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Volume 61, Issue 7
Displaying 1-17 of 17 articles from this issue
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Soichi TSUJI1990 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 571-578
Published: July 25, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (696K) -
Zyunzi KUROSAKI, Koji EIJYU, Tatsunobu SONODA, Shusuke SATO1990 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 579-584
Published: July 25, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThree experiments were conducted on learning processes to enter the parlor. In lst experiment, heifers, parturient cows and temporally isolated cows were used. Heifers were newly introduced into a milking herd and a parlor 1 week after parturition. After the first 5-9 milking times when heifers were manually pushed to enter a parlor, they learned with positive reinforcement (concentrate feed in a parlor) and voluntarily entered a parlor. Parturient cows and temporally isolated cows that were isolated from herdmates and a palor for 2-3 months, entered the parlor voluntarily at first milking time after returning. It means that learning to enter the parlor persisted for 2-3 months without practice. In 2nd experiment, the learning process to enter a parlor with positivereinforcement (feed) was observed and extinction process was also observed without rewards in steers. Steers also entered the parlor voluntarily at 3-6th milking times after introduction. As they learned more easily than heifers, it seems that the feminine factor (free from swelling in udders) as a reinforcer is not important. Steers continued to enter voluntarily without feed in a parlor, but they ceased to enter at 7 to 17th milking times after non-allocation. In 3rd experiment, a learning process to enter a parlor and stability of entrance order were observed without positive reinforcement. Percentage of cows entering the parlor by themselves was 18.3% at first 1 to 7 days and reached 50% at 14 to 15th days. After that, the percentage was stable and only 61% at even 100 to 102th days. As the entrance orders in each cow varied much daily, mean entrance orders in each cow were quite different between in first term (-15th days) and in second term (41-102th days). In conclusion, it seems that the most effective reinforcer in parlor entrance learning is feed in a parlor and feminine factor and negative reinforcers (canes) are not effective.View full abstractDownload PDF (757K) -
Yoshihiro KONNO, Takahiro YAMAGUCHI, Akira WATANABE, Tadahiko HOSHINO1990 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 585-590
Published: July 25, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSImmune responses in lungs with swine enzootic pneumonia (SEP) were evaluated by the demonstration of histological distribution of immunoglobulin-positive cells (Ig positive cells) by immunoperoxidase stain employing avidin-biotin complex method and pyroninophilic cells (plasma cells) by methylgreen-pyronin stain. In mild SEP lesions, IgA positive cells were prominent in bronchial mucosa and peribronchiolar portion. As increased the severity of SEP lesions, numerous IgA positive cells appeared in the bronchial mucosa. In chronic SEP lesions, many IgG positive cells accompaneid by the increases of IgA positive cells localized at the bronchial mucosa and alveoli. These finding indicated that IgA, and IgA and IgG play major roles on local humoral immune responses in SEP lesions. In lymph nodules formed in the SEP lungs, the number of plasma cells increased much more than that of Ig positive cells. Accordingly, Ig positive cells/plasma cells ratio extensively decreased, suggesting that Ig positive cells generate and proliferate in lymph nodules and infiltrate to the peribronchiolar portions, bronchial mucosa and alveoli. In this experiment, it was concluded that a combined demonstration of Ig positive cells and plasma cells could be useful aids to precisely evaluate the stages of SEP lesions.View full abstractDownload PDF (1083K) -
Shuji TOYODA, Yoko KOBAYASHI, Kenkichi AHIKO1990 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 591-598
Published: July 25, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study establishes the identity of organisms creating late gas-blowing in Gouda cheese made in Japan. Gouda cheese was made from non-bactofugated, winter milk. No nitrate was added. The cheese was ripened at 13-16°C for 4 months. Of the 30 cheese samples, 11 showed gas-blowing within 2 months. Wide eccentric splits surrounded by large gas holes were found in most of the cheese. Clostridia was the cause. Clostridia grown in differential reinforced clostridial medium (DRCM) contained two colony types: large black colonies and small brown colonies. Black colonies in blown cheeses were below 30cfu per gram, the same as in normal cheeses. Of the 105 isolates of black colonies, 86 were Clostridium sporogenes, 11 were Cl. beijerinckii, and 8 were Cl. butyricum. The brown colonies in blown cheese were 102-104 cfu per gram and in normal cheese were below 10 cfu per gram. All brown colonies were identified as Cl. tyrobutyricum. So we believe the late gas-blowing in Gouda cheese was caused by Cl. tyrobutyricum. Isolated Cl. tyrobutyricum