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Volume 80 (2009)
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Volume 80, Issue 1
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
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Original Articles
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Hong HAI, Emiko FUKUI, Telhisa HASEGAWA, Hiromichi MATSUMOTO, Harutaka ...2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 1-6
Published: February 25, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe growth hormone genes in Mongolian, thoroughbred, Kiso, and Anglo-Arabian horses were analyzed and compared. In addition, polymorphism analysis of nucleotide substitutions in the growth hormone gene was performed using three local breeds of Mongolian horses (Wuzhumuqin : WZ, Wusen : WS, Baerhu : BH) and thoroughbred horses bred in China. The results showed that all the growth hormone genes contain 5 exons and 4 introns, with greater than 99% base sequence similarity. Nucleotide sequencing revealed a mutation of T/C at position 335 in exon4 of the growth hormone gene in Mongolian and thoroughbred horses, giving rise to an amino acid substitution. In addition, a T/C mutation at position 534 and a G/A mutation at position 558 in exon5 were also found in Mongolian, thoroughbred, Kiso and Anglo-Arabian horses. However, these mutations did not alter the amino acid sequence. The results of the present study indicate that individual local breeds of Mongolian horses differ in several characteristics of the growth hormone gene, with the BH horses showing the highest heterozygosity.View full abstractDownload PDF (537K) -
Tamako TANIGAWA, Megumi ITO, Ikuo OOSAKA2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 7-15
Published: February 25, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding corn silage based diets on production performance such as feed intake, milk production and occurrence of disorder in dairy cows during 305 days of lactation period. A total of 16 Holstein cows consisting of 10 multiparous and 6 primiparous animals were divided into two groups and given two forage treatments, 1) corn silage given ad libitum as sole forage (CS) or 2) fed ad libitum with grass silage on dry matter (DM) basis of 2 : 1 (control). Since there were more orts of grass silage than assumption, the ratio of corn silage to grass silage was 5 : 1 in control. Intake of DM, starch and total digestible nutrients of cows in CS were higher than that in control (P < 0.05). The milk yield of cows in CS was higher than that in control (multiparous ; 9,984 kg vs. 8,529 kg, P < 0.05, primiparous cows ; 8,027 kg vs. 7,010 kg, P = 0.09). However, the 4% fat corrected milk yield was not different between treatments, because milk fat content of multiparous cows in CS tended to be lower than that in control (P = 0.08). The chemical characteristics of rumen fluid, blood plasma and serum of all cows were not affected by treatment and in a normal range. The results suggest that ad libitum feeding of corn silage as sole forage for dairy cows allows milk production about 10,000 kg in 305 days and with lower milk fat content.View full abstractDownload PDF (754K) -
Hiroyuki HIROOKA, Testuya ISHIKAWA, Kanako KUSA, Motohiko ISHIDA2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 17-25
Published: February 25, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn recent, surplus paddy rice fields have been increasing in Japan due to decreased rice consumption. The surplus fields can be utilized for forage rice production and animal excretion can be applied to the fields as manure. In such systems, forage rice is supplied to cattle as whole crop rice silage (WCRS). The objectives of this study were to (1) develop a simulation model for beef cow-calf production systems integrated with forage rice production, (2) apply the model to quantify the nitrogen (N) flows in the systems and (3) examine the effects of alternative scenarios for forage rice production and nutrient values of WCRS on N flows, N use efficiency and cycling index in the systems. The life cycle energy requirements of a cow and her calves were determined based on Japanese Feeding Standard for beef cattle published in 2000 and diets involving WCRS were formulated according to the technical manual for WCRS production and feeding in 2006. The WCRS intake, N intake and N excretion were calculated in daily basis and then N flows and N balances in the system were calculated in annual basis. The three alternative scenarios (increases in harvestable forage rice yield and CP and TDN contents of WCRS) were evaluated by simulation. The result showed that increases in harvestable forage rice yield and CP content of WCRS lead to decreases in N use efficiency and cycling index in the systems. In particular, since improvement of harvestable forage rice yield appears to be supported from economic point of view, this result may indicate the discrepancy between economic optimization and N management optimization.View full abstractDownload PDF (761K) -
Keiichi SUZUKI, Wataru ONODERA, Yoshiko KUMAGAI, Takumi KACHI, Yuuko S ...2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 27-34
