脳卒中
Online ISSN : 1883-1923
Print ISSN : 0912-0726
ISSN-L : 0912-0726
24 巻, 4 号
選択された号の論文の43件中1~43を表示しています
  • 用量比較臨床薬理試験
    池田 康夫, 内山 真一郎, 山口 武典, 川合 陽子, 中島 光好
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 381-392
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    血小板凝集は損傷を受けた血管や赤血球から放出されるADPによってGPIIb/IIIaの活性化やフィブリノーゲンの結合が起こり,これが引金となって生じる.硫酸クロピドグレル(SR25990C;クロピドグレル)は,チエノピリジン骨格を有し,ADP受容体に対する阻害作用に基づく経口の抗血小板薬である.
    今回,脳梗塞症124例を対象として,クロピドグレル10mg/日,37.5mg/日,75mg/日あるいはチクロピジン200mg/日を二重盲検下に1日1回2週間投与する臨床薬理試験を行った.十分な精度管理下で血小板凝集能を測定し,クロピドグレルの臨床推奨用量を検討した.血小板凝集抑制率は,クロピドグレルの用量に依存的に増加し,75mg/日において39.8%を示した.チクロピジン200mg/日の抑制率は34.9%であったことから,日本人の脳梗塞症におけるクロピドグレルの臨床推奨用量は75mg/日と推定した.
  • Steven Warach, PH. D.
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 393
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a leading technology in the diagnosis and care of the acute stroke patient because of the range of structural and physiological measurements possible in a relatively non-invasive and rapid manner and because of the wide dissemination and availability of MRI scanners in clinics and hospitals.
    The ideal neurodiagnostic imaging exam for stroke must rule out intracranial hemorrhage, detect the presence of ischemic pathology (intracranial and extracranial arterial disease, ischemic parenchymal injury and brain hemodynamics), and be achievable in a brief scanning session. An emergency MRI exam including diffusion weighted (DWI), perfusion (PWI), MR angiography (MRA), susceptibility weighted and T2-weighted or FLAIR imaging meets all these requirements. At many institutions where emergency therapies and early diagnosis are part of stroke care, MRI has already taken on a role to accomplish the diagnostic objectives in acute stroke. Conclusions about the state of ischemic pathophysiology in an individual patient, once based solely on clinical conjecture in the first few hours after onset, may now be based on objective data as well. MRI has found a role in the decision making for thrombolytic therapy and in clinical trials. Clinical studies support the sensitivity and specificity of the MRI in early stroke diagnosis, predicting clinical outcome, predicting the fate of the tissue at risk at the earliest time points, and in demonstrating reversal of ischemic injury following success-ful early reperfusion. A reduction in ischemic lesion volume from very early DWI to final infarct is highly predictive of clinical recovery.
    Imaging in clinical drug development and testing has become common and will become ever more important in Phase I and II clinical trials to evaluate brain pharmacokinetics, tissue viability, establish proof of pharmacological principle, and in Phase III trials to provide surrogate measures of potential clinical effects.
  • 浅野 孝雄, 片山 泰朗
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 394
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 三浦 正幸
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 395-399
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    ほ乳類中枢神経系のミエリン形成細胞であるオリゴデンドロサイト(OLG)は様々な細胞刺激に感受性が高く,低酸素あるいは虚血状態にさらされると変性する.広範なカスパーゼ阻害遺伝子p35をOLGに発現させると低酸素刺激にさらされた培養OLGや脳虚血時のOLG変性が有意に抑制された.これらのストレスにさらされたOLGでカスパーゼ11の発現誘導とカスパーゼ3の活性化が観察され,カスパーゼ11ノックアウトマウスでは脳虚血時のOLG変性が部分的に抑制されたことから,カスパーゼ11からカスパーゼ3を活性化する経路がOLG変性に関与することが示唆された.
  • 名村 尚武, 飯原 弘二, 永田 泉
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 400
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 中福 雅人, 中富 浩文, 桐野 高明
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 401
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 千葉 俊明, 岳野 光洋, 鈴木 登, 関野 宏明
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 402
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 鈴木 倫保, 天野 隆弘
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 403
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 木村 和美, 峰松 一夫, 矢坂 正弘, 古賀 政利, 和田 邦泰
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 404-407
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    脳動脈に閉塞や狭窄が生じる虚血性脳血管障害では,脳血管病変の評価は必須である.脳血管の狭窄・閉塞性病変を評価する方法の一つに神経超音波検査がある.神経超音波検査は,1)非浸襲的な検査で危険を伴わない,2)bed sideで容易にかつ繰り返し検査できる,3)検査時間が約15分と短く,real-timeに結果がわかる,4)高齢者にも検査が可能である,5)検査費用が安いなどの利点を有している.頚部血管エコー検査により,総頸動脈,内頸動脈,椎骨動脈の狭窄・閉塞病変の診断が可能である.これらの診断精度は極めて高い.さらに,脳血管の閉塞部位診断のみならず,脳梗塞の発症機序の推定や診断(血栓性閉塞,塞栓性閉塞,動脈解離),急性期脳梗塞患者の予後推定にも有用である.我々strokologistにとっては,聴診器とハンマーに加え,bed side診断法としての超音波検査が,脳梗塞急性期診療になくてはならない武器であることを強調したい.
