The blood supply to the mammary glands of the mouse, rat, hamster and guinea-pig has been the subject of only limited investigation in the past. The vascular system of the mammary gland was described by TURNER and GOMEZ (1933), LINZELL (1953), SOEMARWOTO and BERN (1958) for the mouse, and for the rat by GREENE (1935) and LINZELL (1953) for the guinea-pig. In any case, there were not described in detail on the distribution of the blood vessel of the mammary gland, and we found out no reference of the hamster. Accordingly, the course of running and distribution of the blood vessels of the mammary glands were investigated in detail by macroscopic observation and under the dissetion microscope with particular attention to the relation between the vascular system and the mammary areas. The animals used in this study were 35 mice, 15 rats, 8 hamsters and 7 guinea-pigs, which were injected into A. carotis communis or Aorta abdominalis on the side with either the colored neoprene latex or India ink.
The results are summarized as follows:
1) The mammary gland of the mouse may be classified into two groups according to their position, namely 3 pairs in thoracic and 2 pairs in abdominoinguinal regions (Fig. 1). Main arteries, supplying the mammary glands consist of a pair of A. cervicalis superficialis, A. thoracica ext., A. iliolumbalis, A. epigastrica superficialis and A. pudenda ext., whereas A. cervicalis superficialis, emerging in the angle between M. cleidomastoideus and M. sternomastoideus, arises from Truncus cervicalis and is distributed on the 1st mammary gland (thoracic). A. thoracica ext. springs from A. axillaris and runs downward along the thoracic wall, where it gives off several branches to the 2nd and 3rd mammary gland (thoracic). A. iliolumbalis may arise from Aorta abdominalis or A. renalis and then run laterally across the ventral surface of M. psoas major. A branch of this artery penetrates the abdominal wall at the anterior spine of the ilium, where it is distributed to the upper part of 1st gland of abdomino-inguinal region. A. epigastrica superficialis springs from the superficial aspect of A. femoralis halfway down the thigh and, running along the abdominal wall, is distributed over to the 1st and a part of 2nd glands of the abdomino-inguinal region.
A. pudenda ext. which emerges from the abdominal cavity by way of the inguinal canal, arises from A. iliaca ext. and gives off some branches to the 2 nd abdomino-inguinal gland. In addition, there are small branches from A. subscapularis and A. thoracica int. which are distributed over to the thoracic mammary gland. Further, the larger vein as a rule parallels. with the arteries. The smaller veins and arteries are less apt than the larger veins to parallel each other.
2) Rats have 6 glands on each side, 3 pairs in the thoracic and 3 pairs in the abdominoinguinal regions. The vascular system of the mammary gland of the rat are somewhat simillar to that of mouse. But it is defferent that A. epigastrica superficialis gives off several. branches to the 1st and 2nd mammary glands, and also, A. pudenda ext. branches out the 3rd mammary gland of the abdomino-inguinal region. Additionally, a small branches from Aa. intercostales is distributed to the thoracic mammary gland. The veins in the mammary gland, run almost in parallel with the arteries.
3) The mammary gland of the hamster extends from the ventral thoracic to the abdominal and inguinal regions. The number of teats varies from 6 to 8 on each side. Most commonly, there are 14 teats in total. The vascular system of the mammary gland is derived from A. thoracica ext., A. epigastrica superficialis and A. pudenda ext., A. thoracica ext. springs from A. axillaris and after short distance, divided into the two branches, dorsal and ventral, before entering the mammary gland.

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Infundibulum-Magnum junctional area of the quail oviduct was observed electromicroscopically. The most salient feature of the area was the globules in the non-ciliated cells in which some dense particles and filamentous elements were found. They might be a transitional form between the specific vacuoles of infundibulum and the filaments containing secretions in the magnum gland. Another specific feature was a kind of goblet cell that had not been seen in the rest of infundibulum. The secretions of the goblet cell contained fine grains but had no irregular pattern of network as was the case with that of magnum.
Tubular gland specific to this region had not been found though both the infundibulum gland and the magnum gland were seen.
In the muscular layer, the remarkable evagination of the cell walls and filaments around the nucleus were noticed. Many vacuoles with the substance of low electron density were distributed among colagenous fibers in the serous coat.

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In order to clarify whether the composition of the contents is distributed uniformly in the cecum of rabbit operated for the cecum fistula or not, the cecum fistulated rabbits which were prevented the coprophgy were killed in the night, and the composition of the contents in several parts of the digestive tract was analysed. The results obtained are as follows:
1) Compositional differences among the parts of the cecum were not found.
2) Moisture was mostly contained in the small intestine, and decreased in the lower parts of the digestive tract. Crude protein and non-protein nitrogen were maximum in the small intestine. On the contrary, the ratio of true protein to crude protein and Cr2O3 were minimum in that part. True protein was much contained in the upper part of the small intestine, but crude fiber was least in that part. Crude ash was most cntained in the cecum.
3) By comparing the present result with others' data, the fact was found that there were few differences between the compositions of the digestive tract contents in the day time and that in the night time, except in few cases.
4) Absorption or decomposition of moisture, crude protein, true protein, non-protein nitrogen, crude fiber and crude ash in the large intestine were suggested. The soft feces seemed to be less absorbable than the hard feces in the lower part of the large intestine.
5) During the day time, lower moisture, higher crude and true protein, higher ratio of true protein to crude protein and lower non-protein nitrogen were contained in the cecum than in the lower ileum and the upper colon.

