It is recognized by many geographers that vegetable fields used to be especially abundant in the Owari plain. There was formerly a small relief of several meters, making it difficult to turn the entire area into rice fields by irrigation with river water, whereas on the other hand, it is very easy to utilize them as fields for vegetables, mulberries, etc.
More than 300 years ago, the political and civic center of Owari was situated in Iwakura, east of Itinomiya, when many vegetable fields should have been developed near Iwakura to satisfy the general demand. After that the political center of Owari shifted to the south of Iwakura, so that in the beginning of the Tokugawa era, which was more than 300 years ago, Nagoya became the political center of Owari, but the vegetable farms continued to remain in the old place.
There is the Biwazima market, more than 300 years old, which is situated between the vegetable farm lands and Nagoya, the place of demand for its farm products. Established in the midst of rice fields, it developed on account of its geographically suitable position, and through special protection of the successive Dairnyôs of Owari. Its annual turnover now amounts to yen 4, 000, 000. There is no doubt that one of the causes of the development of vegetable gardens in central Owari is the progress of the Biwazima market.
Since the populations of Nagoya city is increasing at the rate of from 3, 000 to 50, 000 a year, the demand for vegetables is consequently increa-sing. The demand for vegetables everywhere in Japan is gradually increa-sing. We can thus regard the vegetable fields of Owari as being still in process of development.

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1. 檜枝岐は狭き谿間の山村なるが故にその耕地は聚落と一致せず,從つて夏季出作を餘儀なくされて居る。それ故村の集團生活は冬季行はれる。田山村はその名の示す如く山地の聚落であるが田地を有する。然しこれ丈けでは村の生活を維持することが出來ぬため冬期樺太に出稼する.從つて村の集團生活は夏季に行はれる。
2. 檜枝岐は水田を有せず畑地の産物及び繭を米に換へ近來は家内工業が漸次發達して來た。田山村は米を産するが全住民の需要を満たし能はず,又米作は冷害,干害を受け易き故,これ等に對しても被害少なき稗及粟を畑に植えて,これを以つて常食物を補給する.なほこの外炭焼きが行はれ,又牛馬の飼養が近來發達し始めた。
3. 檜枝岐は夏は留守聚落で火災,盗難の抵抗弱く從つて家屋は密集より粗散の傾向を辿りつつあり,又村端れに板倉の密集がある。田山村は定住聚で出作小屋は全村唯1軒を有するのみである。又聚落の増加は山麓部に新に生ずることあれど多くは分家によりて聚落は散居より追々密集に傾く
4.田山では「やどこ組合」があり「むろ」「水車」「糸にがま」等の共有が行はれて居る。檜枝岐に於ては共同娯樂機關として地芝居小屋などがある。
5。檜枝岐は冬とお盆に神佛を祭し,又は色々の「講」を行ふ。田山は「當っ子」で毎月集まり,「賽」で春〓酒をやる。
6.人口増加,兩村とも生活の向上は漸次農業者を離村せしめ,檜枝岐にては生産人口が減少する。なほ田山に於ては定期出稼が行はるれ結果として月別の出生兒の數に著しき差がある。而して田山は最近交通の便に依り急に移入人口が増加した。
終りに仙臺齋藤報恩會より研究費の補助を受け,檜枝岐村調査にては星美雄,川島武,橘正路の諸氏,田山村にては瀬川昇氏,安保廣吉氏及び盛岡友の會,田山セットルメントの御援助を受けた事に對し深謝の意を表する次第である。

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In the outskirts of Tôkyô the woods surronnding the houses are one of the most conspicious parts of the landscape of settlements there. These woods serve as protection against prevailing winds. The author's investiga-tions of them from aero-photographs taken by the Military Survey Depart-ment may be summarized as follows
1) Varieties of wind-mantles. Of the large variety of wind-mantles, the trees-that predominate are the Keyaki (Zelkowa serrate), the arder (Alnus japonica, Anus tinctoria) and the oak (Quercus acute, Querczus mnyrsinaefolia). Their distribution is determined both by their ecologies and environments. Figs. 3-II show their directions, forms, and density, and Fig. 2 their distribution.
2) Density of wind-mantles (Fig. 14). The density of the wind-mantles is not proportional to the wind velocity (Table I) . While the present per-Icentage of houses with wind-mantles to the total number of houses varies, 70% may be considered as the proportion for all the settlements before the region developed. The percentage naturally diminishes as the region develops.
3) The directions of alignment of the wind-mantles (Fig. 21). The frequency in direction of the shelter-belts (wind-mantles) is generally smaller E-W, and larger N-S (Fig. 20). The same tendency is also seen in the wind directions observed at some stations (Fig. 16-18). The next dominant direction is southward. Fig. 15 was drawn in consideration of the fact that the shelter-belts face the three directions, SW, S, and SE. It shows the density of the shelter-belts to the south and also the area affect-ed by southerly winds (Fig. 22). It will be seen from this map that the area of high density is usually southward.
If the directions of the shelter-belts agree with those of the prevailing winds, then the latter could be found from the alignment of the shelter-belts. Fig. 22 shows the directions of the prevailing winds, which were taken into consideration in the above mentioned method, and which also agrees with observations made at certain stations and from the experience of local residents. While it is true that the alignments of the belts are influenced by the topography, the author thinks that they may be influenced by other conditions as well.
This study was made under the kind guidence of Prof. Tsujimura.

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