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Volume 65, Issue 6
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
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Masahiro SATOH, Tsutomu FURUKAWA, Akira NISHIDA, Taro OBATA1994 Volume 65 Issue 6 Pages 509-514
Published: June 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe accuracy of selection was theoretically evaluated when two records of different traits such as milk yield at different parities in dairy cattle were regarded as repeated records of a single trait because of their similar heritabilities and high genetic correlation. Initially, an equation for the accuracy of index selection for these two traits, rIH, was decided. Then the accuracy of selection, rER, based on the total of the two records, was expressed as a function of repeatability and assumed heritability h02 when two records of different traits were regarded as repeated records of a single trait. Furthermore, the accuracy of selection, rRT, based on total records, was written using the true phenotypic and genetic parameters of the two traits. The ratios R1 and R2 were defined as rER/rIH and rRT/rIH, respectively. In regard to the numerical evaluations of R1 and R2, the phenotypic, genetic and en- vironmental variances of traits 1 and 2 were assumed to be equal in Case I, Case II and Case III, respectively. Values between 0.1 and 0.5 were assigned to h02. True heritability of the traits, h12, h22, changed under a practical restriction of h12h22 and h12-h02=h02-h22, i.e. h02 is the mean of h12 and h22. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between them, rG, rp, were changed in realistic ranges. When the h02 and h12 were 0.1 and 0.11, respectively, the ratios RI took almost the same values in all three Cases and the ratios R2 also showed nearly constant values in Cases I, II and III. However, when h02 and h22 were 0.1 and 0.15, respectively, R1 in Case II was larger than the R1s in Case I and Case III, and R2 in Case II was smaller than the R2s in Case I and Case III. When h02 was 0.5, almost the same values for R1 and R2 were obtained in all three Cases. In Case II, R, increased with decreasing rG. When h02 was 0.3 or 0.5, R1 decreased only slightly with increasing h12 and the effect of the change in rp on R1 was small. However, when h02 was 0.1, R1 decreased with increasing h12 and with increasing rp. R2 decreased rapidly with increasing h12 when h02 was 0.1. The amount of decrease in R2 with increasing h12 was reduced as h02 became higher, and when h02 reached 0.5, R2 hardly decreased. In most cases the changes in rG and rp did not largely affect R2. The numerical evaluations suggested that the discrepancy between R1 and R2 was affected by the differences in heritability of the traits, and the levels of rG and rp between them when h02 was low. These results futher suggested the need to evaluate the accuracy of selection based on different criteria when h02 is low.View full abstractDownload PDF (414K) -
Arthur Bob KARNUAH, Kazuyuki MORIYA, Yoshiyuki SASAKI1994 Volume 65 Issue 6 Pages 515-524
Published: June 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe precision in extracting information from the carcass cross section was evaluated by the repeatability (R) and coefficient of variation (CV) for error variance. Also some additional parameters for analysis were added as measurements in order to increase the coeffi cient of determination of a regression equation to predict carcass composition. The 5th-6th rib cross section of beef carcasses from 28 fattened cattle were used. The image analysis was conducted using the Image Processing System on the Fujitsu Integrated Visual Information System (FIVIS). The parameters measured were individual muscle area, circumference, long and short axes length, total cross section area, total muscle area, total fat area, and total bone area. Eccentricity, direction of long axis and the distance between any two muscles center of gravity were added as new measurements. Those parameters extracted were processed from the masked original image repeatedly (SET-2). On the other hand, the process was repeated, beginning after binarization (SET-1). The R-values for area, circumference, long, and short axes length of muscles, ranged from 88 to 99 for SET-1 and from 84 to 99 for SET-2, respectively. For the eccentricity, it ranged from 87 to 1.0 for SET-1, and 85 to 99 for SET-2; while for the direction of long axis, it ranged from 96 to 1.0 for SET-1, and 95 to 99 for SET-2. Eccentricity and direction of long axis showed very high R-value and can be added as additional information to predict carcass composition. Also muscles combinations for the distance between center of gravity of larger muscles can be considered as additional information. Excellent repeatability measurements were observed for total area, total muscle area, total fat area, and total bone area of the carcass cross section. It is concluded that the process of binarization does not greatly affect the precision of image analysis measurement, but in the case of smaller muscles, especially those adhered to each other, training and skillfulness are needed to separate the muscles by stylus pen.View full abstractDownload PDF (606K) -
Shin HASEGAWA, Tomohiro KAWAKAMI, Kazuhisa HONDA, Yuzo HIKAMI1994 Volume 65 Issue 6 Pages 525-531
