Some polyvinylchloride films were used for the specimens of amorphous polymer. The films were measured with respect to their stress relaxation and birefringence mutually reacting. After the specimens had been subjected to extreme tension and perfect relaxation, observation was made of their tension, their fluctuation in stress and birefringence under different temperatures were minutely examined.
The findings of the examination: The mechanical behviours of polyvinylchloride films show slight deviation from what they might be if rubberlike elasticity were perfect in the material, the deviation is only possible of being accounted for by presuming the presence of fine crystallites in the apparently simpler network structure in the films; and these crystallites are considered as subject to extinction and growth according to the rise and fall of temperature and strain.

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We have studied in detail the color change of interlining-use nenwovens, and it was cleared that the color change of nonwovens is induced almost by the chemical change of their binders.
In our experiments, several kinds of latices were used as main agent and as the auxiliary agents the melamine condensate and its hardening catalyst.
Among these latices, for example, butadien-acrylonitrile, butadiene-strene, butadiene-metylmetacrylate and acryic ester polymers, such components as butadiene and acrylonitrile have considerable effects on the discoloration of nonwovens.
As regards the auxiliary agents, Sumitex ACX i, e., the hardening catalys, also has some effect on the discoloration, and that the cause of color change is due to the organic amine N contained in ACX.

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Viscose rayon was graft copolymerized by γ-ray irradiation, being immersed in the solution system of styrene-acetone-water. From the results obtained by preliminary experiments, it was found that the water content of the solution system, as well as the supply of monomer from the solution system, played an important part in acceleration of graft copolymerization.
In order to check the completeness of homopolymer extraction, the grafted rayon, extracted beforehand for 24hrs., was ground to powder in dry ice-methanol and then extracted with benzene for 60hrs. by using soxhlet apparatus. It shows the existence of homopolymer in fiber that the amount of re-extracted polystyrene attains more than 20% on the base of original graft polystyrene.
By the photomicroscopic observation on the cross section of grafted rayon, using the various method of dyeing, the distribution of graft polystyrene in fiber was investigated. The results showed that polystyrene deposited in the outer layer of the cross section at low percent of grafting (for example 35%), penetrating into the inner layer at high percent of grafting (for example 212%). Furthermore, graft polystyrene was isolated from cellulose back bone by using the acid hydrolysis method and intrinsic viscosity was measured by using benzene and dioxane as solvent. It is interesting that it's intrinsic viscosity is very large compared with that of homopolymer. In addition, the various properties of grafted rayon were measured and discussed.

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Sedimentation velocity experiments were carried out on graft polystyrene (cf part I), using Phywe model ultra centrifuge equiped with Schlieren optical [system. Sedimentation patterns showed at least four peaks on the sedimentation boundary curve. From the results, it might be assumed at least four peaks in the distribution of molecular weight. The molecular weights of these peaks were 7.03×10⁴, 2.11×10⁵, 3.29×10⁵ and 4.67×10⁵ respectively.
By the investigation with ultra violet microscope (wave length 2645A) on the cross-section of grafted rayon, it was found that graft polystyrene at lower percent of grafting (35%) deposited mainly in the outer layer, while graft polystyrene at higher percent of grafting (212%) penetrating into the inner layer.
In the experiments on grafted rayon with X-ray diffract meter, the degree of crystallization of rayon was detected to be not influenced by graft copolymerization.
Also, grafted rayon (percent of grafting 73.3%) was levelled off with 2.5N HCl. The level-off rate of grafted rayon was much slower than that of original rayon. This phenomenon seems to be due to the penetration hindrance of acid molecule, caused by the presence of graft polystyrene. In addition, the levelled-off residue of grafted rayon was investigated by using electron microscope and the results obtained are discussed.

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After studying the effects of allylation condition on the degree of reaction and the solubility of the reaction product in a solvent, a preparation method of the completely soluble allylcellulose in a solvent by using a kneader designed for this purpose is described. Also allylation processes are analysed.
The allylcellulose was prepared from allylating the alkalicellulose, treated with a 50% NaOHaq, with a liquid allylhalide in a glass ampoul agitated by electromagnetic means. Its iodine value (I. V.) was levelled off to ca. 180. The levelling-off of I. V. was not affected by the allylation temperature, addition of the solvents and permeating the allylhalide into alkalicellulose by high pressure of N₂ gas, but the I. V. rose to ca. 200 by addition of a free NaOH. However these allycelluloses were not completely soluble in a solvent.
The allylcellulose prepared with the above described kneader of 2 liters under the condition that alkalicellulose treated with 50% NaOH; 170g, free NaOH; 120g, allylbromide; 800cc, allylation temperature; 80°C, allylation time; 2hrs, had 203.5 of levelling-off I. V. and is completely soluble in such solvents as benzene, toluene, xylene, cyclohexane, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, etc. It is interesting that the above allylcellulose is also soluble in the various vinyl monomers such as styrene, P-vinyltoluene, α-methylstyrene, methylmethacrylate, methylacrylate, vinylacetate, acrylonitrile, etc.
E_NaOH, efficiency of the allylation, may be defined as follows:
E_NaOH=(NaOH mol equivalent to degree of allylation)/(NaOH mol consumed in practice) then E_NaOH increases with the D. S. and decreases with the allylation temperature and the NaOH concentration for steeping pulp at a certain D. S.
It was found that the relation between D. S. and Z, consumed NaOH per cellulose in alkalicellulose, was Z=K[D. S.]ⁿ
where n; constant and n was independent of the NaOH concentration for steeping pulp and increases with the allylation temperature.

