Setouchi District is belong to twe drainges with watershed near Shiaku Islands.
4 Delta area expected volume v and depth to key surface d is expressed by next least-quares regression plane, and this multiple correlation coefficient is 0, 93 S=42, 71v-0, 19d+5, 61

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This paper is a result of the observations carried out at Kumagaya city, about 60km north of Tokyo, during two periods, Nov. 8-10, 1956 and Jan. 24-25, 1957. The discussions treated here are based on the following two assumptions because thermister-thermometers used in these observations had a very small time lag.
1) Diurnal variations of the air temperature during the observation were very small.
2) Observations were statistically in the mutual independence.
The writer has divided the series of observations into several groups applying the test of difference and also they are classified into the high class Hi and low class Li according to the evidence whether mean temperature of each class is higher or lower than that in the whole area respectively. The isoclassline and isothermal-line maps are shown and they are compared with each other. Furthermore, considering the frequency distribution of classes with respect to each point, five types of distribution M+, m+, m₀, m_-, and M_-, were classified.
As a conclusion, it is seen that M+-classes concentrate in the most urbanized area, while M--classes are distributed in the rural field area and m+-, m₀-, m--classes in the area between them. Hence it can be ascertained that the type of distribution is closely related to the special character of the area

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