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Volume 59, Issue 7
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
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Yoshitaka NAGAMINE, Takashi HAYASHI, Hiroshi SATO1988 Volume 59 Issue 7 Pages 585-589
Published: July 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFattened Japanese Black steers are generally slaughtered when they are more than 800 days old because it is thought that the longer the fattening period, the higher the marbling score in carcasses. Carcasses with higher marbling scores are sold at a higher price. In this study, the effect of slaughter age in progeny on sire evaluation was investigated with carcass market records.
1) A total of 5, 600 steer data (TL DATA) from 27 sires were used. The breeding value of carcass price per kilogram (price-p-kg) and the average daily gain during the fattening period (DG) of these sires were predicted as the expected progeny difference (EPD) by HENDERSON'S BLUP (1973). Progeny data were divided into two groups by their slaughter age. The slaughter age of one group was less than 900 days(DATA<900) and that of another group was more than or equal to 900 days(DATA_??_900). These two data groups were also analyzed by the BLUP. The ranking on EPD of five popular sires (A, B, C, D, E)was observed. Their DG ranking was not different among the TL DATA, DATA<900 and DATA_??_900, but those of price-p-kg were different among them.
2) Records of 2, 679 progeny of the five sires from the TL DATA were chosen and the linear regression coefficient of price-p-kg on slaughter age was calculated within each sire. The corrected price-p-kg was used by subtracting the year and region effect. The regression coefficients of price-p-kg on slaughter age varied from 0.164 to 0.686 with sire and these coefficients were statistically significant(p<0.01)except in Sire A and E. There was no significant difference among regression coefficients but the regression lines of Sire A and B, Sire C and D, Sire A and D were crossed.
The mean slaughter ages were 943, 862 and 980 days in the TL DATA, DATA<900 and DATA_??_900, respectively. The slaughter age 943 was substituted into the regression equation of each sire to calculate price-p-kg, and sires were ranked on this price-p-kg. Then this ranking of sires agreed with the ranking on EPD of price-p-kg by the BLUP in the TL DATA. In the same way, the 862 days was substituted into the regression equations and this sire ranking agreed with the ranking on EPD in DATA<900. Only the ranking of sire A and D from the regression equation substituted for the 980 days differed from the ranking by the BLUP in DATA_??_900.View full abstractDownload PDF (356K) -
Kyohei OZATSUMI, Shinobu OZAWA, Kouichi CHIKUNI, Tsunekichi KOISHIKAWA ...1988 Volume 59 Issue 7 Pages 590-595
Published: July 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeven muscles from sixteen head of fattened beef cattle were measured for raw and cooked meat hardness using a Tensipresser. The results were compared with those from chemical analyses and shear force and organoleptic tenderness measurements. Of five different column type plungers tested a column type plunger, having 0.01cm2 for its base area, was found to give the highest hardness values in the initial yield force. There was a slight clearance effect on the initial yield, and constant values were obtained after heating for about 15 minutes at 70°C. The correlation coefficient for tenderness of taste panel scores with shear force values was highest at -0.69, and when using the Tensipresser it was -0.65 for heated meat, and -0.42 for raw meat. There was some variation in muscle tenderness values. This value tended to increase with intramuscular fat content (r=0.59). The tenderest muscle was found to be M. iliopsoas and the hardest muscle, to be M. semitendinosus. The correlation coefficient for tenderness of raw meat with cooked meat as measured by the Tensipresser was 0.40. It is clear that hardness measurements of small muscles can be done easily by using this instrument.View full abstractDownload PDF (423K) -
Katsunori SUNAGAWA, Yuko MURAKOSHI, Fumihiro OTANI, Kiyoshi TAKAHASHI, ...1988 Volume 59 Issue 7 Pages 596-603
Published: July 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to investigate the contribution of plasma palmitic acid to the increase of total energy production in a cold environment, the metabolic parameters of plasma palmitic acid were measured in fed sheep on the 4th day after exposure to both thermoneutral (20°C, 70% relative humidity) and cold (0°C, 70% relative humidity) environments.