KS-222 did not grow in skim milk, but it grew and produced gas when S. lactis subsp. lactis was inoculated into skim milk. Cl. tyrobutyricum KS-222 produced few spores in DRCM, but up to 2.1% of the cells were sporulated by using molasses-soytone broth. Cl. tyrobutyricum KS-222 spore outgrowth occurred at temperatures above 7-10°C and pH values above 4.5-5.0. The effect of NaCl concentration on Cl. tyrobutyricum KS-222 spore outgrowth depended strongly on the pH values. Two percent NaCl concentration at pH 5.0, 4% NaCl at pH5.5, and 6% NaCl at pH6.0-6.5 prevented spore outgrowth. The restraining effect of nitrate on Cl. tyrobutyricum KS-222 spore outgrowth at optimum pH values was similar to those for NaCl. But spore outgrowth was strongly inhibited by nitrite concentrations as low as 0.005%.View full abstractDownload PDF (579K) -
Shuji TOYODA, Yoko KOBAYASHI, Kenkichi AHIKO1990 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 599-605
Published: July 25, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was conducted to find out what ultra-high thermal treatment is needed to sterilize clostridial spores in sludge from cheese milk, using a continuous bacterial removal process called bactofugation. Proteolytic clostridial spores (Cl. sporogenes K-21) and saccharolytic clostridial spores (Cl. butyricum K-53 and Cl. tyrobutyricum KS-222) isolated from Gouda cheese with late gas-blowing were gathered. These spores were grown at 37°C for ten days in cooked meat broth and EAH broth. The heat resistance test of clostridial spores was performed in M/15- phosphate buffer (pH7.0) or skim milk (pH6.5) at 100, 105, 110, 115 and 120°C. Thermal death time curves for spore concentration of 1×105/ml indicated Z-values of 14.5, 11.7, and 14.5°C and F-values of 0.60, 0.06, and 0.15min, for K-21, K-53, and KS-222 spores suspended in phosphate buffer. The Z-values for spores suspended in skim milk were 14.7, 11.8, and 14.1°C and F-values were 0.19, 0.05, and 0.12min. The following values were calculated from the survivor curves: D-values at 100, 110, and 120°C were 6.64, 0.57, and 0.11min;0.91, 0.12, and 0.045min; and 0.93, 0.12, and 0.053 min for the K-21, K-53, and KS-222 spores suspended in phosphate buffer. The D-values at all temperatures for saccharolytic clostridial spores were lower than those of proteolytic clostridial spores. This study concluded that the recommended conditions for sludge sterilization were at least 120°C for 20sec., or at least 130°C for 4sec.View full abstractDownload PDF (488K) -
Kaoru SUZUKI, Jun OKUHARA, Hideyo YAMAZAKI, Kou FURUGOURI, Miki IIZUKA1990 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 606-613
Published: July 25, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to elucidate the growth process of the swine fetus, we investigated the aspect of relative growth and the change of secondary ossification centers in limb bones. Concerning relative growth, the relative growth coefficients were calculated from the allometry expression, and the growth rates were compared between the trunk and the limb, the thoracic limb and the pelvic limb, the proximal portion and the distal portion. As a result, it was clear that, in the swine fetus, the limb grew faster than the trunk, the pelvic limb faster than the thoracic limb, and the distal portion faster than the proximal portion. Regarding the change of secondary ossification centers, the limb bones were observed radiologically and we found that the maturation of secondary ossification centers was earlier in the thoracic limb than in the pelvic limb. Moreover the differentia- tion in most secondary ossifiation centers of limb bones was directly proportional to the extension of body length. So it is suggested that the estimation of secondary ossification centers is useful for investigating the growth process of the swine fetus.View full abstractDownload PDF (466K) -
Shinichi SASAKI1990 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 614-620
Published: July 25, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo clarify the mechanism by which a lower insulin binding to adipocytes in sheep was due to a lower affinity of receptor for insulin, we studied the kinetics of which insulin associates to and dissociates from the isolated adipocytes obtained from sheep and rats. At 37°C, the rate of 125I-insulin binding time-dependently increased and the steadystate binding conditions were reached in the association phase 15min in both sheep and rats. However, ovine adipocytes showed significantly less binding than rat adipocytes during an incubation period. The initial rate of binding (Vo) and the rate constant of insulin association (ka) were estimated by assuming a linear rate of association by 1 min through the zero time. Vo (1.03×10-6pmoles/s/2×105cells) and ka (0.31×106M-1/s) in ovine adipocytes were significantly lower than those observed in rat adipocytes(Vo; 1.59×10-6, ka; 0.44×106), indicating the delay of insulin binding velocity to receptors in ovine adipocytes. In both sheep and rats, 125I-insulin bound to adipocyte insulin receptors time-dependently dissociated and the curves were multiexponential. As the lengh of the association phase increased, the overall rate of insulin dissociation decreased, and in the presence of unlabeled insulin, the unlabeled insulin led to acceleration of 125I-insulin dissociation rate in both sheep and rats. However, the time at which 50% of the bound insulin dissociates from the cells in sheep was accelerated to about 2 to 3-fold of that in rats. This suggests that ovine adipocytes is subjected to an intense negative cooperative effect as compared to rat adipocytes. These results indicated that the lower affinity of ovine adipocyte insulin receptor for insulin was due to the delay of insulin binding velocity to receptors and the acceleration of dissociation from receptors.View full abstractDownload PDF (476K) -