  • 半田 伸夫, 伊藤 泰司, 角田 亘, 高橋 大介, 寺崎 泰和, 南浦 史子, 高木 敬文, 大山 直紀, 大澤 紀之, 福永 隆三
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 408-413
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    頸動脈病変を超音波法にて評価することの意義を,既報のガイドラインの指標であるmax-IMTとプラークスコアの2つを比較することで検討した.214名の追跡調査では頸動脈病変が高度のものほど虚血性脳血管障害発症頻度が高かった.1,851名の断面調査では頸動脈病変は虚血性脳血管障害,特にアテローム血栓性脳梗塞およびTIAとの関係が深かった.また虚血性心疾患においても頸動脈病変がリスクの指標となった.頸動脈病変は頸動脈洞に最も多く認められ,ついで総頸動脈,内頸動脈の順であったが,内頸動脈の病変は大きなプラークになることが多かった.頸動脈病変の指標としてはmax-IMTもプラークスコアもいずれも有用な指標であった.
  • 新野 清人, 西 京子, 北里 慶子, 宇野 昌明, 永廣 信治, 板部 洋之
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 414
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 矢坂 正弘, 伊佐 勝憲, 大坪 亮一, 木村 和美, 古賀 政利, 長束 一行, 峰松 一夫
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 415-419
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    We introduced transoral carotid ultrasonography (TOCU) which enabled us to evaluate the distal extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA). Examinations were performed using a color Doppler flow imaging system equipped with a convex array stick-like transducers (9 - 5 MHz). We inserted the probe covered with thin gum transorally, touching the tip to the pharyngeal postero-lateral wall. Then we could obtain image and measure flow velocity of the distal portion of extracranial internal carotid artery.
    TOCU was successfully performed in healthy five volunteers without any difficulty. The ICA was identified at a depth of 2.2 ± 0.6cm and visualized as a vertical linear vessel about 3.0cm in length and bent slightly backwards. The diameter and mean flow velocity of the distal extracranial ICA was 4.7 ± 0.2mm and 50 ± 7 cm/sec, respectively.
    In acute stage of embolic ICA occlusion, TOCU frequently demonstrated echo lucent lumen at the distal extracranial ICA, while it seldom does in acute stage of atherothrombotic ICA occlusion or in chronic stage of ICA occlusion. Therefore, TOCU seems useful to distinguish mechanism of ICA occlusion in its acute stage.
    In internal carotid artery dissection, TOCU showed true and pseudo lumens or narrow lumens in the affected side. TOCU seems a useful technique to make up for conventional carotid ultrasonography.
  • 橋本 信夫, 成冨 博章
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 420
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
  • Part I:手術数・適応
    遠藤 俊郎, 林 央周, 桑山 直也, 平島 豊
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 421-424
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    In the randomized control studies (RCS) as NASCET, ECST, ACAS et al., the benefit of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for the cases with high-grade carotid artery stenosis have been presented. However, some controversies still remain and evaluation of endovascular stenting vs CEA is noticed as a recent subject in this field. In this report, we presented dthe following subjects ; 1) clinico-pathological features of an atheromatous plaque of carotid artery suggesting the significance of surgical removal of the symptomatic lesions, 2) reviw of the literature and clinical analysis of the reported RCSs, 3) results of retrospective investigations of CEA and stenting in the neurosurgical institutes during 2000 and 2001.
    In the retrospective study, 2, 818 CEAs and 1, 084 endovascular treatment was performed in 637 institutes during this two years. Number of cases in about 80% of institutes were less than 10, and moderate indications have been considered, especially in an asymptomatic case, in the most institutes. In Japanese, occlusive carotid artery disease is not so common and some characteristic clinical features have been noticed compared with Caucasians. Prospective and original studies designed for Japanese will be needed to discuss and select an adequate treatment indications.
  • 永廣 信治, 宇野 昌明, 七條 文雄
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 425-428
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    We report surgical risks and complications in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for carotid occlusive diseases by analyzing the results of a nationwide questionnaire. In 1014 patients who underwent CEA in Japan for 2 years from 2000 to 2001, the rate of disabling stroke and death was 1.9%, and in 394 patients who underwent endovascular surgery including stent placement for carotid artery stenosis during the same period, the rate of disabling stroke and death was 4.5%.
