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Volume 59, Issue 8
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
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Toshinori KAMEOKA, Youichi INNO, Michio SAKIMOTO1988 Volume 59 Issue 8 Pages 675-681
Published: August 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA farm-size methane fermentation system designed to achieve pollution control and the economical, efficient treatment of swine wastewater was constructed. The wastewater of 1000 pigs was filtered by screen, and the filtrate was subjected to solid-liquid separation. The liquid was mixed with garbage and soybean cake, and then fermented at 34°C with a 23 day retention time for mesophilic digestion. The digested effluent was diluted 4 times, and treated by a submerged filter process. The gas produced was used to heat farrowing pens and to boil chicken viscera as pig feed. The BOD of digester influent was 26, 000mg/l, while the BOD/VS ratio was 0.82. After digestion, the BOD of digested effluent was 1, 680 mg/l. The removal ratio of BOD by digestion was 93.5%, while the removal ratio of COD was 49.7%. After wastewater treatment of the digested effluent, the BOD of the treated water was 14.1mg/l and the COD was 91.0mg/l. The removal ratios of BOD, COD and NH4-N by submerged filter process were 97.4%, 90.0% and 95.9%, respectively. Within a range of 1-2kg-VS/m3•day, gas production was satisfactory and the BOD of digested effluent was low. The pH of the digested effluent tended to drop when the loading rate was more than 3kg-VS/m3•day. The gas production ratio was 0.84m3/kg VS at 2.0kg-VS/m3•day and average annual ratio was 0.70m3/kgVS. Daily gas production was about 196m3/day, of which 44m3 was to be used to heat the digester, consequently 152m3 remained for other uses in winter. 100m3 gas was used to heat farrowing pens and 40m3 gas was used to boil chicken viscera. The cost of wastewater treatment was therefore remarkably reduced by the production of methane gas in this arenner.View full abstractDownload PDF (520K) -
Masato NAKAMURA, Yasuhito MISAIDZU, Yutaka YAMADA1988 Volume 59 Issue 8 Pages 682-687
Published: August 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo determine the developmental process of environmental adaptation in newborn pigs with advancing age, alternations in physiological response were studied using 17 piglets, i. e., eight landrace bred, five hampshire bred and four crossbred (LW). Experiments were carried out immediately after birth, and at one, two, three, five, seven, ten, fourteen, twenty-one and twenty-eight days after birth a controlled environment room. Physiological responses (heart rate, respiration rate and rectal temperature) were recorded within a temperature range of 18°to 38°C. The results obtained were as follows. 1) The temperature at the onset of panting or shivering progressively decreased with advancing age until ten days after birth. Thereafter, they became stable. 2) The heart rate at rest increased temporarily within a few days after birth before it reached its maximum within three to seven days after birth. But it started to decrease gradually after seven days. 3) The respiration rate at rest was relatively stable within twentyeight days after birth. 4) Rectal temprature at rest fell abruptly immediately after birth, then it rose again until five days after birth. Thereafter it became stable.View full abstractDownload PDF (406K) -
Fujiya HONGO, Aki TANAKA, Yoshitsugu KAWASHIMA, Shinkichi TAWATA, Kats ...1988 Volume 59 Issue 8 Pages 688-700
Published: August 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to establish criteria for the effective utilization of Leucaena as a source of feed for livestock, various kinds of mimosine-reduced Leucaena meal were prepared and fed to rats. The effects of the meal on the rats' body weight, intake of feed, hair growth, estrous cycle, tissue morphology, and mimosine content in the blood and tissues was investigated. Male and female Wister strain rats taken at the age of 6 weeks were divided into six groups receiving feed with 20% freeze-dried Leucaena meal (FDM group), 20% air dried Leucaena meal (ADM group), 20% and 30% silage dried meal (SDM groups), and 20% alfalfa meal (AM group). The results obtained were as follows. 1) Body weight and feed intake: in comparison with the control group, the body weight of all male groups and female groups of FDM, ADM and 30% SDM showed a significant difference. The AM group showed the highest feed intake value for both males and females. Of the Leucaena-fed groups, the SDM group had almost the same intake value as the control group, but the FDM group showed a definitely lower value, probably due to the effect of the mimosine toxicity. 2) Hair growth and estrous cycle: inhibition of hair growth hair loss and an irregularly periodic estrous cycle in females appeared with the marked intake of mimosine in the Leucaena-fed groups, but there was no evidence of disease in the 20% SDM group. 3) Tissue morphology: a greater intake of mimosine resulted in more severe retardation of organ growth in the Leucaena-fed groups, inhibited functional ability of the ovaries, testes and thyroid gland, and necrosis or degeneration of the liver, kidneys and cutis were observed, though there was no indication of disease in the 20% SDM group. 4) Mimosine content in the blood and tissues: mimosine in plasma increased with the intake of mimosine, but DHP content was not definite. Mimosine and DHP were not detected in the liver, kidneys or muscles. The above results show that the use of dry meal providing adequate nutrition and prepared with 20% dried ensilage of Leucaena leaves and stems does not adversely affect the growth of the animals or the intake of feed. More over, it produced no symptom of disease in rats thus, suggesting that it is a useful method for feed utilization.View full abstractDownload PDF (3528K) -
