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Volume 43, Issue 8
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
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V. Substances in egg yolk effective on the protection of spermatozoa against cold shock and freezing injuryHiroshi MASUDA, Yoshimasa NISHIKAWA1972 Volume 43 Issue 8 Pages 417-423
Published: August 25, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis experiment was carried out to clarify the factors responsible for the protection of spermatozoa against cold shock and harmful effects of freezing. The results were as follows.
1. Egg yolk neutral lipid, which was prepared from the acetone soluble fraction of egg yolk, was superior to whole egg yolk to protect of goat and bull spermatozoa against cold shock.
2. Crude lecithin, the acetone insoluble and alcohol-ether soluble substance of egg yolk, had more protective action than purified egg yolk lecithin against cold shock. Purified egg yolk lecithin did not give sufficient protection for the maintenance of sperm motility against severe cold shock.
3. α-and β-Lipovitellin of egg yolk as well as yolk itself were of value in preventing the sperm from cold shock.
4. Lipovitellin and lipovitellenin of egg yolk were very effective to prevent the loss of motility and viability of spermatozoa caused by the rapid freezing and the former was more effective than the latter.
5. β-Lipovitellin was more effective than α-lipovitellin in protecting goat and horse spermatozoa against freezing. Livetin did not have any protective action.View full abstractDownload PDF (484K) -
I. The heat increment in the process of triturating of diet in the gizzard and passing of indigestible matters through the alimentary tractHitoshi SAKURAI1972 Volume 43 Issue 8 Pages 424-431
Published: August 25, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is known that the heat increment of feed stuffs for mammals is influenced by many factors. In the case of fowls, however, we have only a few pieces of information about this problem. In this study two experiments were carried out to clearify the heat increment in the mechanical digestive process of diets for fowls.
The diet used in the experiment on the trituration of diets in the gizzard and the heat increment was composed of 90% of corn, 6.7% of fish meal, and 3.3% of vitamin-mineral mixture. The grains of corn were powdered into granules smaller than 0.5mm for Diet 1 and broken into a few pieces for Diet 2. For Diet 3, they were left intact.
In the experiment on the passing of indigestible matters through the alimentary tract and the heat increment, washed blow sand and polyethylene powder, the granules of which were smaller than 0.5mm, were contained in the basal ration at the rate ranging from 0% to 40% respectively. Those indigestible matters were given so that the amount of the basal contained each diet was made equal.
Those diets were fed to broiler cockerels which weighed about 1kg and the energy metabolism was investigated.
The results obtained are summarised as follows:
1) The amount of the diet remaining in the crops and the gizzards of the cockerels fed with Diet 1, 2, and 3 became approximately the same 8 hours after feeding in spite of the differences of the diets fed.
2) No difference was observed among the cockerels fed with each diet in heat production continuously measured for 8 hours after feeding. The contents of metabolizable energy of each diet were also almost the same.
3) When indigestible matters were given at the rate ranging from 0% to 49.9g per kg0.75 of body weight, no significant difference was statistically observed in the heat production and heats for metabolizable energy ingested.
4) The value of heat increment per 1g of the indigestible matters was only 0.6 kcal, even in such a case as 49.9g of indigestible matters per kg0.75 of body weight were fed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1211K) -
Takao HORIGOME, Norichika NAKAYAMA, Masanori IKEDA1972 Volume 43 Issue 8 Pages 432-437
Published: August 25, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. Sweet potato proteins were prepared by acidifying and heating the residual juice of the sweet potato starch industry. The chemical compositions of the sweet potato protein dried by drum-drier were as follows: moisture, 8.73%; crude protein, 48.74%, ether extract, 7.40%; crude ash, 5.63%; nitrogen-free extracts, 29.50%.
2. The sweet potato proteins were colored either greenish brown or dark green and their absorption spectra in pH6.5 medium had a shoulder at 320-330 mμ, which suggested the presence of phenolic material. It was also shown that the proteins had an absorption maximum at 260mμ which was the characteristic of nucleic acid.
3. The sweet potato protein was deficient in methionine and lysine in comparison with whole egg protein. However, the content of most of the essential amino acids was higher than in soy-bean protein, particularly for methionine.
4. The major fatty acids found in the lipid of the sweet potato protein were linoleic and palmitic acids. These two scids made up 78% of the total acids.
