From March 1938 to January 1945, i.e., during the war time, the Toyo Rayon Co. in Japan made, on a commercial scale, the modified rayon yarn named Lanayon (32'S/2) as wool substitute, which could be washed without loosing crimps and wool like appearance, and a subsidiary company still makes it. The processes highly twisted rayon yarn, heat set it with high pressure steam, untwisted it and plied it with a similar yarn.
On receiving samples of nylon yarns from America several times since October 1938, the above mentioned processes were applied to some of them and nylon stretch yarns was obtained by research chemists of the Toyo Rayon Co.
As a new product it was shown to the attendants to the technical sub-committee (polyamide group) of the Japan Synthetic Fibers Research Association, held on September 18, 1941 in Tokyo. At the meeting of the above mentioned association on November 24, 1941, the author gave a speech on the recent progress of the polyamide synthetic fibers, touching the new product as follows: “By applying the processes to make Lanayon with rayon to nylon, stronger, lighter and much more elastic yarn than wool was obtained.” (Research on Synthetic Fibers, Vol., 1 p. 728 and 840: Report of the Japan Synthetic Fibers Research Association published in 1942).
According to the discussion on the bulk yarn (J. Text. Inst., Proceedings, 1956, 47, 397) “The stretch processes gave yarn with a high elasticity; their application to nylon was first mentioned in 1942.”
Thus, as far as I know, the beginning of nylon stretch yarn was made in the Toyo Rayon Co. in Japan about a year earlier than in Europe.

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Fibrous acetylation of cotton fibers with acetic anhydride vapor was carried out using ZnSO₄ and ZnCl₂ as catalyst. In the case of ZnSO₄-catalyst the acetylation proceeded smoothly and highly acetylated fibers without serious damage were obtained, while in the case of ZnCl₂-catalyst it was difficult to attain any high degree of acetylation without using more concentrated catalyst solution.
Reacetylation rate, chloroform and aceton solubility and water absorbency of fibers which had been acetylated with various catalysts were compared. It seem that in the case of ZnCl₂-catalyst the amorphous part reacts selectively so that the reaction of the crystalline part follows very slowly. Apparently the type of reaction with sulfuric acid and ZnSO₄ is similar.

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Fibrous Acetylation of cotton and ramie yarn with acetic anhydride vapor was carried out using sulfuric acid and ZnSO₄ as catalyst. The count of yarn has scarecely any influence on the rate of the acetylation. Raw cotton yarn reacts somewhat slower than the bleached yarn. Evenness of dyeing of acetylated yarn is comparatively good. When ZnSO₄ was used no loss of tensile strength was observed. The shrinkage of cotton yarn by acetylation increases with increasing degree of the acetylation and finally ammounts to 20%, but this shrinkage may be avoided when some tension is applied by the acetylation.
Ramie yarn can be acetylated as smoothly as cotton yarn but the shrinkage is much less than in the latter.

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We studied the stretching of P. V. C. gel, which contained isophorone, in different heat mediums. The sample was taken out by melt-extruding method.
Tenacity of the gel was increased by stretching but elongation was decreased. The properties of stretched gel was varied with the kind of heat mediums. It means that the properties of the gel are based on the take-off velocity of isophorone.

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The influence of the variation in average D. P. of unbleached pulps upon the change of the molecular weight distribution of wood cellulose during pulping and ageing process was investigated by using the same samples described in Parts V and VI. From each unbleached pulp with various average D. P., were prepared the bleached pulp with approximately same average D. P. level (ca. 900) and same α-cellulose content (ca. 92%), from which were prepared also their alkali cellulose with approximately same average D. P. level (ca. 400) respectively (cf Parts V. VI). The clogging constant (Kw) of the viscose from each alkali cellulose was determined by normal method (cf. Part V), and also the reactivity of each bleached pulp in emulsion xanthation, i.e. “Resistance to Mercerization”, (cf. Part III), and “Resistance to Xanthation”, (NaOH: 140g/l, CS₂ added on the basis of cellulose 40%, 70%, 100%, 140%) were determined by modification of Bartunek's method.
The results were as follows:
1, Sulfite cooking, hot caustic purification, hypochlorite bleaching and alkali-ageing, these four stages have all contributed to the uniformity of the molecular weight distribution of wood cellulose. The influence of the variation in average D. P. of unbleached pulp upon the polymolecularity of the bleached pulp and also their alkali cellulose with approximately same average D. P. level respectively, was found comparatively small, however, under more detailed observation, it was found that the content of higher molecule weight portion in each bleached and also aged samples had increased with increase in the average D. P. of original unbleached pulp.
2, The influence of the variation in average D. P. of unbleached pulp upon the reactivity in emulsion xanthation of each bleached pulp with approximately same average D. P. level, was found so little, that both “Resistance to Mercerization” and “Resistance to Xanthation” were only dependent upon the average D. P. of bleached pulp. These results were quite similar with that previously reported. (cf Part III).
3, On the other hand, the clogging constants of the viscose prepared from each alkali cellulose with same D. P. level (ca. 400) have increased more or less proportionally with the increase in average D. P. of original unbleached pulp.
Therefore it is dangerous to estimate directly the suitability of bleached pulp for viscose, only by Bartunek's method. It could be thought more advisable to use, besides emulsion xanthation method, the method of morphlogical investigation upon the behavior of wood cellulose by modification of Heide's method under specialized xanthation condition, e. g. under the addition of insufficient amount of CS₂ to the normally prepared alkali cellulose.

