Three-dimensional measurements of Chinese middle-aged and elderly women and younger women were used to ascertain the body type characteristics of middle-aged and elderly women. An average body shape was determined based on principal component analysis of 3-dimensional body shapes, and the body type characteristics of middle-aged and elderly women and younger women were compared. In addition, a model of the trunk that closely followed the contours of the body was created to simulate a virtual model of an average body shape, and the characteristics of the body shape of middle-aged and elderly women were ascertained. Principal component analysis of 3-dimensional body shapes identified the forward/backward or left/right of the body, body fat percentage, and spinal curvature as body type characteristics of middle-aged and elderly women. A cross-sectional comparison with the body angles of an average body shape revealed that middle-aged and elderly women had a gently sloping bust, a more protruding abdomen, and a marked disappearance of the “S curve” of the spine. A pattern that closely followed the contours of the body was created based on the average body shape. Body type characteristics of middle-aged and elderly women that were identified in principal component analysis were a rising incline from the anterior obliques to the shoulders, and the degree of obesity was distributed in the upper anterior obliques.

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  『Amimono Shinan』 (Knitting Tutorial) was published by Hakubunkan in 1907 and reprinted 30 times. In it, there was information about yarn and tools, ways of knitting, miscellaneous notes about knitting, as well as 35 knitted works, 28 crocheted works, 5 laceworks and a number of knitted flowers. A sequel was published in 1909, and it was very popular.
  The author of these books, Tomiko Ishii, had one of her new works published in a girls' magazine for the first time in 1906. A lot of her works were subsequently published in magazines such as 『Shōjo Sekai』 (Girl World), 『Fujin Sekai』 (Women's World), 『Fujin Club』 (Women's Club) and 『Shōjo Gahou』 (Girls' Pictorial) from 1906 to 1915.
  In this paper I attempted to clarify her popularity and document her works.

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