5. Protein efficiency ratio (P. E. R.) of the sweet potato protein dried by drum-drier was 1.9 for weanling rats at the level of 10% dietary protein, but when the protein was fortified with methionine and lysine, P. E. R. value of 2.50 was obtained. It was recognized that the sweet potato protein fortified with methionine and lysine was closely equated with the soybean protein fortified with methionine as a protein source for growing rats.
6. The biological value and true digestibility of three types of sweet potato proteins prepared by different drying methods were determined with the nitrogen-balance method on young rats. The following figures were found for biological value and true digestibility: drying by acetone extraction, 72.0 and 82.3; drying by drum-drier, 74.6 and 79.4; drying in a current of hot air, 72.6 and 82.7. These results suggest that drying method had little influence on the nutritive value of sweet potato protein.View full abstractDownload PDF (466K) -
IV. Trans acid content of milk lipidFumiyasu TSUCHIYA, Yoshiro YAMAMOTO, Toshimichi OKABE, Kazuko AIZAWA1972 Volume 43 Issue 8 Pages 438-445
Published: August 25, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe contents of trans isomers of unsaturated fatty acids (trans acid) of milk lipid were determined by infra-red spectrophotometry and denoted as trielaidin contents on 264 composite cow's milk samples obtained from 22 areas shown in the previous report throughout a year.
The mean value and the standard deviation of trans acid contents were 8.38% and 1.45% respectively.
The seasonal variations of trans acid contents were remarkable in Hokkaido and Iwate prefecture, where the contents were over 11%-maximum 13.7%-in summer and fell down to 6-8% in winter, whereas in other regions the variations were small or unclear, and the contents were 6 to 9%, with the exception of high values (10.6 to 11.8%) in the special stock farms in a large city (Tokyo).
As an index of the rate of trans acid in unsaturated fatty acids, the T/U rates were calculated, that is, the rate of trans acid content to triolein content converted from iodine value. The mean value and the standard deviation of T/U rates were 20.6% and 10.0% respectively. The correlation coefficient between iodine values and trans acid contents was 0.832 and highly significant, and consequently the coefficient of variation of T/U rates was smaller than that of trans acid contents. So the regional and seasonal variations were resemble to those of trans acid contents, excepting that T/U rates of the samples obtained from special stock farms in a large city were not always high, in spite of high contents of trans acid of them.
In many literatures on the origin of milk lipid, it is known that the trans acids in milk lipid are derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids by hydrogenation in rumen. So it is assumed that high trans acid contents and high values of T/U rate in the summer milk lipid obtained in Hokkaido is due to the feeding of pasture, and that high trans acid contents but low values of T/U rate in the milk lipid obtained in special stock farms in a large city is due to the feeding of by-product feeds such as oilseed meals and brewer's grain or concentrated feeds.
The correlation coefficient between the open tube melting point (MP) and the trans acid content was 0.172 and significant. The multiple correlation of MP on iodine value and trans acid content was significant, but the partial correlation of MP on trans acid content independent of iodine value was not significant. So it was considered that the effect of trans acid on MP was not simple.View full abstractDownload PDF (660K) -
Effects of lysine deficiency on the incorporation of 14C-amino acids injected to chicksKeigo SHOJI1972 Volume 43 Issue 8 Pages 446-456
Published: August 25, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn our previous reports the effects of graded levels of lysine deficiency on energy utilization were studied. It has been indicated that chicks fed slightly lysine deficient diets had greater gain in tissue fat but a lower gain in protein. Quite severe lysine deficiency produced lowered efficiency of conversion of dietary metabolizable energy to tissue energy gain.
In this experiment, 14C-chlorella protein hydrolysate was injected intraperitoneally to chicks fed the diet containing 0.76, 0.91 and 1.06 percent lysine to study protein and energy metabolism under lysine deficient conditions. Six hours after the injection the radioactivity of excreta and expired 14CO2 were measured. Subsequently, the chicks were decapitated and the radioactivity of various body components were measured.
The results are following:
1. The incorporation of 14C into the carcass protein and the acid soluble fraction was lower with severely deficient lysine level. On the other hand, the incorporation of 14C into the protein in liver increased with severe lysine deficiency.
2. The expired 14CO2 of chicks fed the severely lysine deficient diet was significantly increased compared to that of the slightly eficient and the optimum fed chicks.
