Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho
Online ISSN : 1880-8255
Print ISSN : 1346-907X
ISSN-L : 1880-8255
Volume 72, Issue 10
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
  • Aspect of Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment and Advanced Treatment
    Yasuo TANAKA
    2001 Volume 72 Issue 10 Pages 509-523
    Published: October 25, 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In Japan, nearly 30% of piggery farms installewda stewater treatment facilities. Most of the facilitieasd opt aerobic treatment system based on the activated sludge process. This process is reliablea nd has high performance of organic pollutant removal. However, running cost reduction and implementation of advanced treatment process for removing phosphorus, nitrogen and color become more and more important for farmers due to embarrassed economy and strengthen of environmental legislatioonn effluentw ater quality. Thus, development of new treatment process has become important task, which process has performance of phosphorus, nitrogen and color removal with low running cost. Though this task is difficultto accomplish, several new fundamental processes have been investigatedw hich are anticipateda contribution to the improvement of the treatment systems.
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  • Naohiko OKUMURA, Tadayoshi MITSUHASHI
    2001 Volume 72 Issue 10 Pages 524-535
    Published: October 25, 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The pig is thought to have been domesticated about 7, 000 years ago in the Europe, Near East and Asia, independelltly. Various coat colors are seen in pigs namely wild type uniform black, uniform red, black spotting or black domino spots, black and red piebald, black with white points, white, sepia hair, roan or gray, blue etc. Up unti now, several genetic loci were postulated based on the results of crossbreeding tests, these are: agouti, brown and albinism, dilution, extension, white, white head or Hereford locus etc. However, several coat color related genes have now been identified in animals, including endothelin and endothelin receptor, the mast/stem cell growth factor receptor KIT and its ligand SCF or MITF, tyrosinase and its related proteins which participate in the production of melanin, melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor (MC1R), aipha MSH, agouti protein, etc. In pigs, two genetic loci, extension (E) locus and white (I) locus have now been elucidated at the molecular level and they correspond to the genes MC1R and KIT, respectively.
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  • Yimin CAI, Nobuyoshi MASUDA, Yasuhito FUJITA, Hidenori KAWAMOTO, Sada ...
    2001 Volume 72 Issue 10 Pages 536-541
    Published: October 25, 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A method the processing and conserving of tea grounds silage was developed. Tea grounds contained about 106 (cfu/g of fresh matter)aerobic bacteria, 103 to 104 mould and yeast, but lactic acid bacteria counts were below the limit of detection(⟨10 cfu/g of fresh matter). Water-soluble carbohydrates were consistently at or below the detectable level(0.01 g/kg of dry matter). Lactobacillus plantarum FG1, a strain selected from forage, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus SN1, from a commercial inoculant, were used along with acremonium cellulase(AUS)as additives to tea grounds for silage preparation. After 125 days of fermentation, silages treated with AUS and strain FG1 or SN1 were well preserved and exhibited significantly(P⟨0.05)lower pH values and significantly(P⟨0.05)higher content of lactic acid as compared to the control. All silages showed high contents of protein, tannin, caffeine, carotin and vitamin E. The results confirmed that tea grounds are a potential new resource for livestock feed.
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  • Chiharu WATANABE, Hiroshi TANI, Ko FUJITA, Takeo FUKE, Eiji YOSHIDA, T ...
    2001 Volume 72 Issue 10 Pages 542-550
    Published: October 25, 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The utilization of dehydrated office buffet garbage was studied as feedstuffs for pigs, The garbage, which was dehydrated by the hot air (130°C) drying method for about 10 hours, had higher contents of crude protein(CP), crude fat and crude ash than the basal diet. The digestibility of CP was 55% lower than general foodstuffs. The chemical composition, microbial population and physical characteristics as feeding basis were not largely changed after three months at normal temperature. However, an increase in peroxide value (16.9→36.5meq/kg) showed some extent of rancidity. Sixteen growing pigs with an average initial weight of 30kg were fattened up to about 110kg by ad libitum feeding and group feeding of four pigs each. Experimental groups were given a formula feed as a control and three treatment feeds which were mixed with 10%, 25% and 50% dehydrated garbage as CP substitute. In the treatment 50% group, feed intake and body weight were low, and the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in backfat was significantly high. Between the control group and the treatment 10% and 25% groups, there was no difference in performance of feeding, fatty acid composition and odor of excreted feces. Therefore, the utilization of garbage dehydrated by the hot air drying method was possible as feedstuffs for pigs, and the maximum mixed rates appeared to be approximately 25% as a CP substitute (20% as feeding basis).
