All issues
Volume 45, Issue 5
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
- |<
- <
- 1
- >
- >|
-
Tsuneo HIND, Masao KAMETAKA1974 Volume 45 Issue 5 Pages 223-232
Published: May 25, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffect of dietary sterol on the number of protozoa in the rumen was studied by offering goats defatted alfalfa-hay diets or purified diets with and without β-sitosterol. When animals were fed diets without β-sitosterol, gradual decrease in the number of protozoa was observed, followed by clear increase by feeding diets supplemented with the sterol. However, even when a diet containing an extremely small quantity of sterol was given for 28 days, protozoa maintained their number above 104 per ml throughout the experimental period. Attempts were made to prepare purified diets allowing the regular growth of protozoa in the rumen, and it was found that not only chemical composition but also physical form of diets is important for the maintenance of protozoa. A purified diet in the form of lumps permitted the maintenance of protozoa at high population densities(5-10×105/ml). The diet was prepared as follows:After arnylopectin particles, to which casein, gelatin, vitamins, minerals, and β-sitosterol had been adsorbed, were. coated with a synthetic polymer, the particles were mixed with wood pulp and polyvinyl fiber, and then the mixture was pelleted as irregular small lumps. A purified diet containing non-protein nitrogen(urea and ammonium sulfate) as the sole source of nitrogen also permitted the maintenance of protozoa at normal population densities (above 105/ml).View full abstractDownload PDF (648K) -
Akira MIYAZAKI, Ryoji KAWASHIMA, Shoji UESAKA1974 Volume 45 Issue 5 Pages 233-238
Published: May 25, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFour adult Japanese Corriedale wethers, about 50kg in body weight, were used in 4×4 factorial design trial. They were fed 600g of chopped timothy hay twice daily. Nitrate was administered immediately after the ingestion of the morning feeding via stomach tube into the rumen every seven days. A total of 22.5g of potassium nitrate was administered in each lots. Whole amount of nitrate was fed at 7:30a.m. at the treatment lot D, and at the treatment lots A, B and C, it was divided into two portions and fed at 7:30a.m. and 9:30 a.m. after animals ingested 300g of hay. Division of nitrate at each treatment lots were set as follows; Treatment A, 11.25g and 11.25g; Treatment B, 15.0g and 7.5g; Treatment C, 7.5g and 15.0g. Methemoglobin formation in blood was determined periodically after the first administration of nitrate into rumen. Results of analysis of variance showed a significant difference between treatments and between animals, but there was not significant difference between the experimental periods. Administration of potassium nitrate as much as 0.045% of body weight resulted in the conversion of at least 20% of hemoglobin to methemoglobin. On the other hand, when the same amount of nitrate was divided into two portions and administered at two hours interval, methemoglobin formation was apparently reduced. Therefore, it seems that when the amount of nitrate given at one time was small, the formation of methemoglobin may be reduced due to the rapid metabolism of nitrate in rumen. This may be one of the reasons why animals grazing slowly are not poisoned by consuming young plants containing much nitrate in early spring.View full abstractDownload PDF (397K) -
Toshihiro YAMAGISHI1974 Volume 45 Issue 5 Pages 239-243
Published: May 25, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUsing two lines of mice selected for large and small body-size, starvation resistance of the large (L), control (RB) and small (SM) lines were investigated at different air temperatures and at various stages of growth. Starvation resistance was estimated by the length of survival periods of mice deprived of food and water. The covariance analyses between body weight and survival period was used in the significance test of line difference. 1) At temperatures of 20°C and 28°C, in adult mice, the L line was significantly longer in the survival period than the SM one, while, at 35°C, the SM line longer than the L one. The RB line showed intermediate value of two selected lines at any temperatures. Percentage of body weight loss at death were proportional to the length of the survival period at all three temperatures. The optimal temperature for survival in starvation was 28°C in the L and RB lines and 35°C in the SM line. These differences appeared to be based on the relative difference in the body surface area of mice of the three lines. 2) Developmental changes in the survival periods of the three lines at 28°C were similar to the growth curve of body weight. The survival period was longer in the L line than in the other two, the RB being intermediate. Significant line differences were recognized after 10 weeks of age. 3) The survival periods of adult mice of the L, SM lines and their reciprocal cross at 28°C were correlated with the body weight. The L line was the longest survival period and the SM line the shortest. These results indicate that starvation resistance mainly depends on the body-size. Line difference in the physiological mechanism controlling starvation resistance were discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (368K) -
