This study focuses on the attitudes of married couples and the differences between their attitudes depending on how long they have been married. It also looks at the results of a survey in which 186 couples participated. These couples had been married from between one year to sixty-one years. Participants were divided into 3 groups based on how long they had been married. The main results are as follows:
  1.  Wives mainly display positive attitudes such as sympathy or closeness. On the other hand, husbands exhibit oppressive tendencies and a lack of awareness.
  2.  Couples married for a short time generally display positive attitudes
  3.  Couples married for between fifteen and twenty-nine years do not often display positive attitudes and the attitudes of husbands tend to be negative
  4.  The longer the marriage is, the attitudes of wives seems to be neither positive nor negative, while husbands tend to display negative attitudes, which wives feel are oppressive.

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  This study aims to compare the effect of two different early childhood education and care (ECEC) programs in junior high school. Three scales were used to measure the effect of the two ECEC programs: positive attitude toward children; positive attitude to childcare; and, self esteem. In one program, junior high school students were paired with young children in one to one situations. In another program, junior high school students participated in kindergarten activity and played with groups of children. Based on the results of questionnaires before and after ECEC, students who scored well and those who did not were chosen. In each case, the scores of positive attitude toward children increased after the ECEC. In the pair situation, the scores of positive attitude to child care also increased after the ECEC. This was particularly noticeable in the case of those who had not scored well originally. Moreover, in the pair situations, the self esteem scores in the lower group also increased.

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  The purpose of this study is to clarify theissueof parentingsupport in the community by focusing on the feelings of burden regarding cooking.The study is based on the results of research on parents of children up to eighteen months old.
  This study shows thefollowing.
① Feelings of burden create the foundation of a sense of duty and a sense of responsibility as a parent.
② Feelings of burdentend to lead to an unstable relationship between parent and child.
③ A communal place to eat in the neighborhood is helpful for the parent-child relationship and booststhe interaction between parent and child in their everyday life in the community.Being part of the community improves the relationship between parent and child in each family.
  A stable parent-child relationship can develop through the support of the community.

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  For the purpose of effectively using onionskin, which is a dyeing material, we examined repeated uses of a dyeing solution and dyeing material, both after refrigeration and frozen storage. Colorimetric values of the dyed fabrics were determined, and visual inspections were carried out to determine whether it would be possible to use the fabrics as teaching materials. Through a comparison of the L^*a^*b^* value and the Munsell HVC value of dyed fabrics, all numerical differences between each dyeing condition were found to be small. Moreover, even if dyeing conditions differed, it was possible to identify the dye mordant of a dyed fabric by visual inspection. From these results, the change in color of the dyed fabrics used in this experiment was determined to be within an allowable range in order for the fabrics to be used as teaching materials. Furthermore, the quantity of dyeing material required for one dyed fabric was measured. As a result, under the most efficient dyeing conditions, it was found that for onionskin only 25% of the standard amount was required.

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  This research clarifies the present condition of small-scale suburban developments, and aims to clarify problems which may happen in the future. This investigation examined five suburban developments outside city planning areas. As a result, it became clear that these developments are facing aging populations and an increasing number of vacant lots and vacant housing. Moreover, public transportation is quite poor and infrastructure maintenance is insufficient.
  Although about half the residents intend to continue living in these developments, we are anxious about residents leaving after reaching retirement age and the further aging of their populations.

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