Published: February 25, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of feed additives on growth and immune traits of pigs was investigated. In Exp. 1, ten piglets (LWD) from one litter were divided into a control (5) and seaweed group (5) at 67 days of age. Seaweed was added to feed at the rate of 0.5% during 67-137 days of age. In Exp. 2, sixteen Duroc piglets from three litters were divided into control (4), seaweed (4), β-glucan (4) and yeast (4) groups at 7 weeks of age. The seaweed, β-glucan and yeast were added to feed without antimicrobial agent addition at the rate of 0.8%, 0.1% and 0.5%, respectively during 9-17 weeks of age. In Exp. 1, blood samples were collected from both groups at 67, 98, 116, and 137 days of age. Moreover, to compare the amount of antibody production to a specific antigen, pigs of both groups were vaccinated with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) at 77 and 109 days of age. In Exp. 2, blood was collected from the 4 groups of pigs at 9, 11, 13, 15 and 17 weeks of age and every group of pigs was injected SRBC at 15 and 16 weeks of age. Phagocyte activity (PA), complement alternative pathway activity (CAPA), number of white blood corpuscles (WBC), ratio of granular leukocytes to lymph cells (RGL) and SRBC specific IgG (sIgG) were measured. In Exp.1, WBC and the ratio RGL in the seaweed group were increased temporarily over those of the control group and sIgG production was significantly higher in seaweed group than in control group. In Exp. 2, at 17 weeks of age, sIgG of the marine algae group were significantly higher than the control group. Furthermore, RGL of seaweed and β-glucan groups was significantly higher than the control group. These results suggest that the seaweed influence immune traits in pigs.View full abstractDownload PDF (717K) -
Kunioki HAYASHI, Maki MAEDA, Kazuya KITAHARA, Toru TAGOYAMA, Akira OHT ...2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 35-39
Published: February 25, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSShochu is a popular Japanese traditional liquor made mainly from sweet potato. And thus a huge amount of Shochu Distillery By-Product is yielded. The Shochu Distillery By-Product contains many nutrients such as protein, citric acid, α-tocopherol and polyphenols in addition to a growth promoter. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate condensed supernatant of Shochu Distillery By-Product supernatant (SDBP) as a feed additive. The Shochu Distillery By-Product was centrifuged and the supernatant was concentrated by six folds and used in the experiment. Fifteen-day-old broiler chicks were given diets containing 2.5 and 5.0% SDBP. The diets were given ad libitum during the period from day 15 to day 27. The body weight gain and feed intake were increased in 2.5% SDBP group. Feed conversion ratio was not affected. Breast muscle α-tocopherol content was significantly increased and both TBARS and the drip loss of the muscle were decreased significantly by SDBP. Furthermore, the thigh meat showed a high score in sensory evaluation when SDBP was given. The above-mentioned results suggest that the meat quality of the broiler was improved by functional ingredients of SDBP, such as citric acid, α-tocopherol and polyphenol. The results show that SDBP may be an excellent feed additive.View full abstractDownload PDF (418K) -
Toshiya HAYASHI, Atsuhiko HATTORI, Keiichi KATO, Tsuchiyoshi FUJINO, S ...2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 41-45
Published: February 25, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe residual content of whey proteins (α-lactalbumin, β-lactogloblin and lactoferrin) and water-soluble vitamins (ascorbic acid, vitamin B2 and folic acid) in the directly and indirectly (in the presence or absence of pre-heat treatment at 85°C for 110 s) heated UHT milk, both after heating and during storage at 5°C for 8 weeks, were examined. Just after heating, the α-lactalbumin and β-lactogloblin contents of the directly heated UHT milk were significantly higher than these of the indirectly heated UHT milk (P < 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in the whey protein concentrations between the pre-heated and non-pre-heated indirectly heated milk. Furthermore, lactoferrin was detected by western blotting only in the whey fraction of the directly heated UHT milk. The whey protein content had almost no changes through the storage period at 5°C. The content of water-soluble vitamins, especially ascorbic acid and vitamin B2, in the directly heated UHT milk was higher than in the indirectly heated milk through the storage period at 5°C. These results suggest that regardless of the pre-heating treatment, indirect heating causes more heat-induced damage to whey proteins and water-soluble vitamins than direct heating.View full abstractDownload PDF (592K) -
Yoko HAMASAKI, Toshiro SAITO, Yukinobu SATO, Junichi NAGATSUKA, Keigo ...2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 47-54
Published: February 25, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe firmness of meat is deeply related to the quality and palatability of the meat, and has a large economic impact. However, it is difficult to perform a stable subjective evaluation of meat firmness because there is no objective standard model for judging. The purpose of this study was to investigate the objective evaluation method for meat firmness by using computer image analysis. Generally, the evaluation of the meat firmness is visually graded into 5 scores (1 : poor-5 : fairly good). In this study, the meat firmness was minutely evaluated into 15 scores by the expert grader of the meat quality evaluation for 51 Holstein steers. The digital images of the carcass cross section were taken between the 6th and 7th ribs by the mirror-type photographing equipment, and the macro images of M. trapezius at the 6th and 7th ribs were taken with the digital camera attached with an ultra macroscopic lens. Using the digital images of carcass cross section, the ratio