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In this paper, the irregularity of the sliver after stational drafting is theoretically studied. In stational drafting, the distribution of change point at which the fiber leading end changes from back roller to front roller speed, does not change with time. After this study, V (y, ∞), the relative variance of number of fiber leading ends present in the piece of drafted sliver of length y may be expressed by equations (3.33), (3.35), (3.37) and (3.39) for the four types of irregularity of ingoing sliver respectively.
Among these four equatione, (3.39) may be applied to the drafting of most of slivers. The other three equations may be applied only to the special cases. Where the irregularity of ingoing sliver, the draft ratio D and the distribution of change point are known, V (y, ∞) may be obtained from equation (3.39). Here, _??_ is the mean density of fiber leading end, a_i is the relative amplitude of variation with wave length λi, A (λ, D, σ) and α (λ, D, y) are coefficients smaller than 1 as shown in Figures 3 and 5.
From (3.39), it may be suggested that if the distribution of change point is stational and _??_ remains the same, the irregularity of drafted sliver diminishes as D and the width of the distribution of change point become larger.

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It is well known that the characteristic performance of the force-extension curve of fibre assemblies such as card sliver, top and roving mainly depends on gauge length and density of fibre packing in assembly. In preceding paper, the general forms of relation between the elastic behaviour and gauge length of sliver were discussed.
In this paper, using same method as described in previous reports, the effects of volume fraction upon the stress-strain relation, the breaking elongation and the rupture force of compressed sliver were investigated.
In the theoretical treatments, the following results were obtained in the range of small values of fraction (_??_/ρ).
(1) Initial Young's modulus E₀ was proportional to the cubic power of (_??_/ρ).
(2) Initial Poisson's ratio ∑₀ was nearly constant for various (_??_/ρ)
(3) Rupture force P_M of sliver having volume fraction (_??_/ρ) was given by where k was linear density of sliver, a and b were constants determined by gauge length.
The dependencies of the volume fraction on the observed values of E₀ and ∑₀ in the measurements of the lateral contruction and the force required to stretch crimped rayon staple sliver having volume fractions of 0.01 to 0.04 coincided with the theoretical relations (1), (2).
It is also found that the experimental relations between P_M and (_??_/ρ) for the wool top slivers reported by Anderson, Cox and Hardy¹⁾ agreed fairly well with the theoretical formula (3) over the volume fraction range of 0.04 to 0.1.

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pH titrations with KOH were made of fibroin, alkali treated fibroin and urea formaldehyde resin treated Fibroin.
During alkali treatment, new groups are produced. The active groups in resin treated fibroin seem to be changed. From the slope of titration curve, we may judge the degree of denaturation and the degree of the effect of resin finishing.
The addition of metal ions lowers the pH titration curve of fibroin in the presence of KCI. The addition of metal ions to o-aminobenzoic acid which has free amino and carboxyl group lowers greatly the lower pH buffer region and appreciable chelation occures even in the strong acid region.
The pH titration curves of glycine anhydride show that no chelation occures in the cases of Cu and of Al.
Interaction of o-aminobenzoic acid with Cu and Al is greater than that of Fibroin with the same metals.

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Experiments were made in order to investigate the effect of introduction of chelate bond to silk fibroin on mechanical and dyeing properties. Following the method mentioned in the previous report, the authors made pH titration on silk fibroin with and without heavy metals in the presence of KCl.
Then the strength and elongation of the fibroin treated with heavy metals in various pH solutions were compared with those of the same fibroin in the corresponding pH solutions without metals.
The strength of the treated fibroin increases in acidic region in all cases in comparison with those of the fibroin untreated and treated without heavy metals. The elongation has a tendency to decrease. Chelation seems to be produced in fiber, as the strength of the fiber increases in the pH region where we may expect to occure chelation. Chelation did not show bad effects on dyeing in the cases of Sunchromine Brown R H cone. and of Alizarine Red S.
Cu, Al, and Fe were used as heavy metals throughout those experiments.

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The viscose films are dyed by some selected dyes, such as Chrysamine G, Direct Brown M, Benzo Cuprol Blue FBL, Benzo Copper Blue 2B and others. The film is treated with the aqueous solutions of the fixing agents, dicyandiamide-formaldehyde resin and Sapamine KW, or cation active levelling agent, Repellate.
The absorption spectra of the films are measured and the deformation of the spectra by these treatments and by exposure to ultraviolet ray is discussed.
The results of these experiments are shown as follows:
(a) By the treatments of the agents the maximum wave length of spectra of dyes are shifted to shorter wave length side, and the fading of the dyed films is accelerated by these agents.
(b) By the modified treatment to which is added copper salt in the bath of the fixing agents, the fading of the films is greatly decreased, but has no relationship to the deformation of the spectra.
(c) The weak new absorption is developed on the dyed films with copper blue dyes at red side of the maximum wavelength of absorption curves. This new absorption is extinguished by fixing treatments, or exposure to ultraviolet ray. The reason of this phenomenon appears that the hydrogen bonding between the dyes and cellulose chain is cut, and the dyes are deposited in the film by fixing treatment or exposure to ultraviolet ray.

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