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Volume 75 (2004)
- Issue 4 Pages 493-
- Issue 3 Pages 345-
- Issue 2 Pages 165-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 75, Issue 3
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
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Original Articles
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Kouichi HAGIYA, Yamato ATAGI, Takayoshi KAWAHARA, Yusaku GOTHO, Mitsuy ...2004 Volume 75 Issue 3 Pages 345-351
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThree methods were compared to predict the whole record of the lactation from records of test days in Holstein cows. Data consisted of 232,337 test day records obtained from 771 first lactation Holstein cows in four herds of the National Livestock Breeding Center. The 305d milk record is a complete record of daily milk yields during the period of 305 days of milk production. The three estimates predicted by test interval (TI), best prediction (BP) and multiple trait prediction (MTP) were compared with the actual 305d milk yields. The model of Wood or Wilmink was adopted for milk yields in the MTP method. For the comparison of the TI method and BP method, in the early to middle stages of the lactation, the BP predictions retained its high accuracy and the TI method had better predictions at the end stage of the lactation. The MTP with the Wilmink model had higher estimate precision than MTP with the Wood model during the whole of the lactation. MTP with the Wilmink model had the same estimate precisions as the BP method in the early to middle stages of lactation. At the end of the lactation, MTP estimates approximated actual yields the most in comparison with the others. Thus, MTP with the model of Wilmink was successful in attaining high accuracy through the whole lactation period.View full abstractDownload PDF (1026K) -
Motoi ODANI, Hirofumi NAKAOKA, Akira NARITA, Takayuki IBI, Yotaro SASA ...2004 Volume 75 Issue 3 Pages 353-361
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSComparisons of breeding stock among the Japanese Black cattle across regions were impeded because breeding programs and genetic evaluations were carried out primarily within regions. A nationwide connectedness was missing. The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of a national genetic evaluation of breeding stocks based on appropriate mathematical models and suited material. Goodness of fit of the models was measured by the prediction error variance, the Akaike’s information criterion and coefficient of determination. The data consisted of field records on carcass traits (beef marbling standard number, BMS No. ; carcass weight, CW ; rib-eye area, REA ; rib thickness, RT ; subcutaneous fat thickness, SFT) of fattened Japanese Black cattle collected from 1997 to 2002 among the nationwide fattening farms of Agura Kyosai Bokujo, Inc. (N=49,810). The pedigree of those animals was surveyed, too. More than 95% of all possible pairs of fattening farms have beef animals with common sires. Further beef animals from different prefectures were dispersed over fattening farms so that comparisons among all prefectures were possible. Six mathematical models were applied, which differed in the way how each of the fixed effects was taken into account. The estimated heritabilities do not vary significantly among the applied mathematical models (h2 for BMS No. : 0.43 ; CW : 0.45-0.49 ; REA : 0.32-0.33 ; RT : 0.31-0.33 ; SFT : 0.46-0.47). The models with the best goodness of fit are obtained when all the fixed effects are taken into account as a combination effect or when all the fixed effects but the effect of sex are taken into account as a combination of them. We were able to demonstrate that the genetic connectedness among subpopulations is sufficient in the involved fattening farms in order to establish a genetic evaluation on a national scale. A nationwide evaluation of the Japanese Black breeding stocks will enhance the genetic improvement of the breed by a more efficient selection of excellent sires and dams.View full abstractDownload PDF (1097K) -
Masanori KOMATSU, Yasuaki YASUDA, Job M. MATIAS, Tomomi NIIBAYASHI, At ...2004 Volume 75 Issue 3 Pages 363-378