    From our experience of 336 patients who underwent CEA in our institute between 1975 and 2002, ischemic heart disease was a major cause of death during the CEA perioperative and follow-up periods. Combined angiography and careful management of coronary artery stenosis can be expected to decrease the mortality and morbidity in patients treated with CEA. Intraoperative multiple monitoring system using deviation ration topography of EEG, somatosensory evoked potentials, near-infrared spectrophotometry for measurement of cerebral regional SO2 and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) is useful to prevent ischemic complications. Postoperative hyperperfusion syndrome can be checked serially and non-invasively by using TCD. The management of acute stroke patients with thrombosed occlusion or sever stenosis of the internal carotid artery is still controversial. Acute stage CEA was taken into consideration to treat the patients only in 5 (9%) of the 54 Japanese institutes which answered the questionnaire.
  • 坂井 信幸, 永田 泉, 酒井 秀樹, 飯原 弘二, 東 登志夫, 木暮 修治, 黒岩 輝壮, 三上 千秋, 今村 博敏, 足立 秀光, 小 ...
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 429-433
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has been developed in recent years as an alternative to carotid endarterectomy (CEA). We report our clinical experience of CAS and evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of this treatment. Since 1997 Feb, 237 patients (199 male, aged 50-85, mean 67.5), 235 carotid artery stenosis (109 symptomatic, 126 asymptomatic), 5 aortitis, 1 FMD, and 6 dissecting were treated with 259 endovascular stenting procedures. Our method in now is as follows;under local anesthesia, transfemoral approach, using guiding catheter, pre-dilation with low profile 3mm PTA balloon with. 014" long wire, and self-expandable stent deployment. Since 1998 Dec, we have used our originally made distal balloon protective system in post PTA. Procedural success was 99.2%, and complications occurred in 2 (0.77%) major and 6 (2.3%) minor stroke without mortality. Restenosis occurred in 12/155 (7.7%) of F/U angiography, 6-50 months after treatment. No complication occurred in re-treatment. Our results indicate that carotid stenting may well offer a similar safety profile and efficacy to those of carotid endarterectomy. The future status of carotid artery stenting will be determined with randomized trials and improvement in devices, technique and safety.
  • 寺田 友昭, 津浦 光晴, 松本 博之, 増尾 修, 津本 智幸, 山家 弘雄, 板倉 徹
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 434-440
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    1991年から2002年1月まで頸部内頸動脈狭窄症164例,168病変(PTA66病変,ステント留置102病変)に対し血管内治療を行った.PTA群66病変では手技に伴う合併症は3%(minor)と少なかったが,再狭窄を36%に認めた.ステント群全体では,mortality1%(nonstroke),morbidity4%(major1%,transient3%)であったが,morbidityの75%は初期15例のプロテクションを行わなかった症例で発生した.プロテクション手技が確立してからの87病変では,morbidity1%(transient),mortality1%(non-stroke)と良好な結果を得ている.治療を要した再狭窄は2例に認められ,再度の血管形成術で良好な拡張を得た.長期成績は不明であるが,治療成績からは当科での血栓内膜剥離術の成績と比べても遜色はないと思われる.頸動脈に対するステント治療は,治療を安全に行うためのデバイスがようやく臨床使用可能になり,術者自身の技術もlearning curveを超え,ようやく血栓内膜剥離術とのrandomized control studyの土台ができあがったものと思われる.
  • 峰松 一夫
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 441-444
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    Evidence-based medicine (EBM) has been emphasized in Japan for these years. Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in North America and Europe provided evidence that carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is beneficial in patients with symptomatic severe carotid artery stenosis grater than 70% in diameter. The efficacy, however, has not yet been confirmed in Japan. Although carotid artery stenting is a less invasive intervention against carotid artery stenosis, a potential benefit of the stenting remains a matter of investigation. The CREST study, a large-scale RCT on-going in U.S.A. and Europe, will provide evidence concerning the effects of carotid stenting as compared to that of CEA in near future.
    Carotid ultrasonography is a noninvasive and accurate way to evaluate carotid artery lesions. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and diffusion MRI are providing new insights how often are microembolic brain lesions produced during carotid artery stenting. The effects of several antithrombotic agents and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) are now under investigations in ischemic stroke patients. These noninvasive measures and new medical management strategies will help us make carotid artery interventions safer and more effective.
    Several clinical studies including J-MUSIC indicated that atherothrombotic brain infarction particularly due to extracranial carotid artery lesions has rapidly been increasing in frequency in Japan. However, the number of potential candidates for carotid intervention is estimated to be 1, 500 to 15, 000 annually in Japan, be-ing only 1/10 to 1/100 of that in U.S.A.