Hiroshi KAJIKAWA, Hajime MINATO1990 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 621-626
Published: July 25, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRuminal xylan- and pectin-fermenting bacteria, along with amylolytic, cellulolytic, methanogenic and lactate-utilizing bacteria established in a continuous culture under several levels of starch (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0%) were enumerated using the most probable number method. As the starch level increased, the pH value after a 7 day-incubation declined, and it fell below 5.0 at. the 3% starch level, probably resulting from lactate production. Up to the 2% level, xylan- and pectin-fermenting bacteria, as well as amylolytic bacteria, increased in numbers as starch increased, while methanogens tended to decrease and cellulolytic bacteria did not change. At the 3% starch level, however, all bacteria except lactate-utilizing bacteria markedly decreased. The results of this study suggest a possible increase in the digestibility of non-cellulose cell wall fractions of feed as starch level increases.View full abstractDownload PDF (416K) -
Shinichi KUME, Shigeo TAKAHASHI, Mitsunori KURIHARA, Takamitsu AII1990 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 627-632
Published: July 25, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe objective of this study was to clarify the effects of heat stress on milk yield, milk composition, and major mineral content in milk during early lactation in Holstein cows. Milk yield, milk composition, and major mineral content in milk were measured by using 8 cows calved from Jul. to Sep. (summer group) and 9 cows calved from Feb. to Mar. (winter group). Milk yields during early lactation were significantly lower for the summer group than the winter group. Total solid, fat, protein, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg) content in milk during early lactation in each group tended to decrease until 5 weeks after parturition and then increase gradually, whereas they tended to be lower for the summer group than the winter group. Total solid, fat, protein, Ca, P, and Mg content in milk during mid to late lactation in the winter group, which were reduced by heat stress, were higher than those during early lactation in the summer group. However, sodium (Na) and potassium (K) contents in milk during early lactation tended to be higher for the summer group. There were close relationships between total solid, fat, protein, Ca, P, and Mg content in milk, since there were positive correlations between those of the winter group during the lactation period. Thus, heat stress in summer may reduce milk yields drastically and also reduce fat, protein, Ca, P, and Mg content in the milk of dairy cows during early lactation.View full abstractDownload PDF (415K) -
Kenji TSUNODA, Hiroko DOUGE1990 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 633-639
Published: July 25, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn investigation into the differences in blood parameters related to the iron metabolism of red cell NADH-diaphorase (Dia) phenotypes in Suffolk and Finnish Landrace sheep was undertaken. Regarding hematocrit (Ht) value and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, Dia F and Dia FS sheep had significantly higher levels than Dia S sheep in Suffolk (P<0.05). For Finnish Landrace, no significant differences in Hb concentration among Dia types were noted, but Dia F sheep was higher in Ht value than Dia FS and Dia S sheep (P<0.05). Total red cell Dia activity increased in the order of Dia F, Dia FS and Dia S types in both breeds examined. A significant difference was seen in the enzyme activity between Dia F sheep and Dia FS or Dia S sheep (P<0.01). Plasma iron concentration and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) of Dia F sheep were significantly lower than those of Dia FS or Dia S sheep in both breeds (P<0.05). These parameters were also in the order of F<FS<S. The total red cell Dia activity showed a significantly positive correlation with the plasma iron concentration or TIBC in both breeds (r=+0.69, +0.58, P<0.01, with plasma iron or TIBC in Suffolk; r=+0.66, +0.59, P<0.01, with plasma iron or TIBC in Finnish Landrace). Thus, these observations demonstrate that in sheep, genetic Dia polymorphism and these blood parameters related to the iron metabolism are associated to a significant degree.View full abstractDownload PDF (500K) -
Hiroshi KUSUNOKI, Morito SAKAUE, Hiroshi HARAYAMA, Seishiro KATO, Suna ...1990 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 640-647