The mean turnover rate of the carboxy carbon atom (1-C) of plasma palmitic acid in acold environment (0.039±0.007mg/min•kg0.75) was four-times higher than that in a thermoneutral environment (0.010±0.009mg/min•kg0.75). The percentage of 1-C of palmitic acid oxidized to CO2 in the total turnover rate increased fourteen-fold from 3.3 ±1.3 in the thermoneutral to 45.1±16.8% in the cold. The percentage of expired CO2 derived from 1-C of palmitic acid in the total CO2, therefore, increased twenty six-fold from 0.006±0.005 in the thermoneutral to 0.156±0.032% in the cold. The total energy production increased 2.5-fold from 3.06±1.01 in the thermoneutral to 7.66±2.63 kcal/hr kg0.75 in the cold. The energy originating from 1-C of palmitic acid oxidation increased forty six-fold from 0.0004±0.0003 in the thermoneutral to 0.0184±0.0065 kcal/hr.kg0.75 in the cold. Therefore, the percentage of the energy derived from 1-C of palmitic acid increased six-fold from 0.04±0.05 in the thermoneutral to 0.24±0.08% in the cold.
The data obtained from [1-14C] palmitic acid were corrected to estimate the values for a whole molecule of palmitic acid. The mean turnover rate of plasma palmitic acid, the percentage of palmitic acid oxidized to CO2 in total turnover rate, the percentage of expired CO2 derived from palmitic acid in the total C02, the energy originating from palmitic acid oxidation, and the percentage of energy derived from palmitic acid were 4, 15, 30, 60 and 27 times higher in the cold than those in the thermoneutral, respectively. These results indicate that the turnover rate of plasma palmitic acid in a cold environment was greater than that in a thermoneutral environment, and that the contribution of plasma palmitic acid to the increase of total energy production increased significantly in fed sheep exposed to a cold environment.View full abstractDownload PDF (622K) -
Yoshiaki OBARA, Koichi SHIMBAYASHI1988 Volume 59 Issue 7 Pages 604-609
Published: July 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1) An experiment was carried out with goats fed on a low- and normal-protein ration for 4 weeks to compare via quantitative ratio the appearance of recycled urea in each digestive tract. Seven goats were divided into three ration groups in which the digestible crude protein of each group was 0.7, 1.3, 1.9 g/kg body weight per day, respectively. The goats were continuously infused intravenously with 15N-urea for 17 hours 7 hours after feeding. Infusions were continued until tracer concentrations reached a plateau in serum urea, after which the goats were anaesthetized and slaughtered. Digesta were also obtained at slaughter from the reticulo-rumen, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, caecum, colon and faeces for the determination of concentration and enrichments of ammonia N and total N. 2) The serum urea levels were 4.9, 10.3, 16.6 mgN/dl in the groups given ration nos. 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The serum urea level was in proportion to the amount of nitrogen ingested. The irreversible loss of urea increased in proportion to the serum urea level. The ratio of blood urea transferred to the digestive tract relative to irreversible loss of blood urea was 72.1, 64.2, and 13.2% in ration nos. 1, 2, and 3, respectively. 3) The ammonia level of the reticulo-rumen was in proportion to the serum urea level. The ammonia level of omasum, abomasum showed a tendency to increase in proportion to N intake. The proportion of blood urea transferred to the rumen NH3 pool relative to that transferred to the NH3 pool of the whole digestive tract was 46.2, 44.2 and 39.7% in the groups given ration nos. 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The ratio of recycled urea to the NH3 pool of the small intestine was 31.9, 30.8 and 40.3% in the groups given ration nos. 1, 2, and 3, respectively. There were no significant differences between the ratio of blood urea transferred to the NH3 pool of the rumen and the small intestine in each ration group. 4) The total nitrogen concentration of each digestive tract was compared with ration group nos. 1 and 3. Those of the reticulo-rumen, omasum and abomasum for ration no. 3 were higher than for ration no. 1. However, there were no significant differences between ration no. 1 and no. 3 in the N concentration of each lower part of the digestive tract. The ratio of blood urea transferred to the rumen N pool relative to that transferred to the N pool of the whole digestive tract in ration group no. 1 was 75.8% and obviously higher than 51.7% of that in ration group no. 3. 5) From the experimental results described above, it was clarified that the rumen was the most important part in the function of recycled urea of ruminant, especially when fed with a low protein ration.View full abstractDownload PDF (468K) -