    The current situation of carotid artery diseases and clinical evidence on the effectiveness and limitations of carotid interventions should be collected for Japanese patients with carotid lesions.
  • 河瀬 斌, 堀 智勝
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 445
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 福内 靖男
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 446-451
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    The usefulness of evidence-based medicine (EBM) has been discussed in various fields of clinical medicine. One method of the application of EBM is to make EBM-based clinical guideline for practitioners' clinical judgment.
    In this communication, I presented the process of collecting clinical evidence to making the guideline for management of patients with cerebral infarction. This was done by research committee (Principal investingator : Yasuo Fukuuchi) on "Evidence-based Guideline for Patients with Cerebral Infarction ", which was supported by Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Warfare.
    We collected about seventeen thousands literatures in English or Japanese on management of cerebral infarction, which were graded according the evidence levels. About six hundreds of these literatures were selected as high level of evidence, and stored in database.
    Evidence in the database was summarized in each therapeutic item such as general management, neurological treatments, neurosurgical interventions and rehabilitation. Summaries of these items is not described here, which will be published in Annual Report 2002 of Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Warfare.
    At present time, we have an insufficient amount of clinical evidence for making useful guideline for management of patients with cerebral infarction at acute and chronic stages.
  • 篠原 幸人
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 452-455
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    Although guidelines for treatment of stroke have been published by the American Heart Association (USA) and the Royal College of Physicians (UK) since 1994, there has been no guideline for stroke treatment for Japanese patients based on scientific evidence. In 1998, the Joint Committee for Establishment of the Japanese Guideline for Stroke was set up by the Japan Stroke Society, the Japanese Society of Neurology, the Japanese Society of Neurosurgery, the Japanese Society of Neurotherapeutics and the Japan Society of Rehabilitation (Chairman : Y. Shinohara, Co-chairmen : Y. Fukuuchi, T. Yoshimoto and S. Ishigami). The committee subdivided its work into 4 categories (general stroke, ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage), and together with three research groups of the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, is preparing the new guideline for Japanese patients, by Japanese doctors and using mainly Japanese data. This guideline is expected to be published in 2003.
    However, there have been few randomized controlled trials (RCT) in the field of stroke in Japan, so one of aims of the joint Committee is to make recommendations concerning future RCTs for stroke treatment in Japan.
    It is important to note that this guideline will describe the standard management and treatment in Japan, but doctors should always take into account the particular characteristics of individual patients, as well as the availability of various techniques and facilities in any situation.
    Furthermore, the established guideline should be monitored in the light of new information and new methodology, and should be revised periodically as necessary.
  • 吉峰 俊樹, 中嶋 義和, 西尾 雅実, 谷口 理章, 藤中 俊之
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 456-459
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    Supported by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, a guideline for the management of aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was prepared based on the procedures of evidence based medicine (EBM). To utilize this guideline effectively and correctly, the following precautions are suggested.
    (1) The described "level of strength of recommendation" for each procedure is not identical to the"level of strength of evidence". (2) The procedures recommended in the guideline may not be always applicable to the individual patient. Because of significant variations in the intracranial pathophysiology of SAH or systemic condition of the patient, the feasible management may be determined not by the "guideline" but by "the physician in charge". (3) Due to same reason, it may not be appropriate to refer to the guideline in a lawsuit for medical malpractice. (4) The content of the guideline may be behind the current standard unless it is properly updated. (5) Strong evidence is not easy to accumulate in the field of surgery. In the management of SAH, we still have only a very few number of scientific evidence. It is recommended of SAH, we still have only a very few number of scientific evidence. It is recommended for each surgeon to review his own clinical results critically to improve his daily practice.
  • 橋本 洋一郎, 米原 敏郎, 稲富 雄一郎, 平野 照之, 内野 誠
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 460-467
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    The use of critical pathway is becoming increasingly important in acute stroke therapy. Rehabilitation in the recovery stage could be done in the specialized rehabilitation hospitals within Kumamoto according to inter-hospital cooperation. Our acute stroke team can concentrate on the treatment of stroke in the acute stage (within 2-3 week from the onset). We have been developing this stroke management system based on an acute stroke unit with referral to a rehabilitation unit in other hospital (inter-hospital referral model) in con-trast to the conventional system with a combined acute and rehabilitation stroke unit in a single hospital (intra-hospital referral model). Our outcome of critical pathway for stroke is not only discharge to home but also transfer to a rehabilitation hospital.