Published: June 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTriglyceride synthesis and fatty acid oxidation in the chick adipose tissue were studied by measuring the incorporation of [1-14C] acetate or [1-14C] palmitate into triglycerides and CO2 in vivo and in vitro in order to investigate the effect of fasting on the adipose tissue weight in chicks. Fasting decreased markedly the incorporation of 14C-acetate into fatty acids and of 14C-palmitate into triglycerides. This result suggests that de novo triglyceride synthesis is reduced by fasting. Incorporation of 14C-palmitate into CO2 was increased by fasting, whereas that of 14C-acetate into CO2 was decreased. This result suggests that fatty acid oxidation is stimulated by fasting, and implies that β-oxidation of fatty acid may be increased by fasting.View full abstractDownload PDF (460K) -
Sang-Ho MOON, Osamu ENISHI, Hidenori HIROTA1994 Volume 65 Issue 6 Pages 532-537
Published: June 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to determine the effects of supplementary concentrate on eating and rumination behavior in goats fed rye (Secale cereale L.) silage ad libitum, an experiment was carried out with twelve Shiba goats grouped into tetrads according to supplementary rate of concentrate at 0 (G I), 0.1 (G II), 0.5 (G III) and 1% (G IV) of body weight. Eating and rumination behavior over a 24 hour period was observed through video cameras. Eating and rumination time were reduced greatly in accordance with increased amounts of supplementary concentrate in the ration, so eating and rumination time in G III and G IV were significantly lower (p<0.05) than in G I. Eating time correlated positively with the ingested amount of silage DM and negatively with ingested amounts of CP, NFE and TDN (p<0.05). Rumination time correlated negatively with ingested amounts of total DM (p<0.05), CP, NFE and TDN (p<0.01). The frequency of chewing (FC) per rumination bolus was less in G III and G IV than in G I and G II for all periods of time and was highest during the period of 23:00-05:00 for all groups. Chewing time per rumination bolus (CT) showed a similar pattern to FC. Chewing speed (CS: No./sec) slowed down by increasing the supplementary concentrate. Also CS in G I and G II was fastest during the period of 11:00-17:00, while in G III and G IV, CS did not change much throughout the experiment. It is thought that eating and rumination behavior were largely affected by the supplementary rate of concentrate and roughage intake.View full abstractDownload PDF (371K) -
Shusuke SATO, Yusuke HONDA, Minoru OHTA1994 Volume 65 Issue 6 Pages 538-546
Published: June 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe relationship between the bull's behavioural interactions with cows after calving and reproductive performances, such as uterine involution, the first ovulation and estrous, was investgated in experimental herds. Fourteen spring-calving cows in 1989 (Experiment 1) and 12 cows in 1990 (Experiment 2) were divided into 2 herds, respectively, which were reared for about 40 days and their behaviour and reproductive functions were observed. A bull was introduced to one herd (BE) each year. The remainder (NBE herd) could also get visual and olfactory stimuli from a bull without tactile stimuli. The frequencies of behavioural interactions between a bull and cows were 10.9 and 10.8per hour in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. The proportions of the behaviour from cows to a bull were 12.2% and 17.4% of the total interactions in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. This meant that behavioural interactions between a bull and a cow depended mainly on the bull's behaviour. Aggressive behaviour in the bulls was very rare, composing 2% and 0% of the interactions in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, while friendly behaviour (such as cohesive, afiliative and investigative behaviours) and sexual behaviour (such as sexual-investiga- tive, sexual-stimulative and premating behaviours) were the main interactions (66% and 32% in Experiment 1 and 52% and 48% in Experiment 2, respectively). There were increases in the behavioural interactions of a bull with cows around 30 days and 50 days after calving, which seemed corresponding to the quiet ovulation. The average days of the first ovulation and uterine involution after calving tended to be shorter in the BE herds than in the NBE herds. The difference in uterine involution in Experiment 1 was significant (P<0.01) between the BE herd and the NBE herd. Cows in Experiment 1 were unestrous during the experimental period. Though PGF 2α was injected in Experiment 1 to induce estrous, there was no difference in the rates of estrous resumption. In Experiment 2, only 4 cows in the BE herd were naturally in heat soon after the behaviour observation period. The rate of estrous resumption in the BE herd was higher than in the NBE herd, where there were no estrous cows (P<0.05). Behavioural interactions of a bull with estrous induced cows tended to be much greater than those with uninduced cows in both experiments. In conclusion, it was suggested that the 'male effect' on female reproductive performance exists also in cattle and that the 'male effect' may be induced by the bull's behavioural interactions with cows.View full abstractDownload PDF (621K) -
Ikuo HATTORI, Sumio KUMAI, Ryouhei FUKUMI, Thomas B. BAYORBOR1994 Volume 65 Issue 6 Pages 547-550
Published: June 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (262K) -
Akiyoshi HOSONO, Satoru SHIROTA1994 Volume 65 Issue 6 Pages 551-555
Published: June 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (303K) -
Kumiko TAKEDA, Akira OHNISHI, Hitoshi MIKAMI, Shigeki INUMARU1994 Volume 65 Issue 6 Pages 556-562