Kanji MATSUI, YUZO KUROKAWA, Tadakatsu OKUBO1988 Volume 59 Issue 7 Pages 610-613
Published: July 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUsing twenty Holstein cows ranging from 10-days to 9-years of age (body weight: 50kg to 770kg), changes in the intrinsic heart rate (IHR) and resting heat rate (RHR) with growth were traced, and the reproducibility of IHR and RHR was measured in adult cows. The IHR was determined by the heart rate after a simultaneous administration of atropine and propranolol, as indicated by JOSE1), and the RHR was determined by the heart rate at rest before the administration. The IHR and RHR decreased with increasing body weight, and the IHR showed a highly significant negative correlation to body weight (BW: kg) : IHR=234.6 BW-91887 (r=-0.94, n=32). Also, the RHR showed a significant negative correlation to body weight (BW: kg) : RHR=185.05 BW-0.1597 (r=-0.64, n= 32). The reproducibility of the IHR measured repeatedly during a 20 day to 30 day interval was higher than that of the RHR. The mean absolute differences in the IHR and RHR were 1.12±1.39 per min (mean±SD, n=5)and 8.36±2.66 per min(mean ±SD, n=5), respectively. The results suggest that the measurement of IHR may be of considerable value as an indicator of the physical condition of Holstein cows.View full abstractDownload PDF (280K) -
Eisaku TSUNEISHI, Yuji TAKIMOTO, Kouichi NISHIMURA, Akira WATANABE, Hi ...1988 Volume 59 Issue 7 Pages 614-618
Published: July 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe fatty acid composition of lipids in depot fat and muscle from the Japanese Shorthorn-grazing steers without concentrate feeding (Gr), fattened cows (Gm), and concentrate-finished steers (Fc), respectively, -was determind via gas-liquid chromatography. The number of cattle, their age and body weight were Gr: 6 head, 17 months, and 398kg; Gm: 4 head, 4-8 years, and 703kg; and Fc: 5 head, 24.5 months, and 594kg, respectively. In the triacylglycerol fraction, the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids was lowest in Gr, highest in Gm, and in contrast to the C 18:0 concentrate. C 18:3 was found to be higher in Gr and Gm than in Fc. In the phospholipid fraction, C 18:3 and ω 3 polyenes were found to be highest in Gr, followed by Gm, while C 18:2 and ω 6 polyenes were highest in Fc. Gr and Gm had a lower percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids and a higher percentage of mono unsaturated fatty acids than Fc. The increase in mono unsaturated fatty acids of grazing cattle (Gr and Gm) may compensate for the lack of essential fatty acids (C 18:2), which are rich in grain. There was a variation in the fatty aldehyde composition of phospholipid between the groups. The percentage of C 18:1 was found to be high in Gm. Moveover, the C 18:0/C 18:1 ratios for Gr, Gm and Fc were 4.1, 1.3 and 2.2 respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (425K) -
Yoji YAMATANI, Katsunosuke MITANI, Kiyoshi NAMIKAWA1988 Volume 59 Issue 7 Pages 619-627
Published: July 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe intramuscular lipid content of individual muscles of 12 Holstein and F1 (Japanese Black×Holstein)steers was determined at body weights 200kg, 450kg and 600kg.
All sections (6th thoratic vertebra to 5th lumbar vertebra) of Longissimus muscle (LM) determined had greater percentages of intramuscular lipid content (wet basis %) (IML) in F1 steers than in Holstein steers. The increasing rate of IML of LM during the fattening process varied at the location in LM. At body weight 600kg, the highest percentage of the IML was observed at 5th lumbar vertebra section in F1 steers, while at 6th thoratic vertebra section in Holstein steers. The mucscles of the distal thoratic limb and the distal pelvic limb had the lower IML, while the intrinsic muscles of the thorax and neck, muscles surrounding spinal column, muscles of abdominal wall and muscles of thorax to fore-limb had the higher IML. The muscles of higher IML had generally the higher increasing rates of the IML during the fattening process, but their rates varied at different muscles and breeds. The muscles of F1 steers had the higher percentages of IML than those of Holstein steers.