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo reveal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity and indicus/taurus type maternal lineage of the three major Philippine native cattle breeds (Batangas cattle in Southern Luzon, Ilocos cattle in Northwest Luzon and Iloilo cattle in Panay Island ), we sequenced the D-loop region (436bp) and three protein coding regions (ND2, ND4 and ND5) of mtDNA in these breeds together with other nine cattle breeds (American Brahman cross, Holstein-Friesian, Holstein-Friesian×Sahiwal crossbred, Aberdeen-Angus, Hereford, Swiss Brown, Jersey, Japanese Black and Japanese Brown). The total cellular DNA from leukocyte was subjected to LA (Long and Accurate)-PCR to amplify the most part (15,393bp) of mtDNA including D-loop region in order to avoid the co-amplification of mtDNA fragments (numts) of nuclear genomic DNA. The LA-PCR primer sets and conditions were as follows : forward primer : 5prime;-CGGCTCAACTTTTTTTGTAGCCACAGGCTT-3prime;, reverse primer : 5prime;-CTATGCCTAGGTTTATTGATAGTTGTGTTGTTGGT-3prime;. Each 50-μl reaction for LA-PCR contained 500ηg of the total cellular DNA, 10pmol of each primer, 0.4mM of dNTPs, and 2.5U Takara LA Taq polymerase in the applied buffer. PCR conditions : 1 cycle of denaturation at 94°C for 1min and 30 cycles of denaturation at 98°C for 20sec and 68°C for 15min, and a final 10min elongation-step at 72°C. LA-PCR product was used for sequencing the D-loop region, the four protein-coding regions and for LA-PCR-RFLP analysis. Phylogenetic analyses of the D-loop sequence and LA-PCR-RFLP patterns were carried out using MEGA version 2.1 (UPGMA method) and the method described by Nei and Li (1979) respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA confirmed that the Philippine native cattle breeds were divided into two distinct indicus and taurus types. There seems to still exist several unique maternal lineages in the three Philippine cattle breeds. In addition, both indicus and taurus mtDNA types were found in a herd of Jersey cattle in Okayama Prefecture (Japan). Furthermore, to distinguish between both mtDNA types, we developed a simple PCR-RFLP method based on a sequence difference of the ScaI site in the ND4 region between them (position 11,068 : G (taurus type : ScaI recognition site)↔A (indicus type : non-ScaI recognition site)). A total 19 substitutions in ND5 between the indicus type mtDNA (Iloilo cattle) and taurus type mtDNA were observed. Four of the 19 substitutions caused amino acid replacement. Bali cattle specific mtDNA types were not found in the three Philippine native cattle breeds. GenBank accession numbers reported here : AB079300∼AB079365, AB090957∼AB090996.View full abstractDownload PDF (1539K) -
Zen-ichi ANDO, Kiyohiko TAKAGISHI, Yoshinori FUKUDA2004 Volume 75 Issue 3 Pages 379-385
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPorcine primordial germ cells (PGC) have usually been cultured on murine embryonic fibroblasts or STO cells, that is xenogenetic feeder cells. Recently, it was reported that the use of allogenetic feeder cells was effective in the establishment of the embryonic stem cell lines in mice and rats. In this study, we examined the effects of allogenetic and xenogenetic feeder cells and culture media on culture of porcine PGC in vitro. PGC collected from day 24 to 28 porcine embryos were cultured on three types of mitotically inactive feeder cells, including embryonic murine fibroblasts, fetal porcine fibroblasts, and STO cells. PGC were cultured in either DMEM containing 15% fetal bovine serum or KNOCKOUTTM DMEM containing 15% KNOCKOUTTM serum replacement. These media were supplemented with or without murine leukemia inhibitory factor, human basic fibroblast growth factor and murine stem cell factor. Compact colonies were established only on fetal porcine fibroblasts in DMEM. The cells within the colonies consistently expressed alkaline phosphatase activity and demonstrated ability to differentiate into neuron-like cells. The cultured cells had a normal diploid karyotype and survived after cryopreservation. Based on their origin and demonstrated properties, these porcine PGC-derived cells were identified as embryonic germ cells. These results suggested that the culture of porcine PGC was more effective on allogenetic feeder cells than on xenogenetic cells.View full abstractDownload PDF (1343K) -
Sou OHKAWARA, Hideki FURUYA, Narito ASANUMA, Tsuneo HINO2004 Volume 75 Issue 3 Pages 387-393
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTolerance of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens to low pH was examined. The results obtained with five strains showed that the lowest pH permitting growth was considerably different among strains (pH 5.2-6.0). In general, strains that showed higher acid tolerance had higher specific activity (enzyme content in cell) of H+-ATPase, and higher ability to increase the specific activity of H+-ATPase in response to low extraceller pH (pHe). Strains that showed higher acid tolerance had generally higher ability to produce lactate. Composition of membrane phospholipid and fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipid were greatly different among strains, and some strains appeared to alter the compositions in response to low pHe. However, the ability of B. fibrisolvens to regulate the composition of membrane lipid did not appear to be high. These results suggest that H+-ATPase is important for acid tolerance in B. fibrisolvens. However, a strain that showed acid tolerance had low specific activity of H+-ATPase, suggesting that this strain has other mechanism for acid tolerance.View full abstractDownload PDF (973K) -