    After the introduction of 3 types of critical pathway dedicated for various severity of acute ischemic stroke in 1995, the average length of hospital stay of both stroke and non-stroke patients declined from 30.0 days (1993) to 23.3 days (1995), and 13.9 days (2000) in our department. Now we have 5 types of stroke criti-cal pathway.
    Critical pathway increased quality of care, and contributed to integrated multidisciplinary collaborations among various specialist, nursing and other paramedical personnel. Critical pathways should be viewed as components of total quality management. They should not be allowed to restrict the patient's or physician's choice of interventions, they should not inhibit in any way innovation or the introduction of novel methodologies. Yet, critical pathways generate a pressure on every member of the acute stroke tam, a sense of negative entropy constantly urging a move toward a higher level of excellence and quality.
    The reduction of length of hospital stay was achieved by the use of critical pathway and the inter-hospital cooperation.
  • 鈴木 堅二, 竹内 正人
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 468-473
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    Recently standardization of the early stroke rehabilitation has been promoted after the presentation of guidelines for the management of acute CVDs of AHA in 1994. In our hospital, clinical pathway of stroke rehabilitation was applied in order to facilitate the teamwork among different staffs and shorten the length of hospital stay. By the clinical impairments, stroke patients were divided into three groups and their lengths of stay were arranged, and then the variance analysis was done for the length of stay as a final outcome. It was revealed that the secondary complications, such as infections after stroke, elongated the hospital stay more than the original diseases, and the evaluation of activities of daily living was more practical than that of clinical impairments, in the performance of clinical pathway of stroke rehabilitation.
  • 藤井 清孝, 宝金 清博
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 474
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
  • ウィリス動脈輪閉塞症の病因・病態に関する研究班調査結果報告
    日下 康子, 吉本 高志, 野川 茂, 福内 靖男, 大本 堯史, 生塩 之敬, 辻 一郎, 西田 あゆみ, 森岡 基浩
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 475-479
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    We do not have enough understanding of the clinical course, correct treatment and long-term outcome of moyamoya patients. To confirm an accurate incidence and clarify the pathophysiology of this disease, we investigated the clinical data registered in this research committee on moyamoya disease of ministry of health, labor and Welfare in Japan. We also investigated moyamoya patients in Kumamoto, Okayama and Miyagi prefecture for details of newly diagnosed patients for these three years and patients diagnosed before 1990.
    The total number of registerd cases in our research committee reached 1, 313 cases. The disease types at onset were ischemic type (57.9%), intracranial hemorrhages (19.5%) and others. The incidence of moyamoya diseasein three prefectures was 0.43 per 100, 000. The long-term follow-up study revealed that the rate of rebleeding (33.3%) was significantly higher in bleeding type than that of ischemic type (3.5%) patients. However the preventive effect of bypass surgery against recurrent bleedings has not been statistically evaluated, in operated group in this study, cumulative survival rate was significantly higher and the incidence of the death due to re-bleeding was significantly lower than those of non-operated group.
  • Trial Group JAM
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 480-484
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    Recurrent bleedings have been known to aggravate the prognoses of the patients who experienced cerebral bleeding attacks related to moyamoya disease. Hemodynamic stress on the moyamoya vessels as collateral pathways has been attributed to the bleeding episodes. Bypass surgery has been performed for these patients to reduce the hemodynamic stress on the moyamoya vessels. However, it has not yet been statistically proven whether the bypass surgery can significantly decrease the recurrent bleeding attacks.
    To establish the treatment guidelines for moyamoya disease with hemorrhagic onset, 20 Japanese centers have combined to evaluate the benefit of direct anastomotic bypass surgery such as superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery anastomosis in randomized patients who have experienced hemorrahgic episodes related to moyamoya disease and who have received either best medical treatment alone or best medical treatment plus bypass surgery. This prospective randomized controlled trial named as Japan Adult Moyamoya (JAM) Trial was initiated in January, 2001. Twenty-one patients have been already enrolled in this study.
  • 池田 秀敏
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 485-490
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    We performed a series of molecular analysis about pathogenesis and epidemiology of the moyamoya disease. First, to identify the gene responsible for familial moyamoya disease, we performed linkage analysis at 3 p24.2-p26 using three new families and four new markers near D3S3050 locus in addition to the previously published data (Am J Human Genet. 64: 533-537, 1999). Non-parametric LOD score had two high peaks around the marker of D3S3525 (maximum LOD score=4.190) and D3S3706 (maximum LOD score=4.428). These score fulfilled the criteria of significant linkage of complex diseases. Secondly, to clarify the link between the spread of familial moyamoya disease over Asia and the human migration route in ancient, average sequence divergence among patients with moyamoya disease were determined. Both linkage analysis using familial moyamoya patients and analysis on the evolutional gene flow in patients with moyamoya disease showed a clear evidence of hereditary nature of the familial moyamoya disease. Thirdly, analysis on the clinical anticipation observed in familial moyamoya families by detecting CAG repeart expansion with RED method revealed no clearevidence of the causative factor of clinical anticipation. However, this study again resultedin supporting the supecific hereditary nature of familial moyamoya patients.