Takao AKAISHI, Seiji KUSUHARA, Kazuo ISHIDA, Motoji YAMAGUCHI1974 Volume 45 Issue 5 Pages 244-248
Published: May 25, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the livers of White Leghorn chickens 79 days of age, a small amount of sudanophilic lipid droplets were observed at Glisson sheath, but not at parenchyme cells, while the administration of estradiol benzoate (0. 1mg per day) or cortisone acetate (5mg per day) for 4 weeks after the 52nd day of age caused a moderate amount of lipid droplets to appear at parenchyme cells, as well as some increase in the amount of lipids at Glisson sheath, though the administration of testosterone propionate (0. 5mg per day) did not cause such. In the livers of non-administered chickens were found a moderate activity of NADP-dependent MDH and a strong activity of NAD-dependent MDH, but no activity of G-6-PDH nor 17β-OHSDH. NADP-dependent MDH activity became higher by the administration of estrogen and cortisone, but not by androgen. NAD-dependent MDH activity did not suffer from administration of various hormones.View full abstractDownload PDF (875K) -
Motoo NAITO, Hiroyasu TAKAHASHI, Takayoshi MIURA, Yasuhiko KANO, Noriy ...1974 Volume 45 Issue 5 Pages 249-261
Published: May 25, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGross energetic efficiency (GEE) and simple production-body size indices were investigated with regard to lactation number in order to contribute to the selection of Holstein cattle for the intensive dairy farming in Japan. Records of 75 lactations in total on body size, milk production and feed intake were adopted in Holstein herd of University Stock Station of the University of Tokyo. Results obtained are summarized as follows. (1) Indices representing feed utilization of cows such as GEE, M/W, FCM/W, FCM/H, FCM/G and FCM/K (=[FCM/2(6W+FCM)]×100) were 25.9%, 8.7, 8.0, 29.8, 21.6 and 28.3%, respectively in the average of early three lactations. (2) Body size, milk production increased fairly well with the advance of lactation number until 5th lactation, but indices increased more slowly until third lactation, and stayed at the similar level or lower thereafter. (3) All these simple production body size indices were able to be adopted as the substitute for GEE according to high positive correlation between GEE and these indices. But, FCM/K was the best among them owing to the highest correlation and similar coefficient of variation to GEE, and FCM/W was the second. (4) In the relationship between body size, FCM and indices, correlation coefficients between body size and FCM were 0.2-0.3, those between FCM and indices were 0.7-0.8 and those between body size and indices were -0.3. The last value became -0.8--0.9 in partial correlation when FCM was held constant. Accordingly, it seems plausible that cows are the smaller, the more profitable, but small cows seem to have the limit in absolute production, and so, middle size cows seem to be most acceptable. Ratio of width of hind quarters to withers height, particularly that of thurl width had fairly high positive correlation with FCM and GEE. It seems worthwhile to improve relative width of hind quarters, particularly thurl width not only for meat productivity but also for milk production and efficiency. (5) Average daily milk yield and GEE of every month during lactation decreased linearly, and the tendency of GEE was more rapid. The estimation of the average value throughout the lactation on these two traits by the partial record was most significant on the values at 7th month of lactation.View full abstractDownload PDF (1007K) -
Yutaka MIZUMA, Hiroshi SASAKI1974 Volume 45 Issue 5 Pages 262-270
Published: May 25, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSince 1871, the Japanese Shorthorn was developed by crossing Shorthorn with native Nanbu breed kept in Aomori, Iwate and Akita Prefectures in Japan. In 1957, the Japanese Shorthorn Society was formed. Up to December 31, 1972, 68 bulls and 351 cows have been registered as excellent grade. In order to clarify the breeding structure of these cow and bull populations, except for 2 cows and 8 bulls imported from foreign countries, percent genetic contributions of important animals and important breeders were estimated by WIIENER'S method by using full pedigree records for two generations of these cattle. Trends in the values of the average inbreeding coefficient and inter-se relationship coefficient were also examined. 1) The greatest contribution of imported bull was Banjo's 6.67 percent to bull population and 4.58 percent to cow population. The total genetic contribution of imported bulls was 14.13 percent to bull population and 8.38 percent to cow population. It showed that about 10 percent of the genes in both populations were derived from these bulls imported since 1955. 2) Breeding animals which contributed over 3 percent to both populations were three bulls (named Sasagawa, Yamazakura and Michikumo) and one cow (named Simoai).These indigeneous breeding animals were bred at Oou Livestock Breeding Station, Ministry of Agriculture, in Aomori Prefecture. 3) Percent genetic contribution of Oou Livestock Breeding Station was 36.74 to cow population and 42.92 to bull population. This National Livestock Breeding Station could be considered as the most influential breeder in the improvement of Japanese Shorthorn. 4) The inbreeding coefficients of bull and cow populations were 1.25 and 0.54 percent, respectively. The inter-se relationship coefficients for both populations in different periods of time showed 1.4-6.38 percent.View full abstractDownload PDF (686K) -