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M. complexus of chick muscle was selected to study on the differentiation to red muscle or white muscle, because it hypertrophied at hatching time for broking the egg shell and so atrophied at postnatal time. This heavy changes of M. complexus was due to the innervation (at hatching time) and dennervation (at postnatal time) of morter neuron of muscle. It has been understood that red muscle has high percentage of red muscle fibers and white muscle has high percentage of white muscle fibers at adalt muscles. They were distinguished by histochemical staining method (succinic dehydrogenase, phosphorylase, lactic dehydrogenase).
Recently it was reported that muscle fibers distinguished by succinic dehydrogenase were coincidently stained by Sudan Black B staining method. In this report various muscle fibers on neonatal, hatching time and postnatal was cllassifed by Sudan Black B staining method. The results of present study showed that
(1) M. complexus hypertrophied at 20 embryo days after incubation and so atrophied after hatching. This data were obtained by the alternation of muscle wet weight and % body weight of M. complexus.
(2) Muscle fiber increase during the embryonic time stopped at 16 embryo days and then fixed in the number of fiber.
(3) Muscle fibers were classified to large red muscle fiber (LRMF), large white muscle fiber (LWMF), small red muscle fiber (SRMF), smll light granular muscle fiber (SLGMF) and intermediate muscle fiber (IMF) by Sudan Black B staining method.
(4) Muscle fibers were distinguished for the first time at 18 embryo days and probably established their metabolic differentiation.
(5) At 16 embryo days, LRMF appeared for the first time. They decreased gradually in the, latter embryonic time. It was speculated that LRMF in chick embryo may be correspond to Wohlfart B fiber in primates but we have now no way to know its physiological function of LRMF.
(6) From the percentage of various muscle fibers of different ages it was understood that M. complexus differenciated to white muscle stage at most hypertrophied time (19, 20 embryo days) and to mixed muscle stage (21 embryo days) and so to red muscle stage at atrophied time (4, 14 postnatal days).

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Very small-sized experimental silo was devised to study the disappearance of nitrate in forage crops during the ensiling process. It was necessary to lessen a sampling error frequently resulted from a difference in the concentrations of nitrate in plant materials.
In the Experiment 1, young corn (32 days of age and about 170cm height) was taken from the field and chopped 1 cm in length. They were mixed well and 200g of them were packed into a small bag of polyvinylidene chloride film using a vaccum pump. It was buried underground (about 50 cm in depth) and was simulated as an experimental silo. Since the ensiled plants were young and NFE/CP ratio was small, small amounts of glucose were added at the ensiling as follows: Lot 1., none, Lot 2., 0.5, Lot 3., 1.0 and Lot 4., 2.0 per cent. In every lot, seven bags were used and the concentrations of nitrate in the ensiled materials were designated to be equal in seven bags in a lot. Three weeks later, the silage was taken out and analysed for pH, organic acids, total-, nitrate- and ammonium-nitrogen. The qualities of the silage in Lot 2.-4. were fairly well (pH, 3, 3-3.5, NH3-N/Total-N, 2. 0-3.7%), but those in Lot 1. were not so good (pH, 4.6, NH3-N/Total-N, 17.6%). Addition of glucose seemed to improve the silage fermentation in the bag. In this experiment, nitrate nitrogen seemed to be removed during the ensiling process.
In the Experiment 2, the effects of glucose on the disappearance of nitrate were discussed, adding 1, 2 and 3 per cent of glucose into the xperimental silos. No apparent effects were found and in every lot, about 25 per cent of nitrate nitrogen in the ensiled plant materials was removed during the ensiling process.
In the Experiments 3 and 4, disappearance of nitrate nitrogen during the ensiling process was discussed, adding 1 per cent of glucose. In the ensiled materials, the average concentrations of nitrate nitrogen in dry matter were 0.79 per cent in corn and 0.57 per cent in corn×soybean. In the silages, those were 0.55 and 0.39 per cent respectively. Then, about 27 per cent of nitrate nitrogen in corn was removed and about 30 per cent of nitrate nitrogen in corn×soybean was removed during the ensiling period of 21 days. Furthermore in details, a correlation coefficient between the concentrations of nitrate in the ensiled materials and the amount of nitrate disappeared during the ensiling process in the Experiments 3 and 4 was 0.90. Therefore, more nitrate seemed to removed during the ensiling process in the plant materials containing much nitrate.
From the results in these experiments, it was supposed that nitrate in the forage crops decreased during the ensiling process. Though ensiling would not completely destroy nitrate, it might reduce, in some cases, nitrate in the forage crops from toxic to non-toxic.

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Recovery of nutrients during ensilage was investigated with four silages with no additive (control) and four ones added 15% molasses feed (a commercial feedstuff containing 40% molasses) at ensiling. The silos were of concrete cylindrical type with 120cm diameter and 210cm depth. Grass-clover mixture composed mainly of orchardgrass was ensiled for 93 and 177 days for the control group and 108 and 193 days for the molasses feed added group.
The results obtained were as follows:
1. Silage quality was markedly improved by the addition of the molasses feed. That is, no butyric acid, little ammoniacal nitrogen and much lactic acid were found in the molasses feed added silage, while much butyric acid and ammonia were produced and the amount of lactic acid was small in the control silage.
2. Losses of all the constituents during ensilage were much less in the molasses feed treated silage than in the control silage. This seemed to be due to the fact that the fermentation loss and seepage loss were greater in the control silage which contained fairly high moisture.
3. Although soluble carbohydrate in the molasses feed was consumed to a large extent during ensilage when added at ensiling, it was generally found that, from the viewpoint of nutrient conservation, the addition of the molasses feed at ensiling was a little more advantageous than the use of silage with no additive plus the molasses feed.

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