Hiroshi SUGAWARA, Takatoshi ITOH, Susumu ADACHI1988 Volume 59 Issue 8 Pages 701-707
Published: August 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe ovomucins were isolated from chalazae, thick and thin white of quail egg by washing the water inosoluble crude ovomucin with 2% KCl solution. Higher amount of ovomucin was found in thick white than in thin white. On SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the ovomucins migrated into four bands (α1, α'1, α2 and β) in contrast to the ovomucin from chicken white which migrated into three bands (α1, α2 and β). The ovomucins from chalazae, thick and thin whites were similar in amino acid and carbohydrate compositions except the thick white ovomucin was slightly higher in mannose content. The thick white ovomucin was fractionated by gel filtration on a Sepharose 4B column into two fractions (α and β-fractions). The β-fraction was characterized by high content of Thr, Ser, sulfate and carbohydrate especially galactose, hexosamine and sialic acid, whereas α-fraction was rich in Asp, Glu and mannose in a similar manner as ovomucin from chicken egg white.View full abstractDownload PDF (1728K) -
Mamoru SAITOH1988 Volume 59 Issue 8 Pages 708-717
Published: August 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA total of 42 pigs weighing about 30 to 120kg (non-pregnant) were used for the experiments. These animals were kept individually in metabolism cages and fed different amounts of feed in both a cold environment and thermoneutral zone for about a month. Then, respiration trials were conducted for 3 days using an open-circuit type•indirect respiration calorimeter. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) Metabolizable energy (ME) requirements for maintenance were estimated at 95kcal/W0.75kg/day. 2) The prediction equation for heat production in the thermoneutral zone was H=60.0+0.37ME (H: heat production kcal/W0.75kg/day, ME: ME intake kca1/W0.75kg/day). 3) The prediction equation for lower critical temperature (Tc) was Tc=24.20.05W-0.023ME (Tc: lower critical temperature °C, W: body weight kg, ME: ME intake kcal/W0.75kg/day).4) The rates of increase in heat production per 1°C below Tc were estimated at 6.4, 6.0 and 4.8 kcal/W0.75kg/day at 30 to 50kg, 50 to 100 kg and 120kg body weight, respectively. 5) Percentages of extra feed per 1°C below Tc needed to maintain energy retention at a rate similar to that within the thermoneutral zone were 2.0, 2.2 and 3.2% at 30 to 50kg, 50 to 100kg and 120kg body weight respectively, assuming that the feed contained 2.8 kcal ME/g air-dry matter.View full abstractDownload PDF (583K) -
Takamitsu AII, Shigeo TAKAHASHI, Mitsunori KURIHARA, Shinichi KUME1988 Volume 59 Issue 8 Pages 718-724
Published: August 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo establish a relation between offered roughages to the composition of milk fatty acid, Holstein dairy cows were offered fresh Italian ryegrass, Italian ryegrass haylage and hay to determine dry matter (DM) intake, the chemical composition and fatty acid composition of offered feeds, volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen juice and milk fatty acids. The crude fiber and crude protein content were in the following order, respectively: hay⟩haylage⟩fresh grass and fresh grass⟩haylage⟩hay. The DM intake of fresh grass (4.41kg, p⟨0.01) and haylage (4.44kg, p⟨0.01) increased compared with that of hay (3.86kg and 3.65kg), while the milk yield (p⟨0.01 or p⟨0.05) and milk fat production (p⟨0.01 or p⟨0.05) of the cows fed fresh grass and haylage were also larger than those of the cows given hay. Total rumen VFA content increased significantly when the cows were offered fresh grass (1241mg/dl) compared with those offered hay (870mg/dl), resulting in a remarkable increase in acetic acid in the rumen. This fact was probably associated with the relative increases (p⟨0.01 or p⟨0.05) in the C 4-C 14 group and the decrease in the C 18 group (p⟨0.01) of the cows offered fresh grass. On the other hand, in the case of haylage feeding, no increase in total rumen VFA was observed and the relative content of the milk fatty acids from C 6:0 to C 14:0 slightly increased compared with hay feeding, but the differences were insignificant except for C 6:0 only. C 18:3 content in the milk fat of cows offered fresh grass or haylage was high (p⟨0.01) compared with that of the cows offered hay, due to the higher acid content in fresh grass and haylage.View full abstractDownload PDF (431K) -
Hironori OKI1988 Volume 59 Issue 8 Pages 725-732