  • 中川原 譲二, 斎藤 寛浩, 大里 俊明, 上山 憲司, 武田 利兵衛, 中村 博彦
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 491-495
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    In order to make sure the stratification of cerebral hemodynamics of child moyamoya disease, we evaluated 123I-IMP SPECT before and after surgical revascularization. The aim of this paper is toestablish the semiquantitative parameters that can be applied to estimate severity of hemodynamic cerebral ischemia instead of quantitative parameters. Quantitative studies using IMP-ARG method were performed on thirteen patients to measure resting regional rCBF, and vascular reserve (rVR): (Diamox-activated rCBF/resting rCBF-1) × 100%. Semiquantitative parameters were calculated from the ratio of ROI counts in the ACA and MCA territory to the dominant cerebellum counts (ROI/Ce ratio) at resting and Diamox-activated conditions. From the quantitative study, both mean resting rCBF less than 40m1 /100g/min and rVR less than 10% could indicate stage 2 hemodynamic cerebral ischemia. The prediction of stage 2 ischemia using semiquantitative parameters (resting ROI/Ce ratio less than 0.9 and Diamox-activated ROI/Ce ratio less than 0.85 inthe MCA territory) was not statistically different comparison to the diagnosis using quantitativeparameters (using Fisher exact test<0.0001, Sensitivity and specificity were 87.5% and90.9%, respectively). The ROI/Ce ratio can be utilized as simple parameters instead of quantitative parameters.
  • 東儀 英夫, 神野 哲夫
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 496
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 藤島 正敏, 清原 裕
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 497-501
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    The changes in incidence and mortality of stroke and its risk factors were studied in a general population of Hisayama town, where a prospective cohort study was initiated in 1961 (Hisayama study). The characteristics of this study exist 1) 99% of the study subjects had been followed, 2) the development of stroke was completely evaluated by study physicians, and 3) the cause of death was verified by autopsy with average 81% over 40 years. Age and sex-adjusted incidence and mortality of cerebral hemorrhage were markedly and significantly decreased from first cohort (1961-) to second cohort (1974-) and third cohort (1988-). Incidence and mortality of cerebral infarction were halved from the first to the second cohort, but changed little from the second to the third cohort. As for subtypes of cerebral infarction, incidence of lacunar infarction was decreasing, while incidence of atherothrombotic infarction and cardiogenic embolism tended to increase in the recent cohort. As for risk factors, the prevalence of hypertension (≥160/95mmHg) consistently decreased due to increasing of drug treatment and salt restriction. However, the prevalence of metabolic disorders such as glucose intolerance, hypercholesterolemia and obesity continued to increase in recent years, because of westernization of life styple and dietary habits. Changing of incidence and mortality of stroke is apparent in Hisayama population, mainly due to hypertension management, although only less than one-fourth of the hypertensives had been treated appropriately (<140/90mmHg) even in recent years. More strict controlling of hypertension is necessary for further reduction of stroke incidence.
  • 1980循環器疾患基礎調査14年の追跡結果から
    岡山 明
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 502-506
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    Purpose: To clarify the relationship between blood pressure and mortality from stroke, heart disease, cardiovascular diseases and all causes of death among representative population of Japanese and to estimate category specific excess mortality from stroke due to SBP.
    Methods: In 1994, 14 year-follow-up cohort study was conducted among participants of national survey on cardiovascular diseases in 1980, randomly selected from Japanese population.
    Restults: Total observed person years were 54714 for men and 71481 for women. During follow-up 1327 deaths was observed and underlying causes of deaths were identified for 99.5% of deaths using national vital statistics data. Both SBP and DBP were significantly related to mortality from strokes, cardiovascular diseases and all causes of death for both sexes (p<0.001). Heart disease mortality was significantly related to SBP and DBP among men (p<0.05) while not among women.
    Increased mortality rate from stroke was observed with high blood pressure for all ages. Estimated excess mortality was 67% for men and 46% for women and chiefly observed among moderate hypertensives (27 % for men and 15% for women).
    Conclusion: High blood pressure was a risk factor for mortality from all causes as well as those from cardiovascular diseases, stroke and heart disease among Japanese. Since major part of excess mortality was due to mild hypertension, population strategy to reduce blood pressure should be encouraged.