Published: July 25, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe retention of the motility and viability of acrosome-reacted goat spermatozoa and their ability to penetrate zona-free hamster eggs was investigated. Effects of caffeine and imidazole on these parameters were also examined. Ejaculated goat spermatozoa were washed and preincubated in K-3 medium in sealed glass tubes at 39.5°C for 2h to induce the acrosome reaction. This was fo11owed by resuspension in BO medium BO medium with caffeine and BO medium with imidazole and incubated at 37°C for 5 h. During incubation, sperm motility and viability were assessed at one hour intervals. The acrosome-reacted cells after resuspension in BO medium or BO medium with imidazole and those incubated for 3h in these media were further incubated with zonafree hamster eggs at 37°C. During incubation with the eggs, time-related changes in egg penetration were examined. The following results were obtained: 1) The motility patterns of goat spermatozoa before and after the acrosome reaction were different. Acrosome-reacted goat spermatozoa exhibited 'whiplash' motility. 2) The motility and viability of goat cells after the acrosome reaction were remarkably lower than those before the reaction. 3) The ability of acrosome-reacted goat spermatozoa topenetrate zona-free hamster eggs was retained for as much as 3h. 4) The addition of imidazole to sperm suspension promoted the maintenance of motility and viability of acrosome-reacted goat spermatozoa and prolonged the retention of their ability to penetrate zona-free hamster eggs. The addition of caffeine was effective for the temporary activation of the motility but made difficult the maintenance of motility and viability.View full abstractDownload PDF (1450K) -
Kanji MATSUI, Erika SHISOE, Tadakatu OKUBO1990 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 648-654
Published: July 25, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUsing a set of the data logger system developed to automatically record the number of jaw movements and steps, posture, head position and heart rate of cattle on pasture, the grazing and feeding behavior of a horse in the paddock and stall were analyzed. The number of jaw movements and steps per minute were measured every minute for up to 24 hours. Two 24-hour periods were recorded and satisfactory results could be obtained. The jaw movements or steps were counted and recorded using a chest respiratory sensor and a grazing unit developed for the data logger. The sensors for jaw movements and steps were attached to the jaw and between a foreleg and the chest band, respectively (as shown in Fig. 1). There was consistency as to the number of jaw movements between estimates obtained by the data logger and visual observation. The number of jaw movements (bites/min) was 90 to 100 during grazing, about 80 during the feeding of rations in the evening and morning, and 60 to 75 during the feeding of hay. Grazing was continued without rest throughout the period in the paddock (8.5 hours). Feeding of hay from a hay rack was done several times during the night. Each feeding period ranged from 30 to 60min. Walking was 5 to 15steps/min during grazing in the paddock and sometimes under 5steps/min during feeding or resting in the stall. A discrepancy was shown between estimates of steps obtained by the data logger and visual observation. Some improvement must be made in the sensor or the unit for the measurement of steps if the number of steps is to be measured quantitatively.View full abstractDownload PDF (1114K) -
Keiichi SHIMAZAKI1990 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 655-660
Published: July 25, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBovine IgG1 and IgG2 had different thermal susceptibilities depending upon pH and ionic strength. When heated at 65°C for 30min under the neutral pH conditions, IgG1 and IgG2 showed different behavior for turbidity formation. By gel filtration chromatography, IgG1 showed large peak of soluble aggregates. These differences could be due to the difference in charged conditions of IgG1 and IgG2 molecules as evidenced by the thermal stability of succinylated IgG2 relative to native IgG2. Formation of aggregates or polymers was monitored by turbidity measurements and by gel filtration chromatography.View full abstractDownload PDF (896K) -
Shinya MASUDA, Fukashi KOYANAGI1990 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 661-662
Published: July 25, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
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Lyndon F. QUINITIO, Kuniyasu TAJI, Sumio KUMAI1990 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 663-665
Published: July 25, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
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Tsutomu FUJIHARA, Tetsuya NAKAO1990 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 666-669
Published: July 25, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
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Shin-ichi SASAKI1990 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 670-673
Published: July 25, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (266K)
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