Published: June 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the cytoplasmic DNA. We examined whether the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RELP) of the mtDNA is useful as the cytoplasmic marker. A full length mtDNA of C 57 BL/6 (B6) mouse was cloned into a lambda phage and was used as a probe for the southern blot hybridization to detect the mtDNA RFLP. The mtDNA bands were detected from all the samples extracted from the tissues of B 6 and RR mice, and expected RFLP were identified from each mouse strain, respectively. However, the ratio of the mtDNA on the whole DNA differed across the tissues. The DNA extracted from the frozen tissues of B 6 and RR chimeric mice showed both B 6 and RR mtDNA RFLP patterns. These results demonstrate that the mtDNA RFLP is the effective cytoplasmic marker and a full length mtDNA clone is useful as a probe for RFLP detection and chimeric analysis.View full abstractDownload PDF (2009K) -
Takeshi SHIBATA, Tsuneo ABE, Kazuo KAWAKAMI, Akira OHNISHI, Kumiko TAK ...1994 Volume 65 Issue 6 Pages 563-570
Published: June 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGenotyping of missense mutation (C→T; Arg615→Cys) in the porcine ryanodine receptor gene (RYRI or skeletal muscle Ca2+ releasing channel gene), which is a putative causal mutation for procine stress syndrome (PSS or halothane sensitivity), was done by PCR and endonuclease (Hha I) digestion. One complete exon (134bp) having this mutation was amplified. Three genotypes were detected using agarose gel electrophoresis. Homozygotes (T/T) for this substitution showed only one fragment of 134bp. Homozygotes (C/C) in normal individual which have Hhal sites on both alleles showed two fragments of 50bp and 84bp. Also three bands (50bp, 84bp and 134bp) were detected in heterozygotes (C/T). The segregation of this substitution in RYR1 from the data of matings were consistent with simple Mendelian inheritance. Two halothane positive porcine genomes which were introduced from University of Toronto showed T/T homozygotes, but no T/T type was observed in all halothane positive pigs in three populations exanined in this study. The result of DNA sequencing for PCR products in some samples, which include halothane positive and negative pigs, reflected obviously the result of DNA-based tests by Hha I cleavage. On the other hand, prediction of the halothane genotypes by means of marker loci (glucosephosphate isomerase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and a1 B-glycoprotein) closely linked to the halothane locus (Hal) was done in these populations. All of halothane positive pigs in these populations showed Haln/Haln in the haplotype analysis. For the results mentioned above, it was clear that this missense mutation (C→T)in RYR1 could be a cause of PSS. However, it was suggested that other mutations causing PSS would exist in RYR1.View full abstractDownload PDF (1039K) -
Koichi CHIKUM, Toshiyuki TABATA, Masayoshi SAITO, Michiko MONMA1994 Volume 65 Issue 6 Pages 571-579
Published: June 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDNA sequencing is a precise method for determining meat species. In order to amplify a target region from many species, we designed universal primers MI1 (5'-CAAATCCTCACA-GGCCTATTCCTAGC-3') and MI2 (5'-TAGGCGAATAGGAAATATCATTCGGGTTTGAT-3') from the published sequences of bovine, human, mouse and chicken mitochondrial genes. The PCR amplified 646bp fragments of mitochondrial cytochrome b genes from the 8 mammals (cow, sheep, goat, Japanese serow, sika deer, pig, horse, and rabbit) and the 5 birds (chicken, Japanese quail, Japanese tree-sparrow, dusky thrushe and a thrush in Europe). The sequences of the PCR products were determined via a direct method using a Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing kit (ABI) and an ABI 373 A sequencer. The sequences of the 646bp fragments from the cow, sheep, goat, pig and chicken were in agreement with the published sequences except for small variations: the differences from the published sequences were 0, 7, 16, 2 and 3 nucleotides in the 646bp sequences of the cow, sheep, goat, pig and chicken, respectively. Closely related species of caprinae, Japanese serow, sheep and goat, were indentified by comparing the sequences because of 67-72 differences in the 646 nucleotides. Meat species can be determined via digestion of the PCR product with restriction enzymes; the 8 mammals were determined via a combination of Taq I, Alu I and Hae III, and the 5 birds via Taq I.View full abstractDownload PDF (1439K) -
Takusaburo EBINA, Minoru OHTA, Hideyo UCHIWA, Umeji MURAKAMI1994 Volume 65 Issue 6 Pages 580-589
Published: June 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEight-month pregnant Holstein cows were intramuscularly immunized with a reduced carboxymethylated human hair keratin preparation via a complete Freund's adjuvant, which was boosted into a mammary gland or a lymph node of the breast after 2-3 weeks. The cow colostrum, containing a high-titered anti-human hair keratin antibody, was obtained. Two months after delivery, the immunized cows were injected intramuscularly and boosted in- tramuscularly or intraperitoneally with keratin protein 3 times at 4-week intervals, resulting in the production of cow's milk containing a high-titered antibody to human hair keratin. This signifies the possibility of mass-producing the anti-human hair keratin antibody. This antibody is bound specifically to human hair keratin, not to epidermal keratin, and could improve the tensile strength of brushed human hair.View full abstractDownload PDF (1597K)
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