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Volume 40, Issue 1
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II. Effect of cooking of feeds on VFA production by rumen bacteria, (in vitro experiment)Yoichi KOJIMA, Ryoji KAWASHIMA, Shoji UESAKA1969 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages 1-4
Published: January 25, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this experiment, effects of cooking of barley, milo, corn and wheat bran on both totat concentration and proportion of VFA in the rumen were studied in vitro. The in vitro procedure which had been examined in authors' laboratory since 1961 was done by using the bacterial suspension obtained from fistulated steer. Total VFA concentration was measured at. 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours after incubation, and VFA proportion was determined at 12 hours after incubation.
At the early stage of incubation, the total VFA concentration was higher in cooking lot than in control lot of all feeds. This effect of cooking was more remarkable in corn and milo than in barley and wheat bran. In control lot, total VFA concentration was lower in corn and milo than barley. It was guessed that the cooking could accelerate the disintegration of starch. in corn and milo, which were hardly disintegrated in control lot. These effects of cooking on VFA production were observed at 3 hours after incubation most remarkably, and after then they became smaller. At 12 hours after incubation authors could not find any differences of total VFA concentration between cooking and control lots. However, in the case of wheat bran, these effects of cooking continued over 3 hours after incubation and could be found even at 12 hours after incubation. The authors guessed that this phenomena was caused by higher contents of fiber in wheat bran.
Effect of cooking on VFA production at 12 hours after incubation was almost the same with in all feeds, that is, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid increased and acetic to propionic acid ratio became narrower by cooking. The effect of cooking on acetic to propionic acid ratio was remarkable in barley, next in corn and milo, and small in wheat bran.
According to these results, it is concluded that cooking of feed may have a good effect on the fattening cattle. The authors want to ascertain this point by in vivo experiment in future, as these were in vitro experiment.View full abstractDownload PDF (349K) -
III. Effect of cooking of barley on VFA production in the rumen of wether, (in vivo experiment)Yoichi KOJIMA, Ryoji KAWASHIMA, Shoji UESAKA1969 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages 5-11
Published: January 25, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the former report, the authors showed that the cooking of feeds could accelerate VFA. production and change relative proportions of the individual VFAs by rumen bacteria in vitro. In this experiment, three trials were conducted using twelve wethers to examine the effect of cooking of barley on VFA production and other conditions in rumen.
Cooking procedure was done by usual method of fattening beef cattle in Japan. Rations given to wethers per head a day were 900g crushed barley, 100g alfalfa meal and 200g dried rice straw in trial 1, and 700g crushed barley, 100g alfalfa meal and 300g dried straw in trial 2. In trial 3, same ration constitution was used with trial 2, except using steam rolled barley instead of crushed barley.
Total VFA concentration was not affected by cooking of barley in trial 1 and 2, and it decreased in trial 3. Propionic acid decreased and acetic to propionic acid ratio was widened by cooking in trial 1 and 3. And acetic acid decreased, propionic acid increased and acetic to propionic acid ratio was narrowed by cooking in trial 2.
Effect of cooking of barley on VFA production in rumen seemed to be varied with the amount of barley in ration. The author guessed that the abnormal fermentation in the rumen, might be occured by the feeding of large amount of cooked-barley such as trial 1 and 3, while the rumen fermentation was accelerated by cooking of barley in case of that the percentage of barley in ration was relatively lower such as in trial 2.View full abstractDownload PDF (573K) -
Masaya OHARA, Bernard PEIRIS, Masanori IKUZAWA, Shoji UESAKA1969 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages 12-17
Published: January 25, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. The effects of sugars on the absorption of copper from the gastrointestinal tract of the rat was studied, in 'in vitro' using the intestinal perfusion apparatus.
2. A concentration of 2.5% glucose enhanced the absorption of copper. A concentration above 5.0% glucose demonstrated a low rate of copper absorption.
3. The aldohexose showed a stimulating effect when compared with the ketohexose.
4. All sugars tested showed a decline on the rate of copper absorption at 10.0% concentration.View full abstractDownload PDF (334K) -
IX. Relationship between specific effects of rapeseed oil meal on the growth and those on the thyroidTetsuro NAKAYA1969 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages 18-24
Published: January 25, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present experiments were designed to confirm an author's previous interpretation on the specific effects of rapeseed oil meal (RSOM) concerning a relationship between the growth depression and thyroid enlargement. White Leghorn day-old female chicks were fed the respective rations for 4 weeks of which formula, chemical composition and levels of each supplement to the control ration were given in Table 1, 2 and 3.