of marbling area to rib eye area (FATPER) as well as traits for marbling particles were obtained by image analysis. Also, in this study, the boundary division between muscle bundles on the zoom image of M. trapezius, was determined as a muscle bundle gap. The ratio of gap of the muscle bundles occupied in the object region of 3008×2000 pixels (GAPPER) and traits for the gap of the muscle bundles were also calculated for the macro images of M. trapezius. The correlation coefficient between detailed evaluation score of the meat firmness and FATPER was highly significant (r = 0.73, P < 0.01). On the other hand, the correlation coefficient between GAPPER and the detailed evaluation score for the meat firmness was -0.75 (P < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis was conducted in order to evaluate the firmness of the meat by objective image analysis variables. Selected variables of the multiple regression equation were GAPPER with the negative regression and FATPER with the positive regression (R2 = 0.71, P < 0.01). Results of this study showed that the meat firmness was highly related to the condition of the muscle bundles and the possibility of the objective evaluation by means of image analysis for the meat firmness.View full abstractDownload PDF (661K) -
Mina HORII, Yumi SAKURAI, Yoshihiro KANBE, Katsumi KASAI, Tsutomu ASAD ...2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 55-61
Published: February 25, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe object of this study was to determine the relationship between Japanese Beef Marbling Standard (BMS) numbers and intramuscular lipid in longissimus thoracis muscle of Japanese Black steers from 1996 to 2004. Japanese Black steers (n = 195) fattened by four prefectural experimental stations, Tochigi, Chiba, Gunma and Ibaraki, were slaughtered serially after 75 weeks on feed (28.1 months of age) in five cooperative feeding experiments. The carcasses were graded by official Japanese graders according to the Japanese grading standard. Samples were taken from longissimus thoracis muscle at the 6th-7th rib interface. The meat was analyzed for ether-extractable lipid, moisture, protein content, shear-force value and unsaturated fatty acid content of intramuscular fat. Crude fat content of the meats in 1996 and 1998 were significantly lower than those of the meats in 2000, 2002 and 2004, however the BMS numbers (1 indicating “devoid” of marbling and 12 indicating “very abundant”) as measured by official Japanese graders did not increase. The BMS numbers appeared to be back to the level observed in the late 1990s, but fat content continued to increase dramatically. Meat with BMS number 12 contained 29% fat in 1988 ; however, meat of the same fat content was classified into BMS number 5.3 in 2004. Crude protein and moisture contents significantly decreased from 18.2 to 15.2% and 60.0 to 49.9%, respectively, with increased crude fat content from 19.7 to 34.1%. A significant negative correlation was found between the shear-force value and the fat content (r = 0.84, P < 0.01). There were no correlations between unsaturated fatty acid content and fat content. These results will be used to establish the new standard to reduce the present nonconformity between BMS evaluation and fat content of the muscle.View full abstractDownload PDF (589K) -
Masaya KATSUMATA, Keisuke SASAKI, Shinji SAITOH, Aiko ISHIDA, Takahito ...2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 63-69
Published: February 25, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe conducted two feeding trials at a commercial pig farm, Frieden Co. Ltd. Daito Farm, to elucidate the effects of feeding brown rice on characteristics of subcutaneous fat of fattening pigs. Trial 1 : Sixty four pigs in total (32 barrows and 32 gilts) were used. The average initial bodyweight of the pigs was 67 kg. Thirty two pigs (16 barrows and 16 gilts) were assigned to the brown rice feeding group (BR group) and the rest were assigned to the control group. To make the BR diets, we replaced corn in the control diet with brown rice : the level of brown rice contained in the BR diet was 30%. The control diets were ordinary diets fed to fattening pigs in the farm. The pigs were fed these diets until their live weight reached 115 kg, thus the period of the trial was 45 days. We determined fatty acid composition of inner layer of subcutaneous fat taken from loin of the carcasses : percentage of oleic acid was higher in the BR group (P < 0.05) whereas that of linoleic acid was lower in the BR group (P < 0.05). Trial 2 : Eleven hundreds and fifty nine pigs in total (584 barrows and 575 gilts) were used. The average initial bodyweight of the pigs was 60kg. Five hundreds and eighty three pigs (292 barrows and 291 gilts) were assigned to the BR group and the rest were assigned to the control group. The diets fed to the pigs throughout the trial 2 were similar to those used in the trial 1 except that the level of brown rice was 15%. The pigs were fed these diets until their live weight reached 120 kg, thus the period of the trial 2 was 60 days. We determined fatty acid composition of inner layer of subcutaneous fat taken from belly of the carcasses. Percentage of oleic acid was higher in the BR group (P < 0.05) whereas those of linoleic and linolenic acids were lower in the BR group (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Iodine value of the fat was also lower in the BR group (P < 0.05). We concluded that feeding brown rice at a level of 30% for 45 days or at a level of 15% for 60 days to finishing pigs until marketing could affect fatty acid composition of inner layer of subcutaneous fat.View full abstractDownload PDF (612K) -