A simple correlation matrix showed that the percentage of IML of the sections of LM was highly correlated with mean marbling score of LM, with the percentages of total separable fat and with intermuscular fat in the carcass, but comparatively less correlated with the percentages of subcutaneous fat and with cavity and kidney fat in the carcass. The 8th section of LM showed the highest correlation with those parameters. The IML was highly correlated with mean marbling score of LM in M. tensor fasciae latae and M. rectus thoracis. The IMLs in M. psoas minor, M. transversus abdominis, M. obliquus internus abdominis, M. rectus thoracis and M. triceps brachii were highly correlated with the percentages of total separable fat and the percentages of subcutaneous fat in the carcass.View full abstractDownload PDF (691K) -
Evaluation of Meteorological Effects on Milk Production by Combined Model Containing Heat Loss ModelTakashi HAYASHI, Yoshitaka NAGAMINE, Hiroshi SATO1988 Volume 59 Issue 7 Pages 628-636
Published: July 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA combined model of a lactation curve was conceived for evaluating meteorological effects on milk production. The model was written as follows: y=b0+ b(e-t/c-e-t/ac)+b1u1/2d3/2(Tb-Tn)+b2Dd, where y was the milk yield of t-th day after partum. The first term b0 was a constant minimized to zero. The second term was just the vibration model (HAYASHI et al., 1986) containing three lactation parameters a, b and c. The third term was heat-loss model which explained short-term variation in milk yield by heat transfer from cow body to air, where u in the third term was average wind velocity (m/sec) of t-th day, and d was the radius of an imaginary ball when the cow was considered to be a large ball of density 1.0 for simplification. It was proven that wind velocity was effective for heat transfer in the form of 1/2 power. Tb and Tn in the third term were the subject cow's body temperature and average air temperature of t-th day. Dd in the fourth term revealed a variable of milk yield depression for drying in terminal lactation.
In the combined model, b0, b, a, c, b1u and b2 were unknown. The iterative method was performed to estimate parameters a and c. Other parameters b0, b, b1u and b2 were estimated via the multiple regression method. Controlled data of sixty-five lactations were analyzed by fitting the combined model. Meteorological data for wind velocity and air temperature at all times were supported by AMeDAS: Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System.
A comparison was made of the fitness for lactation data of the three models which were WOOD'S formula, the vibration model and the present combined model. The multiple correlations of the three models were ranked as combined model>vibration model>WOOD's formula. The slopes of partial regression coefficient b in the combined model were significant (P<0.01) in all cases. Also the slopes of b2 which was the coefficient of the term for drying off, were significant (P<0.01) in most cases. The slopes of coefficient b1u in heat-loss model were significant (P<0.01 or P<0.05)in many cases, although the slopes of b1u centering around the value of 0.038 were scattered in plus or minus ranges. A positive significant correlation between parameter a and average air temperature during lactation, and a negative significant correlation between parameter c and average air temperature were shown. The correlations between lactation parameters and average air temperature indicated that the shape of the lactation curve was affected by average air temperature. Ultimately, the rise in average air temperature induced the delay of milk-yield elevation in the early stages of lactation, and induced acceleration of the milk-yield depression after peak lactation.View full abstractDownload PDF (708K) -
The Economical Evaluation of a Mist and Fan System for Dairy Cows Based on Milk Production IncreasesTakamitsu AII, Shigeo TAKAHASHI, Mitsunori KURIHARA, Shinichi KUME1988 Volume 59 Issue 7 Pages 637-642
Published: July 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of an improved mist and fan system for dairy cows on milk production was investigated from the economical standpoint, based on three years of studies during 1985-87. When the dairy cows with an average milk yield of 20-25kg were used, the system increased by 0.66-1.90kg milk per day during the hot summer and the effect of the system was related to the environmental air temperature. From an economical viewpoint, for example, if 20 cows are treated with the system for 42 days during a hot summer and milk production increases by 1.90, 1.15 and 0.66kg per day per cow as shown in the results of Experiments 1, 2 and 3, the profits will be ¥91, 262, ¥28, 932 and ¥-12, 315 respectively, and the break-even point of the system is about 0.81kg milk production increase.View full abstractDownload PDF (328K) -