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  • Yuzuru ISHIZUKA, Yuji KAWAI, Shintaro OHTANI, Masakazu IRIE
    2001 Volume 72 Issue 10 Pages 551-556
    Published: October 25, 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The objective of this study was to evaluate meat quality of wild Sika deer (Cervus nippon centralis) by analyzing the proximate composition, minral concentrations and meat color of M. longissimus thoracis, M. semimembranosus and M. biceps femoris, and investigated the influence of sex and season on them. There was no significant difference in the composition except for crude ash of the muscles among anatomical location, between sexes and among seasons. The crude fat contents were below 1% in all muscles. Fe concentration of muscles averaged 3.8mg/100g across three locations. The contents of Na, P and K were significantly different between each location (P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.01, respectively). The Na contents were significantly different between sexes(P<0.05). Spectroscopy showed that surface reflectance within the visible range for M. longissimus thoracis was below 30%. Blooming completed within about 30min, and then oxymyoglobin transformed into metmyoglobin within 24h. These results showed that wild Sika deer muscles had low fat and high Fe concentration. The concentration of Na, P and K were in normal range, although significant differences were recognized. The results also showed that the meat color of Sika deer was deep red and rapidly changed into brown, whereas its blooming time was similar to those of the other domestic animals muscles.
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  • Hiroshi SATO, Miyuki IURA
    2001 Volume 72 Issue 10 Pages 557-563
    Published: October 25, 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was taken from the central canal of the lumbar spinal cord, or from the cisterna cerebellomedullaris (cisterna magna) of 61 cattles including healthy and sick excepting nervous diseases. Blood sample was taken from the jugular vein simultaneously. Plasma and CSF glucose, nitrogenous metabolites, Na, Cl, K, Ca, inorganic P (Pi) and Mg were analyzed. Concentrations of urea and creatinine were higher in lumbar CSF than in cisterna magna, and CSF glucose and uric acid showed the same tendency. Urea and creatinine levels of CSF were lower than those of plasma, and the same trends were observed in glucose and uric acid levels in reference animals. Level of CSF Cl was 1.2 times higher than of plasma. Concentrations of CSF glucose and Cl showed positive correlations with those of plasma. Sodium level was somewhat higher in CSF than in plasma. Levels of CSF K, Pi and Mg were maintained within narrow range regardless of plasma concentrations. Urea level of CSF was proportional to plasma, however, CSF creatinine and uric acid levels were maintained lower ranges regardless of those increasing in blood plasma. Strict regulations of creatinine, uric acid, K, Pi and Mg levels were confirmed in CSF of cattle.
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  • Jin-bo KIM, Junichiro MORITA, Makoto ISHIOROSHI, Kunihiko SAMEJIMA
    2001 Volume 72 Issue 10 Pages 564-569
    Published: October 25, 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Smooth muscle myosin was prepared from chicken gizzards to study its heat-induced gelation. The gel strength of chicken gizzard myosin gel increased by the addition of FeCl2. Scanning electron microscopic observations of the gels showed that the gels with FeCl2 had a thinner and smoother network in their microstructure. Fluorescence intensity of gizzard myosin before heating increased in 0.4-0.5M and decreased in 0.1-0.2M KCl solutions by the addition of FeCl2. Cross-linking experiments using. EDC indicated that myosin rods were cross-linked at 60-70°C and FeCl2 accelerated the cross-linking of rods. These results suggested that FeCl2 enhanced the gel strength of gizzard myosin due to the structural change of tail portion in high KCl solution, while in low KCl solution the addition of FeCl2 accelerated head to head aggregation.