Tomoko SAITOH, Tetsuya SEO, Keiko FURUMURA, Fumiro KASHIWAMURA2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 71-76
Published: February 25, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe aim of this study was decreasing defecation on deep litter in a loose housing barn by inducing heifers to visit a feeding station (FS) after standing. An experimental paddock consisted of the resting area covered with straw and the feeding area with the feeding station. Six Holstein heifers were attached the standing detection devices on legs and reared in this experimental paddock for 67 days. The feeding station was closed during the control period (16 days). During the experimental period (51 days), the heifers were allowed to obtain the concentrate at the feeding station if they enter there within a limited time after standing. During the first 25 days of the experimental period, the limited time was 60 minutes (Tr60). During the following 26 days, the limited time was 10 minutes (Tr10). Both Tr60 and Tr10 were divided into Transition (first 15 days) and Stable (following 10 days). The average number of defecation in the resting area during the experimental period was significantly lower than that during the control period (P < 0.05). The average number of defecation in Tr60 Stable was significantly lower than that of Tr10 Stable (P < 0.05). The numbers of visiting feeding station within 5 minutes after standing and successful feeding in Tr60 Stable were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in other periods. It is concluded that the limited time of 60 minutes is more effective than 10minutes to reduce defecation in the resting area.View full abstractDownload PDF (512K)
Technical Reports
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Toshihiro NADE, Naoko TAKAHASHI, Keigo KUCHIDA, Tsutomu ISHII, Nobuhir ...2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 77-82
Published: February 25, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe influence of callused M. Trapezius on the morphological characteristics of a cross-section from the M. trapezius and M. longissimus in Holstein steers was investigated. The carcasses were meat-graded by the Japan Meat Grading Association (JMGA). Six items for M. trapezius, five items for M. longissimus, the ratio of the area and circumference between the two muscles, the subcutaneous fat area of upper part of M. trapezius, the subcutaneous fat thickness and the ratio of the area between the subcutaneous fat and M. trapezuius from forty-four carcasses of twenty-two animals were measured using the computer image analysis method. The difference in the data between the callused M. trapezius (calluse group) and normal one (normal group) was compared. Concerning the number of occurrences in the callused group, both sides of the carcass were six head in the twenty-two heads, and the left and right of that were two and three head, respectively. The Beef Marbling Standard by JMGA from the animal in the callused group tended to be higher than that from the normal one (P < 0.1). Based on the data from the computer image analysis, the area of the callused group was significantly larger than that of the normal group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the linear degree of the callused group was significantly lower than that of the normal group (P < 0.05). The center of gravity of the callused group placed nearer the thoracic vertebra than that of the normal group (P < 0.01). There was no difference in the area from M. longissimus between the callused and normal groups. Concerning the ratio of the area of M. trapezius and M. longissimus, there was a difference between the two groups, in which the callused group was higher. Concerning the area of subcutaneous fat from the upper part of M. trapezius, the callused group was larger than the normal group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the subcutaneous fat thickness of the callused group was thicker than that of the normal group (P < 0.05). These results suggested that the shape of the cross-section of M. trapezius enlarged the side of the thoracic vertebra for the muscle due to the occurrence of the callus, and the shape became round. The center of gravity also went to the thoracic vertebra. These results showed that the callus produced changes in the morphological characteristics of M. trapezius.View full abstractDownload PDF (568K) -
Yasuo TANAKA, Tatsuma MORI, Yoshinori YABUKI, Nobuyuki AIKO, Takahide ...2009 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 83-90
Published: February 25, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn innovative apparatus was developed for monitoring water quality of the effluent from livestock wastewater treatment facility. The apparatus consisted of a nozzle with 8 mm diameter from which effluent water fell, and optical device measuring absorbancy of falling water column with light of 618 nm (red), 525 nm (green) and 470 nm (blue) wave length. Light beam from light-emitting diode in the optical device transmitted directly through the falling water column and reached to photodetector placed on the other side of the water column. Stepwise multiple regression analysis between water quality as a criterion variable and red, green and blue absorbances as predictor variables suggest that concentrations of BOD, SS, color and transparency were predictable by linear equations.View full abstractDownload PDF (782K)
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