Hiroki MATSUYAMA, Ken-ichi HORIGUCHI, Toshiyoshi TAKAHASHI, Takeo KAYA ...2004 Volume 75 Issue 3 Pages 395-404
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis experiment was conducted to determine the effects of ruminal dosing of mechanical stimulating brush (RF) and feeding of brewer’s grains silage on methane emission of steer fed high concentrate diet. Four Holstein steers (average weight : 698kg) were used as experimental animals. Brewer’s grains silage (BS), timothy hay (TH), rolled barley and soybean meal were used as experimental diets. The diet at maintenance level on metabolizable energy was fed twice a day in equal portion. Four treatments were set ; TH feeding, BS feeding, TH feeding with RF dosing and BS feeding with RF dosing. Steers were orally dosed with three RF per head. Results were as follows : 1) Dry matter (DM) digestibility decreased in BS feeding (P<0.01) in comparison with TH feeding but DM digestibility increased (P<0.05) when steers were dosed with RF. 2) No significant difference was observed on methane emission per kg digestible organic matter between BS and TH feedings, however, methane emission significantly decreased (P<0.01) in RF dosing. 3) There was no significant difference in pH and ammonia concentration of rumen fluids in all treatments. Protozoal number decreased (P<0.05) and propionic acid increased (P<0.05) 3 hours after feeding when steers were dosed with RF. 4) The ruminal passage rate on liquid and solid phases significantly increased (P<0.05) in RF dosing. These results showed that RF did not decrease digestibility but decreased methane emission, though BS had no effect on methane emission.View full abstractDownload PDF (1201K) -
Yoshitsugu NIWA, Shin ABE, Goto NAKANISHI2004 Volume 75 Issue 3 Pages 405-408
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of the difference in the depth of subcutaneous fat at shoulder position of the swine on the physicochemical properties of fat were examined. Twelve 40kg LWD crossbreed swine were supplied the same formula feed until weight increased to 110kg. Subcutaneous fat was collected from around the fourth thoracic vertebrae of the right side of a dressed carcass. The collected subcutaneous fat was separated into inner layer and outer layer, and they were divided into body surface side and coelom side. The melting point and fatty acid composition of the two sides were compared. As a result, there was no difference in the fatty acids and melting points between the sampling sites in the inner layer of subcutaneous fat. As for the outer layer of subcutaneous fat, the melting point of the body surface side was significantly lower (P<0.01), the stearic acid content was lower, and the oleic acid content was higher than the coelom side, but there was no difference in the linoleic acid content of the two sides. It was found that the shallow and deep parts of the outer layer subcutaneous fat showed a difference in their physicochemical properties therefore it is suggested that the same amount of specimen should be subjected to physicochemical analysis, where as any part is applicable to the relevant analysis for the inner layer.View full abstractDownload PDF (725K) -
Masanori MATSUISHI, Junichi KUME, Yuki ITOU, Michinaga TAKAHASHI, Masa ...2004 Volume 75 Issue 3 Pages 409-415
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to clarify aroma components contributing to Wagyu beef aroma, which is specific to Wagyu (Japanese Black cattle) beef and a preferable, sweet and fatty aroma, volatile fractions were obtained by simultaneous distillation/extraction from Wagyu beef and imported Australian beef. The volatile fractions were subjected to the analysis by gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-sniffing. The analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry resulted in the detection and identification of forty-eight components in both beef, which were five lactones, five ketones, eight alcohols, three unsaturated alcohols, two esters, nine aliphatic aldehydes, eight aliphatic unsaturated aldehydes, two acids and eight other components. Among these forty components were detected in large amount in Wagyu beef than in imported beef. Especially, the Wagyu beef/imported beef ratios of lactones were remarkably large. The FD factors (flavor dilution factor) indicating contribution rate of the identified components to whole aroma were determined by AEDA (Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis). The contribution of each component to Wagyu beef aroma was estimated on the basis of the FD factor and the odor quality. The result demonstrated that lactones with coconuts-like and peach-like aroma would contribute to the part of the sweet sensation of Wagyu beef aroma, while alcohols and aldehydes with fatty aroma and diacetyl and acetoin with butter-like aroma would contribute to the part of the fatty sensation of Wagyu beef aroma.View full abstractDownload PDF (806K) -