3. The incorporation of 14C into tissue fat was stimulated in chicks fed the slightly deficient diet and this higher incorporation was partly counterbalanced by the lower incorporation into the carcass protein.View full abstractDownload PDF (911K) -
III. On the soluble fractions at isoelectric point (pH4.6)Fujio TAKAHASHI1972 Volume 43 Issue 8 Pages 457-462
Published: August 25, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study was carried out to investigate the antigenicities of the subfractions separated from F-S fraction (soluble fraction at pH4.6 which was prepared from tryptic hydrolysates of α-casein) by various immunological methods described previously. The quantitative analyses of nitrogen, hexose, sialic acid and amino acids of these fractions were also investigated.
The results obtained are summarized as follows:
1. F-S fraction was divided into seven fractions (F-1, -, F-6 and F-7 fractions) on Sephadex column chromatography. All fractions consisted of many peptides. Among these fractions, F-1, F-2 and F-3 fractions contained relatively high amount of nitrogen. Hexose was also contained in all fractions except for F-6 and F-7 fractions, and F-3 fraction contained remarkably high amount of hexose. Sialic acid was contained only in F-1 and F-2 fractions. In the amino acid analysis, 15 or 16 kinds of amino acids such as glutamic acid, lysine, etc. were detected in all fractions.
From the elution patterns obtained by various Sephadex columns, it was considered that molecular weight of F-1 fraction was approximately more than 5, 000 and those of the other fractions were below 5, 000.
2.Each of F-1, F-2, F-3, F-4, F-5 and F-6 fractions obviously inhibited the reactions of precipitation, haemagglutination and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in α-casein-anti-α-casein serum reaction system.
From this fact, it was suggested that some antigenic active peptides derived from α-casein were considerably low molecular weight, because antigenic activity was also recognized in F-6 fraction.View full abstractDownload PDF (416K) -
Teru ISHIBASHI1972 Volume 43 Issue 8 Pages 463-469
Published: August 25, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhite Leghorn adult roosters and Wistar strain rats were supplied the Phe-free diet which contained essential amino acids at maintenance requirement levels. The results can be summerized as follows:
1. The two roosters on the Phe-free diet at a rate of 30g/kg/day maintained positive nitrogen balance for 3 months, but lost 4.4% of initial body weights in contrast with the roosters on the control diet.
2. The two roosters on the Phe-free diet also maintained their positive nitrogen balance for 1 year, but lost 11.7% of initial body weights. After balance test ended, they were fed the same diet ad libitum and died after 7 months. There was no lesion except dehydration in muscle by post mortem examination.
3. The two roosters on the Phe-free diet ad libitum for 1 year lost 12.7% of their initial body weights. During this period they moulted slightly and the feathers formed around the neck curled.
4. The rats on the Phe-free diet ad libitum decreased food intake gradually, and lost 7.3% of initial body weights during 23 days.
These results indicate that the amino acid requirements for maintenace which were determined by nitrogen balance method for a short period were sufficient for a long period feeding and Phe was dispensable for maintenance of positive nitrogen balance but essential for maintenance of body weight in the adult rooster.View full abstractDownload PDF (953K) -
Osamu HIKOSAKA1972 Volume 43 Issue 8 Pages 470-478
Published: August 25, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn attempt was made to study how noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) injected locally into the hypothalamus of chickens acted on the motility of the cecum, and to elucidate the functional relationship between the hypothalamus and the adrenergic receptors distributed in the cecum.
The following results were obtained.
1. Facilitation of motility and an increase in tonus of the cecum were noted in chickens injected locally with 20μg of 5-HT into the nucleus (nucl.) hypothalamicus anterior medialis, nucl. paraventricularis magnocellularis, nucl. preopticus medialis and decussatio supraoptica dorsalis in the anterior hypothalamus. These responses to the application of 5-HT were immediate excitatory ones.
Application of 40μg of NA to the nucl. hypothalamicus anterior medialis and decussatio supraoptica dorsalis in the hypothalamus resulted in inhibition of cecal motility. Application of 40μg of NA to the nucl. hypothalamicus lateralis and natl. hypothalamicus posterior medialis in the posterior hypothalamus caused a transient inhibition of cecal motility followed by facilitation. Application of 20μg of 5-HT to these two nuclei induced inhibition of contraction of the cecum. The response to the application of NA was a delayed excitatory one preceded bo an inhibitory phase.
All these responses may probably present a difference in activation pattern between the NA-sensitive and 5-HT-sensitive areas.
2. A transient inhibition of cecal motility which followed the facilitation, and which appeared after the application of NA to the posterior hypothalamus may have been brought about by intermediary of α-and β-adrenergic receptors in the cecum. Facilitation by the former and inhibition by the latter were suggested.View full abstractDownload PDF (1219K)
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