Published: August 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBreeders without access to a weight scale require an exact method of weighing the body of thoroughbred foals without scales. However, there has not been much research in this field and no related research on thoroughbred was found in Japan. We constructed some formulae estimating the body weight based on the number of days after birth utilizing data which includes the height at withers, girth circumference, and cannon bone circumference. The data was obtained from a total number of 3072 female and 2536 male thoroughbreds at the Japan Racing Association (JRA)'s Utsunomiya and Hidaka Yearling Training Farms from January 1980 to April 1987. A stepwise method of multiple regression analysis for the estimation was used. We set up the equations by drawing samples at random from the total data so as not to use the measurements of the same horses. After this, the difference (estimated body weight- measured body weight) by using these equations was estimated. In these cases, we adjusted the difference by a trigonometric function by the difference in measured month, because the periodical changes, such as seasonal change, could be observed. We were able to estimate equations, i.e. y=(-539.7+0.06x1+0.992x2+3.410x3+9.90x4)-(6.40sin(30m-21.6)+1.00) in the female and y=(-607.7+0.07x1+1.460x2+3.432x3+9.79x4)-(4.29sin(30m)+3.03) in the male, where m is the measured month, X1 is the days after birth, x2 is the height at withers, X3 is the girth circumference and X4 is the cannon bone circumference. According to the fitness of these equations, the percentages in total of each estimated difference divided by each body weight were 91.1% within 5% error, and 99.1% within 10% in the female and were 89.9% within 5% and 99.5% within 10% in the male. As a result the body weight could be estimated by these equations from the weanling to rearling period.View full abstractDownload PDF (372K) -
Yoshiaki OBARA, Nobuo GOTO1988 Volume 59 Issue 8 Pages 733-739
Published: August 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study was designed to confirm the use of endogeneous urea in Japanese field voles (Microtus montebelli) fed on three rations differing in protein content: A (pelleted feed for guinea pig and rabbit, CP 22.3%), B (lucerne hay-cubes, CP 17.2%) and C (orchard hay, CP 12.7% and potatoes, CP 1.9%). The animals were intraperitoneally injected with 15N-urea (4.2mg 15N) and the following items were determined in the samples after 24 hours: plasma urea level, amount of 15N excreted into the urine, appearance of 15N in the forestomach and caecum and intake of 15N in the liver protein. Results were as follows: 1) The plasma urea level was 36.1, 33.4 and 20.2mg N/dl in groups A, B and C, respectively. The amounts of both N and 15N excreted into the urine decreased in group C as compared with those in the other two groups. 15N excretion ratio in the urine showed a lower value in C (47.0%) than in A (64.1%) and B (62.9%). These results suggested that endogeneous urea derived from the blood was utilized in the vole digestive tracts. 2) 15N enrichment was 0.479 (A), 0.239 (B) and 0.378 (C) atom % excess, respectively in the forestomach contents, and 0.215 (A), 0.215 (B) and 0.596 (C) atom % excess, respectively in the caecum. Total appearance of 15N was 8.78 (A), 3.45 (B) and 10.76μg (C) 15N in the former, and 30.51 (A), 28.25 (B) and 96.93 (C) μg 15N in the latter. Thus, larger quantities of 15N appeared in C than in the other rations, and a remarkably larger amount was found in the caecum than in the forestomach. 3) The intake of 15N into the liver protein N was 0.043 (A), 0.049 (B) and 0.116 (C) atom % excess, and was particularly larger in C. These results demonstrated that the vole utilized endogeneous N by its urea recycling system, particularly when fed a low-protein ration. 4) The above findings suggest that the urea recycling system plays a significant role in the nutritional physiology of voles, and that the caecum is the important organ in the system.View full abstractDownload PDF (449K) -
Ryozo TAKADA, Toru MORI1988 Volume 59 Issue 8 Pages 740-747
Published: August 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo experiments were conducted to estimate the lysine requirement of pigs weighing 8 to 18kg. Pigs were fed purified diets containing two levels of digestible energy (DE) and five levels of lysine. Lysine levels ranged from 0.65% (basal) to 1.61% of the diets. Experimental diets were purified diets containing casein and wheat gluten as protein sources. The growth trials were 21 days long. Weight gain, feed efficiency, plasma amino acid concentrations and plasma urea nitrogen concentrations were measured. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and gross energy (GE) digestibilities of the diets were measured midway during the growth trial. The CP digestibility of the diets, 91.9%, was higher than that of the corn-soybean based practical diet. The difference in the DE contents of the diets did not influence the results. The results for average daily gain and feed efficiency indicate that pigs of this weight range which were fed the purified diet required 8.14g of lysine per day and 1.20% lysine of the diet. In this study, there were no clear inflection points of the changes in plasma lysine and urea nitrogen concentrations. There was an inverse relationship between plasma lysine and threonine concentrations, but other amino acids showed little response to dietary lysine intake.View full abstractDownload PDF (428K) -
Eisaku TSUNEISHI, Yuji TAKIMOTO, Kouichi NISHIMURA, Akira WATANABE1988 Volume 59 Issue 8 Pages 748-751
Published: August 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (242K) -
Sakae MATSUOKA, Shu KOGAWA, Hiroshi FUJITA1988 Volume 59 Issue 8 Pages 752-754
Published: August 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (218K)
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