Mainly, the influences of two representative antithyroid substances, thiouracil (TU) and potassium thiocyanate (KSCN), upon chick growth and thyroid were compared with those of prepress-solvent RSOM.
Feeding of ration containing 10 and 15% of RSOM resulted in a slight decrease in weight gain, feed efficiency and a significant increase in thyroid weight, but feed intake was scarcely affected by that. On the other hand, the addition of TU, KSCN or hot-water extract from the RSOM to the control ration had not any adverse effects on weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency. However, thyroid weight of chicks was significantly increased by the addition of those as in the case of the feeding of RSOM except supplemental 0.03% KSCN. And also, it was suggested that, based on the enlargement rate of thyroid as an apparent index of the goitrogenic effect, such effects of rations containing 10-15% of RSOM were almost comparable to those of rations adding 0.01-0.015% of TU or 0.06-0.09% of KSCN and the analysis of iodine content in their thyroid showed that a goitrogenic effect of these rations might not be very serious.
Considering these data, it was presumed that the growth depression of chicks which were given 10 or 15% RSOM containing ration resulted from lower feed efficiency of these rations as compared with basal ration.
These findings are useful for the interpretation which has been reported in author's papers and suggest that the growth depression by the feeding of RSOM up to about 15-20% level is due to the enlargement of thyroid.View full abstractDownload PDF (546K) -
X. Investigation on the growth depression by the feeding of rapeseed oil mealTetsuro NAKAYA1969 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages 25-31
Published: January 25, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn a former report, the author reported the interpretation on the cause of growth depression by the feeding of rapeseed oil meal.
Using White Leghorn day-old female chicks at the 15% level of prepress-solvent rapeseed oil meal (RSOM), two experiments were carried out to confirm the above author's interpretation.
The results obtained are as follows:
1. Significant growth depression was observed on chicks which were fed rations containing RSOM regardless of the adjustment of their energy level (TDN). However, when the energy level of RSOM rations were adjusted to up to that of soybean oil meal control ration, the rate of growth depression somewhat decreased and then the growth rate of chicks appeared to be in parallel with the rate of their feed intake.
2. When the intake as well as the energy level of the RSOM rations were adjusted to such same level as compared to those of soybean oil meal control ration, their chick growth rate was the same. Namely, the adverse effects of RSOM on the growth did not revealed, but the inclusion of RSOM in a ration resulted in a significant increase in thyroid weight regardless of the above adjustment.
Accordingly, it seemed that there was no relationship between the growth depression of chicks by the feeding of RSOM and their thyroid enlargement apparently.
3. These results indicate that the growth retarding effect of dietary RSOM is mainly attributed to that lower energy content and palatability than the other oil meals, e. g. soybean oil meal. And also, the above findings may be useful for practical utilization of RSOM as a component of animal feed.View full abstractDownload PDF (534K) -
Kogo YUSA, Koichi ANDO, Yasuhiko ONODERA1969 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages 32-36
Published: January 25, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThere are very few precise reports concerning the variations in citric acid content of cow's milk. Some investigators have shown that the citric acid content is affected by season, whereas, others have ascribed the variations to the effect of lactation period.
In order to investigate the changes in citric acid and calcium content of cow's milk, a number of milk samples from five Holstein cow's which were bred under the same conditions during a three year period were analyzed.
The results obtained were as follows:
1. The range of mean value of citric acid and calcium content in about 500 normal milk samples was 0.139-0.147% and 130.33-135.23mg/100ml, respectively.
2. In colostrum, the citric acid and calcium content showed a different trends. Just after parturition, the citric acid content was rather low, and reached the maximum after four to five days. However, the calcium content was maximum just after parturition and dropped down rapidly after the second day, and then approached to a normal value.
3. Citric acid content under normal conditions were presumed to be affected by the lactation period. The content of citric acid was higher in the early stage of lactation and reduced gradually as the lactation period advanced.
4. As citric acid content appeared to be influenced by the physical condition of the cow, it was suggested that citric acid content might reflect the quality of milk.
5. Changes in calcium content during the lactation period were similar to the results by other investigators.View full abstractDownload PDF (368K) -
Eiichi KOKUE, Toyoaki HAYAMA1969 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages 37-38
Published: January 25, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (98K)
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