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  • Toru USHIMIZU, Toshio SATO, Tadao SAITO, Takatoshi ITOH
    2001 Volume 72 Issue 10 Pages 570-578
    Published: October 25, 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    An analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of penicillins (benzylpenicillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin and nafcillin) remaining in edible tissues (muscle and kidney) of animals (bovine and swine) by pre-column fluorescence derivatization. For labeling a carboxyl group in penicillins, seven kinds of fluorescence derivatization reagents were tested: 3-bromamethyl-6, 7-dimethoxy-1-methyl-1, 2-dihydroquinoxaline-2-one (Br-DMEQ), 4-bromomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin (Br-Mmc), 5, 6-dimethoxy-2-(4-hydrazinocarbonylphenyl) benzothiazole (BHBT), 1-bromoacetylpyrene (BAP), 6, 7-dimethoxy-1-methyl-2(H)-quinoallnone-3-propinohydrazide(DMEQ-hydrazide), 2- (2, 3-naphthalimino)ethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (NE-OTf) and 9-anthryldiazomethane (ADAM). BAP showed the best score on reactivity and was selected and used for the following examinations. Optimum conditions for HPLC analysis were determined with reference to the stability of each reagent, reactive temperature and time. Edible animal tissues were extracted with water and deproteinized with sulfuric acid and sodium tangstate, followed by concentration with C18 (solid-phase extraction) cartridge column. The acetonitrile eluate from the column was derivatized with BAP and 18-crown-6 reagents at 40°C for 30 min. The derivatized sample was analyzed by HPLC with reversed-phase mode. The mean recovery range was 73-96% for benzylpenicillin, 73-90% for oxacillin, 64-83% for cloxacillin, 62-71% for nafcillin and 61-67% for dicloxacillin in tissues. The detection limits for benzylpenicillin and other penicillins were about 2 and 5 ng/g in tissues, respectively. In the suspected case of penicillin residues, benzylpenicillin was determined (0.045-29.0μg/g) in bovine muscle and kidney by this method. The simple and sensitive method was expected for routine analysis of penicillins in edible animal tissues.
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  • Satoshi ANDO, Kazuo OTSUKI
    2001 Volume 72 Issue 10 Pages 579-586
    Published: October 25, 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    It is known that heart rate (HR) which is used to estimate heat production(HP), is a useful way of assessing the approximate HP of grazing heifers. The purpose of this paper was to examine the method of analyzing energy revenue and expenditure from metabolic energy intake (MEI), heat production, and net energy for gain (NEg). MEI was calculated as the sum of forage intake estimated by the cutting method and intake mass of formula food. HP was calculated from a regression equation for HP on HR determined from housed experiment using tread mill. NEg was calculated from daily gain (DG) by the NRC equation. DG was calculated from the mean body weight of four heifers before and after grazing. We examined energy revenue and expenditure to determine whether MEI=HP+NEg is realized or not. The percentages of HP+NEg to MEI in four grazing experiments were 95.2, 101.8, 98.9, and 111.8%. Except for one negative value DG, the sum of HP and NEg in three grazing experiments agreed well with MEI, making it possible to analyze the energy revenue and expenditure of grazing heifers. However, without DG value, it was difficult to calculate NEg and a difference between MEI and HP+NEg was not small. It is necessary that MEI is stable for analyses of energy revenue and expenditure, because NEg is mean value for a few weeks. It is also necessary that the range of HR in equation HP on HR covers up the range of HR in grazing heifer.
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  • Yukio M. SEIMIYA, Fuminari KIKUCHI, Naoki YAMAGUCHI, Kaoru SUGAWARA, Y ...
    2001 Volume 72 Issue 10 Pages 587-593
    Published: October 25, 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Preventive effect of appropriate feed management practices within the same time on periparturient diseases in dairy cows was investigated from the viewpoint of preparturient body weight changes.86 Holstein cows and heifers were fed fixed (control) or gradually increased (experiment) amounts of high energy feeds as well as hay allowed free-choice consumption during the last three weeks of gestation. In the cows with nutrient condition for obese at the beginning of the dry period, the average body weight-reduction rates with standard deviation during the last month of gestation, excluding an additional weight associating with the development of gestation, and the incidences of periparturient diseases, were significantly alleviated (P<0.01) from 5.0±2.9% in the control herd to 1.4±2.5% in the experimental one, and showed a decreasing tendency (P<0.1) from 6 (75%) of 8 cases to 3 (23%) of 13, respectively. In the cows with suitable nutrient condition at the same time, the reduction rates were not statistically different between 2.9±3.6% in the control herd and 1.0±2.7% in the experimental one, though the incidences were significantly decreased (P<0.01) from 5 (63%) of 8 cases to 3 (11%) of 27, respectively. In the heifers in both control and experimental herds, the occurrence of the diseases was observed in 1 (9%) of 11 cases in the control herd without the body weight-reduction in both ones. These results suggested that the appropriate preparturient feed management practices diminished the incidence of the diseases owing to the effect to alleviate the preparturient body weight-reduction and the other factor unascertained in this survey.