  • 今井 潤
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 507-512
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    Measurements of ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) and of home blood pressure (HBP) as an adjunct to casual/clinic BP (CBP) measurements are currently widely used for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. We have monitored a rural cohort of people from the population of Ohasama, Japan, with respect to their prognosis and have previously reported that ABP level and HBP level are superior to CBP level for the prediction of cardiovascular mortality.
    Our results also confirmed that short-term blood pressure variability (as measured every 30 min) was independently associated with cardiovascular mortality. In addition, research has recently focused on isolated systolic hypertension and pulse pressure as independent risk factors for poor cardiovascular prognosis. The Ohasama study also clearly demonstrated that isolated systolic hypertension and increased pulse pressure, as assessed by HBP, were associated with an increase in the risk of cardiovascular mortality. Concerning diurnal blood pressure variation, the incidence of stroke increased with an increased length of observation in dippers using antihypertensive medication but not in non-dippers using antihypertensive medication. In contrast, the relative hazard for mortality increased in non-dippers and inverted dippers. These results suggest a cause-and-effect relationship for both dippers and non-dippers.
    The Ohasama study showed that the level and variability of hypertension as assessed by ABP and HBP are independent predictiors of cardiovascular mortality.
  • 檜垣 實男, 杉本 研, 勝谷 友宏, 荻原 俊男
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 513-518
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    The molecular understanding of the genes of cerebrovascular disease and hypertension may contribute to better development of new diagnosis and treatment. Under classical strategy, scientists have tried first to find a physiological phenomenon specific for essential hypertension, then to identify the protein underlying the physiological abnormality, and finally to clarify the causative gene which encoded the protein. On the other hand, under the reverse genetic approach, the correlation between hypertension and genetic abnormality is identified first, and then the pathogenesis is clarified-in reverse order. Therefore, it is not extraordinary for unexpected results to be obtained in the correlation between a gene and a disease, suggesting that this approach has a possibility to be a breakthrough in the chaos of the research of hypertension and cerebrovascular disease.
  • 松本 昌泰
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 519-524
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    従来より慢性期の脳血管障害例では脳循環予備能の低下が明らかとされ,なかでも頭蓋内外の脳主幹動脈に閉塞性病変を有する症例では顕著な脳循環予備能の低下が観察されている.このため,脳血管障害例の降圧療法については,降圧の是非やその程度などについての議論が数多くなされてきたが,再発予防のための目標降圧レベルの設定などに関する確固たるエビデンスは皆無の状態が続いていた.この状態に終止符を打つ大規模臨床試験が脳卒中慢性期例を対象に実施されたPROGRESS研究である.すなわち,エントリー時の147/86mmHgから従来の治療に加えてペリンドプリル(4mg/日)や降圧利尿薬であるインダパミド(2mg/日)の追加投与により血圧を138/82mmHg程度に持続的に降下させることにより,平均年齢64歳の患者で4-5年間で28%ものさらなる再発抑制効果が得られることが初めて実証された.
  • 佐々木 富雄, 上村 和夫
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 525
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 塩貝 敏之, 上坊 千春, 越村 満理子, 野村 英憲, 土井 淳史, 牧野 雅弘, 水野 敏樹, 中島 健二, 古幡 博
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 526-534
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    To clarify the clinical significance of transcranial harmonic perfusion imaging (HPI), we investigated qualitative comparisons between second- and ultra-harmonic imaging (SHI, UHI), power Doppler harmonic imaging (PHI), and quantitative correlations with dynamic CT (DCT) and/or transcranial Doppler (TCD) during acetazolamide vasoreactivity tests in neurological patients. Methods : The contrast images after a bolus Levovist® injection were compared on the basis of the transmitting and receiving frequencies (MHz) of SONOS 5500, SHI and PHI (1.8/3.6) utilizing an S4 transducer (n=28), and UHI (1.3/3.6), SHI (1.3/2.6), and PHI (1.3/2.6 and 1.6/3.2) utilizing an S3 transducer (n=10). HPI parameters from time-intensity curves in the temporal lobe, basal ganglia, and thalamus were correlated with those of DCT parameters (n=25), and with TCD and DCT parameters during vasoreactivity tests (n=12). Refill kinetics during continuous Levovist® infusion was analyzed at rest and during vasoreactivity tests. Results : a) Visualization of contrast effects was more sensitive in SHI, with a particularly low receiving frequency of 2.6 MHz, than UHI or PHI. b) Correlation of parameters was reduced in inter-individual variations, however mean transit time indicated closer correlations. Vasoreactivity of HPI tended to correlate with that of DCT and/or TCD. Conclusions : HPI allows qualitative and relatively quantitative comparisons of brain tissue perfusion, is non-invasively repeatable at bedside, and has a clinical significance in the evaluation of treatment and follow-ups for ischemic stroke patients.