Naoshige ABE, Hirotoshi TAKAZAKI, Shusuke SATO, Kazuo SUGAWARA2004 Volume 75 Issue 3 Pages 417-422
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPunishment training of 16 trials was done to control mock fighting behaviour (MF) with the handler in 12 cross bred (Holstein×Japanese black breed) calves. All calves caressed for 5 minutes/day, totaling 120min over 24 days, performed MF with the handler during the caressing period. After the caressing period, the the calves were punished by an electric goad (direct current 9,000V, 480mA). Almost all the calves except one calf completely stopped MF with the handler (less than 4 trials out of 16 trials) after the punishment (chi-square test, P<0.05). Calves then never performed MF even to an experimenter wearing different colored clothing from the handler, which suggests that punishment training may be effective. The punishment training established at 4.0±2.3 trials of the person giving the punishment with the different clothing from the caretaker, which was earlier than 7.4±1.9 trials of the person giving the punishment with the same clothing and the caretaker (P<0.05). Acceptance score of calves to human touch was larger after the punishment training than before it (P<0.01). In addition, the flight distance to human approach of calves shortened from 0.99±0.48m to 0.37±0.30m (P<0.01). These results indicate that MF with the handler of caressed calves can be controlled through the punishment training, without the reduction of tractability.View full abstractDownload PDF (934K) -
Shuichi ITO, Ken-ich YAYOU, Masato NAKAMURA2004 Volume 75 Issue 3 Pages 423-428
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe aim of this study was to identify individual difference in response to social isolation in heifers. Eight Holstein heifers (77 to 88 weeks old) were used. For the social isolation, one test cow and two other peers were maintained in the same room for 3 days, then the test heifer was isolated in its own room by removing the peers for 7 hours. The duration (sec) of specific behavioural categories (standing, rumination with standing, sitting, rumination with sitting, feeding, access to water) and the number of vocalizations during the isolation were scored. These behavioural data were analyzed using a principal component test with the covariance matrix. Blood samples were collected every 30min during isolation through the jugular catheter for the assay of ACTH and cortisol. Heart rate (HR) was continuously recorded by a HR recording system for human exercise. A principal component test extracted two principal factors from the behavioural scores and the first and the second principal component were designated “activity” and “anxiety”, respectively. When the correlation between these two factors and plasma concentrations of ACTH and cortisol, and HR were analized by Spearman’s ranked correlation analysis, the second principal component, anxiety, was correlated with the plasma cortisol concentration (r=-0.76, P<0.05). These results suggest that individual Holstein heifers express different behavioural characteristics during isolation stress and anxious-type heifer tended to have a higher plasma cortisol concentrations during the isolation.View full abstractDownload PDF (888K) -
Masahiro TAKAHASHI, Shigehiko MASAKI2004 Volume 75 Issue 3 Pages 429-440
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 26, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study aimed to clarify the problems of composting swine manure that has been stored under anaerobic conditions and also to examine the effects of adding slaked lime on composting. Result showed that the longer the anaerobic storage period is, the higher the level of VFA (especially n-butyric acid and n-valeric acid). During 7 days of anaerobic storage, the dry matter in swine manure disappeared by 6% while the moisture content increased by 1.5%. The swine manure that had been stored for 7 days under anaerobic conditions was mixed with rice hull to adjust the moisture level to about 60% and afterwards it was aerated. However, the maximum temperature reached 30°C two days later and soon after the temperature started dropping. During the rest of the test period, the temperature did not rise any more, nor were there any signs of compost fermentation. Although the level of acetic acid increased substantially during the test period, n-butyric acid disappeared. The result of adding slaked lime into swine manure and then aerating it showed signs of compost fermentation. The suitable amount of added slaked lime was 1.0% per matter. Adding slaked lime facilitated the organic matter decomposition.View full abstractDownload PDF (2061K)
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