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  • Keisuke ISHIKAWA, Yusuke EGUCHI, Katsuji UETAKE, Toshio TANAKA
    2001 Volume 72 Issue 10 Pages 594-604
    Published: October 25, 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We conducted confrontation tests with domestic dogs and wild boars in order to determine whether the dogs have an ability to repel wild boars. Five adult dogs and six wild boars were used. One dog was a female German shepherd used by the police. The others were mongrel companion dogs and were made up of three males and one female. The wild boars, three males and three females, about 16 months old were reared for at least 14 months before the experiment. The confrontation tests were carried out three times a day at 0800-0900h, 1200-1300h, and 1600-1700h. Each dog confronted all wild boars within two days. During the confrontation test period, the dogs expressed significantly greater attention (P<0.01) and bark (P<0.05) to the wild boar than before the confrontation. Moreover, individual differences (P<0.01) were found in the frequency of the dog's barks. While just three seconds before the boar was frightened away, dogs more frequently barked (P<0.01) and turned their gaze (P<0.05) toward the boar than in other observation periods. This indicates that a dog's bark and gaze were aversive stimuli for wild boars. The tendency of barking is well known to widely vary among different breeds and individuals so it is recommended that suitable dogs are selected for repelling wild boars.
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  • Takuji HIRAYAMA, Naokazu ASATO, Minoru OHTA
    2001 Volume 72 Issue 10 Pages 605-609
    Published: October 25, 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A study was undertaken to determine the behavior time(eating, ruminating and repose), contraction of rumen and body temperature in the summer season. Cows were fed in paddock without shade (50m×50m), in paddock with shade (6m×6m)and in shed (3m×10m). In each group, quantity of solar radiant was l.2cal/cm2/min and environmental temperature was 29.2°C (highest) and 23.1°C (lowest). Body temperature was 38.8°C(highest) and 38.1°C (average) and 37.6°C (lowest) in each group. The amplitude of contract in internal pressure of the rumen at eating was higher in the paddock with shade group and shed group than in the paddock without shade group. The frequency of contract in internal pressure of the rumen at eating was not different in each group. Eating time was longer in the shed group than in the paddock without shade group and paddock with shade group(P<0.05).
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  • Hiroyuki HIROOKA, Kazuhiro SHIMADA, Takashi HAYASHI, Fuminori TERADA
    2001 Volume 72 Issue 10 Pages 610-617
    Published: October 25, 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Because nitrogen excretion in fattening steers has been identified as a source of nitrogen pollution, ways to reduce it must be examined. The objectives of this study were to develop and evaluate mathematical equations for predicting nitrogen excretion into feces and urine in fattening steers and to investigate the possibility to reduce nitrogen excretion by simulation with the equations. Two new equations, Nf+u=Ns-CPg/6.25 and Nf+u=(Ns-Nr)+b+Nf+u(b), and a published equation, Nf+u=16.74×DM+8.54×CP+0.108×W-154.3, were compared; where Nf+u is the amount of nitrogen excretion (kg/day), Ns is nitrogen intake (kg/day), Nf+u(b) is basal endogenous nitrogcn (g/day), Nr is nitrogen requirement (g/day), CPg is nitrogen requirement for growth (g/day), DM, CP and W are dry matter intake (kg/day), crude protein content (% of DM) and body weight(kg), respectively. The CPg, Nr and Nf+u(b) were estimated based on equations used in Japanese Feeding Standards and the parameters, a and b, were estimated from solution of the equations. The new equations were developed and evaluated using the results of nitrogen balance trials of 23 Japanese Black and 45 Holstein steers. Independent changes in daily gain (DG), crude protein (CP) and metabolizability (q) were used to simulate the effects an two environmental landing indexes expressed by total nitrogen excretion/total nitrogen intake (I 1)and total nitrogen excretion/total nitrogen retention (I2) during the fattening period. The simulation results showed that increased DG led to decreases in I1 and I2, and decreased CP and increased q led to decreases in I2. The effects of CP and q on I1 varied in equations used in this study.
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