Yasuo KOBAYASHI, Yuzoh KAWAI, Masaaki WAKITA, Sadao HOSHINO, Shigeru O ...1988 Volume 59 Issue 7 Pages 643-652
Published: July 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of salinomycin (SL) on the growth of young calves reared from 3 to 25 weeks of age and on their blood and ruminal characteristics were investigated using 10 Holstein male calves. Calves were offered limited amounts of concentrate with 0 or 15ppm SL and hay ad libitum from 1 week of age. SLnontreated calves were fed a calf starter mixed with 50ppm chlorotetracycline instead of SL until 13 weeks of age. SL feeding tended to stimulate not only body weight gain but feed (concentrate) intake, and a resultant improvement of feed conversion was 6.3% with no statistical significance. Blood serum calcium, magnesium, phosphate, cholesterol, glucose, proteins and urea-N levels in both control and SL fed groups were within a normal range and were not affected by SL. When SL was fed ruminal VFA composition in calves after weaning except for 17 and 21 weeks of age tended to be altered toward more propionate less acetate and butyrate, though pH and total VFA level remained unchanged. Throughout the experiment SL-fed calves tended to have lower concentrations of ruminal ammonia N and α-amino N. When SL was given from 1 week of age and the development of ruminal papillae was examined at 7 weeks of age, there was found no apparent influence on the growth of ruminal papillae judging from their length, color and shape. The digestion trial conducted at 26 weeks of age showed that dietary SL would prolong mean retention time of digesta and depress NDF and ADF digestibilities.View full abstractDownload PDF (553K) -
Takayasu KAMI, Kazuhiko OHSAKI1988 Volume 59 Issue 7 Pages 653-659
Published: July 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to elucidate the qualitative disposition and the quantitative distribution of the aromatic constituents in forage, the volatile constituents of the green forage and stack silage of Italian ryegrass were analyzed via a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and a FID-gas chromatograph (FID-GC). The area percentage of each compound in the volatile constituents and the parts per billion (ppb) concentration of each compound in the samples were also calculated on a data processor for FID-GC using npentadecane as the internal standard. As a result, 32 compounds were identified from the volatile constituents of the green forage of Italian ryegrass; their area percentages and ppm values totaled 90.4 and 15.42, respectively. The volatile constituents of this green forage were rich in esters and alcohols, of which ethyl acetate and ethyl formate were the major constituents. On the other hand, 20 compounds were identified from the volatile constituents of the stack silage of Italian ryegrass; their area percentages and ppm values totaled 97.2 and 1242.40, respectively. The volatile constituents of this silage were rich in acids, of which n-butyric acid was the major constituent. This silage is considered to undergo butyric acid fermentation during fermentation.View full abstractDownload PDF (393K) -
Yoshihiro HAYASHI, Jun-ichi OTSUKA, Takao NISHIDA1988 Volume 59 Issue 7 Pages 660-672
Published: July 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMultivariate craniometric analyses were performed using the principal component analysis to clarify the relationship between wild Banteng and five types of Asian native cattle; i.e., cattle native to Bali, Madura, Aceh, Leyte, and Korea. In a principal chart constructed by the first and second components derived from 15 cranial measurements, Bali cattle showed the closest relationship to Banteng, suggesting that these cattle may be a domestic form of Banteng. This assumption was supported by the fact that the resemblance between the two was not based on the first (size) component but on the second (shape) component. The sexual differences in Bali cattle were less than those in Banteng cattle. The second principal component strongly contributed to the distinction of Banteng and Bali cattle from Leyte and Aceh cattle, which are believed to belong to zebutype cattle. The Madura cattle had an intermediate relationship between the former two groups in the principal component chart. On the other hand, the Korean cattle believed to be one of the primigenius-type cattle, was separated from the others mainly by the first component. The discriminatory power of the analysis was considered to become higher when the components were extracted from the covariance matrix of measurements than when they were extracted from the correlation matrix. Similarly, discriminatory power was higher when 24 cranial measurements were used rather than 15.View full abstractDownload PDF (573K)
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