Yutaka MIZUMA, Toshihiro YAMAGISHI, Ukiko SATO1974 Volume 45 Issue 5 Pages 271-280
Published: May 25, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOne hundred and seventy-seven Japanese Shorthorn cows registered as excellent grade at 18to30 months of age from 1957 to 1972 were devided into four groups of following periods; 22 in the first period (1957-1961), 23 in the second (1962-1966), 44 in the third (1967-1969) and 88 in the forth (1970-1972). We investigated the changes in body measurements and conformation of these cows with the time. In the herds of the third and the fourth periods, body measurements shift of the periods, and conformation of cows in Aomori, Iwate and Akita Prefectures were compared among the Prefectures. In these comparisons, values of body measurements corrected to 24 months of age were used. 1) In the first period, there was a great variation in body measurements, but since the second period, variation has decreased, indicating that a uniformity of conformation has been improved in later periods. 2) Values of height at withers, body length, chest girth, chest width, ischium width and shank circumference increased significantly from the first to the third periods. Hip width, thurl width and rump length were improved from the first to the second periods, and chest depth increased significantly from the second to the third periods. There were no differences in all of body measurements between the third and the fourth periods. Until the third period, height at withers, body length and chest girth increased 6.7, 11 and 19cm, respectively. Ratio of chest girth, chest width, hip width, thurl width and ischium width to height at withers increased significantly up to the second period but no more change thereafter. 3) These improvements of conformation were related with the genetic contribution of Oou Livestock Breeding Station, imported Shorthorn bulls and excellent indigeneous breeding animals, and also advancement in feeding and management of cattle during these periods. 4) The results of comparisons among the three Prefectures were as follows: A herd in Aomori was larger in height at withers, chest girth, chest width and thurl width than that in Iwate and also in height at withers, chest depth, hip width and thurl width that in Akita. A herd in Akita has larger chest width than that in Iwate. It is suggested that these differences were not only due to the genetic differences but also the differences in feeding conditions among these Prefectures.View full abstractDownload PDF (803K) -
Akira MIYAZAKI, Tsutomu YOSHIKAWA, Shigeru KINOSHITA, Ryoji KAWASHIMA1974 Volume 45 Issue 5 Pages 281-286
Published: May 25, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo experiments were carried out to evaluate triuret (Carbonyl-diurea) as a source of nitrogen for ruminants. In the experiment 1, two fistulated wethers, about 40kg in body weight, were used. The animals were fed 250g of cracked barley and 150g of timothy hay twice daily, with free water and trace mineral salts. At the 6th and 7th days from the beginning of the experiment, ammonia nitrogen in rumen fluid was determined two hours after the animals were fed the morning diet. The results showed that ammonia nitrogen in rumen fluid in all animals was less than 20 mg/100 ml. Three successive treatments were conducted at the interval of seven days. Urea and two levels of triuret were administered into rumen via fistula at two hours after morning feeding for two days. Ammonia nitrogen in rumen fluid increased sharply after administration of 8.0g of urea, reaching a peak (more than 40mg/100ml) at two hours. At the 14th and 15th days and the 20th and 21st days, the similar treatments were conducted by using 9.7g and 19.4g of triuret. Ammonia concentrations in the triuret-treated animals were not higher than those in the control animals.In the experiment 2, three wethers, about 40 kg in body weight, were used in 3x3 factorial design trial. The animals were placed in the digestion crates and were fed 400 g of purified diets (table 2) twice daily, with free water. Animals in lot 1 were fed only isolated soy protein. Animals in lot 2 and 3 were fed urea and triuret with isolated soy protein respectively. Feces and urine were collected for seven days after ten days of preliminary feeding. Apparent digestibilities were not different for dry matter, crude fat and NFE between lots. However, apparent digestibility of crude protein in triuret lot was significantly (P<.05) lower than that in urea lot and slightly lower than that in isolated soy protein lot. Digestibility of crude fiber in triuret lot seemed to be lower, compared with the other two lots. Nitrogen retention of animals in lot 1, 2 and 3 were 15.7%, 11.201 and 6.3%, and were significantly (P<.05) different. Estimated retention of nitrogen in triuret was shown in table 6. In this calculation, it was assumed that percent utilization of nitrogen of isolated soy protein will not be affected by addition of triuret and no associative effects exist between them. Nitrogen retention for triuret was -3.04%.View full abstractDownload PDF (407K)
- |<
- <
- 1
- >
- >|