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In the previous report⁵⁾, it was suggested that “blocking effect” in dyeing of 6-nylon with acid dyes is attributed to the hydrophobic charactor of 6-nylon fibre.
In the present report, the same problem is investigated from the dyeing mechanism of 6-nylon and acetylated 6-nylon with acid dyes.
The dyes used are Orange 8, Orange II and Alizarine Saphirol A. 6-nylon used was acetylated with acetic anhydride under different conditions (Table 1). The adsorption isotherms of three dyes and a mixture dye for 6-nylon and acetylated 6-nylon were determined at 90°C, 72hr..
The results obtained are as follow:
1) From the results of the adsorption isotherm (Fig. 2-4), it seems reasonable to assume that the dyes are adsorbed by 6-nylon or acetylated 6-nylon by means of both ionic and non-ionic interaction; and the main part of adsorption by acetylated 6-nylon is attributed to the non-ionic interaction.
2) Isotherm for a binary mixture of acid dyes on the acetylated 6-nylon is similar to that for disperse dyes on the normal 6-nylon having no “blocking effect” (Fig. 5-7).
In view of the above facts, it seems most reasonable to conclude that “blocking effect” does not take place by a small amount of amino end group contained in the nylon, but by the balance of ionic adsorption and non-ionic adsorption to nylon with acid dye mixture.

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The thermal-stability of aqueous solution of the direct dyes was studied to appreciate the suitability for the high temperature dyeing of hydrophobic fibers.
First, the testing method of the thermal-stability was studied.
A Pt-lined autoclave, and a stainless-steel autoclave with or without a glass tube or a quartz tube were used as the vessel for the thermal-stability test. The pH change of distilled water by 180°C-heating in the individual vessel was determined. The grade of pH-change by the heating was remerkably in the glass tube, but was not so much in the stainless-steel and the quartz tube, especially the change in the later tube was negligible.
The aqueous solution of commercial Chlorantine Fast Blue 3 RLL was heated in the stainless-steel autoclave or the quartz tube for 40min. at various temperatures, and the change of absorption spectra and pH of the heat-treated aqueous dye solution was determined. In the stainless-steel autoclave these changes were relatively large and there is no reasonable relation between these variables and treated-temperatures. On the contrary, in the quartz tube the absorption spectra and pH of the heated dye-aqueous solution changed slightly, and their change became gradually larger with the increased of treated temperatures. These results indicate that the quartz tube is the most adequate material for the thermal-stability test of dye aqueous solution.
Then, the thermal-stability of aqueous solution of 16 dyes that belong mainly to direct azo dyes of benzidine series were tested in the quartz tube at 160°C.
Degradation degrees of these dye-aqueous solution were between 0.7% and 7.5y, for 30-minute heating. Therefore it may be said that these dyes have high thermal-stabilities and are more useful for high temperature dyeing.
However, the treatments in the presence of metals causes various changes. The aqueous solutions of commercial Chlorantine Fast Blue 3 RLL and Direct Brown 3G almost completely faded by the heat-treatment (160°C, 30min.) in the presence of iron wire in the quartz tube. In the heattreatment of the aqueous solution of former dye in the presence of copper wire a considerable degradation (26.3%) was recognized, and for the later the change in the color shade was observed. Stainless-steel degrade remarkably either dye-aqueous solution (42% and 36%, each), but no shade change takes place.
Finally, the degradation rate of the aqueous solution (0.5% conc.) of purified Direct Sky Blue 6 B was measured.
In the heat-treatment at 140°C and 150°C the degradation proceeds according to the first order equation during the experimental period (2hours). But in the heat-treatment at above 160°C, the degrees of degradation deviated from calculated values by mean of first order equation based on the degraded value at initial stage, and the deviation becomes larger with the increasing of treating temperature and treating time respectively.
The activation energy of the degradation of Direct Sky Blue 6 B aqueous solution, which is calculated by first order equation, is 23.1 kcal/mol.

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