  • 脳卒中への応用例
    松澤 等
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 535
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 下瀬川 恵久
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 536-541
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    The usefulness of Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) measurement by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has been verified in patients with hyperacute stage of cerebral infarction, especially when a thrombolytic therapy is considered. Measuring residual CBF before thrombolysis is very important because patients with more than 40% decrease in CBF compared with the contralateral normal brain is at high risk of crucial hemorrhage after recanalization. Positron emission tomography (PET) can provide metabolic information of the ischemic brain in addition to the severity of CBF deterioration, and would be a powerful diagnostic tool if the measurement becomes feasible in emergency. We investigated qualitative PET measurement that took only half an hour for the examination, and demonstrated that qualitative PET could detect areas with misery perfusion in the affected cerebral hemisphere. Comparing the qualitative PET imaging with the functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) obtained within 6 hours after ischemic attack, we delineated that areas with perfusion-diffusion mismatch on MRI contained the area with decrease of oxygen metabolism where progressed to the irreversible brain damage without initial decrease of water diffusion. Qualitative PET measurement has the possibility to explicate the background of signal change of functional MRI that per-formed in the hyperacute stage of cerebral infarction.
  • 井田 正博
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 542
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 高木 亮, 隈崎 達夫
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 543-548
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    Ischemic stroke remains a common cause of death and disability in the industrialized world. In the treatment of ischemic stroke, conventional CT is still the primary imaging modality. However, positive CT findings do not appear during the narrow time window. There is a strong demand to establish a prompt diagnostic technique, which provides the cerebral perfusion information for the successful therapy. CT perfusion (CTP) is a new introduced image-processing technique which can provide quantitative cerebral blood flow by calculating functional maps such as cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and mean transit time (MTT). CT angiography (CTA) has been also shown to be valuable for the detection of cerebral arterial occlusion and stenosis. Using multi-detector row CT, we performed both CTP and CTA as one time examination in the assessment of cerebral ischemia. In this symposium, we introduce our imaging protocols, and demonstrate the usefulness of combination diagnosis of CTP and CTP. The CTP and CTA are an accurate, convenient, and safe method in patients with cerebral ischemia. The combination diagnosis of CTP and CTA not only allows early detection of cerebral ischemia but also yields valuable information for planning management of acute ischemic stroke.
  • 興梠 征典
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 549-554
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    MR angiography (MRA) is a non-invasive technique which can provide an important information about cerebral vascular diseases such as cerebral aneurysms or occlusive lesions. As recent progress in MRA, image quality has become excellent and acquisition time has become much shorter by contribution of several technologies including MTS, TONE, and ZIP. A first-pass, contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography with very short acquisition time is useful for AVM and AVF. This MR technique can demonstrate arteriovenous shunts as well as the feeding arteries and draining veins of the lesions. After introduction of a new multidetector helical CT scanner, it has become possible to produce high-speed CT angiography (CTA) of high quality with significantly shorter acquisition time for the intracranial and cervical vessels. The feasibility of 3D views of intracranial and cervical vessels computed from planar digital angiograms acquired with a rotational angiography system has been evaluated. In the cases with aneurysm, 3D angiography is superior to conventional DSA concerning visualization of the aneurysm architecture. 3D angiography has now become essential for embolization of the cerebral aneurysms with GDC.
  • 加藤 宏之, 泉山 昌洋, 斎藤 尚宏, 小泉 英明, 高橋 明, 糸山 泰人
    2002 年 24 巻 4 号 p. 555-559
    発行日: 2002/12/25
    公開日: 2009/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
    The mechanism of poststroke motor functional recovery remains to be elucidated. We used functional MRI (fMRI) and near-infrared spectroscopic topography (NIRS) to evaluate the compensatory motor activation of cortical regions during a hand movement task in patients who recovered from poststroke hemiparesis. 1) We evaluated 9 patients with various types of stroke with mild-moderate hemiparesis using fMRI within 1 month of stroke onset and after 2-3 months. At the first examination, the activation of the contralateral hemisphere (primary sensorimotor cortex and supplementary motor area) was markedly reduced during the paretic hand movement. At the second examination, the contralateral activation had recovered in 8 of 9 patients. It addition, activation of ipsilateral motor cortex was seen during the paretic hand movement in 4 of 9 patients. 2) We evaluated 6 patients with massive cerebral infarction in the territory of middle cerebral artery without severe residual hemiparesis using both fMRI and NIRS. Both techniques showed that the activation of ipsilateral primary motor cortex was activated during the paretic hand movement in addition to activation of extended motor areas of the contralateral hemisphere. These observations suggest that motor cortical reorganization, including the ipsilateral hemisphere, contributes to the recovery from poststroke hemiparesis.
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