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Volume 42, Issue 12
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Ichiro FUJINUMA, Hiroshi NOZAKI1971 Volume 42 Issue 12 Pages 601-608
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS -
II. Effective temperature for pigs, with special reference to the influence of dry- and wet-bulb temperatures on the physiological reactions in rearing pigsSadaki YAMAMOTO, Kazunobu TOKORO, Nobuyuki TOMISHIMA, Toshio ITO, Ko M ...1971 Volume 42 Issue 12 Pages 609-616
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purposes of the present work are to investigate 1) the relations between physiological reactions of rearing pigs and dry-bulb temperature (DBT), wet-bulb temperature (WBT) and amount of feed intake, and 2) the estimation of the effective temperature for rearing pigs using the respiration rate as an information index.
Two castrated piglets of Middle Yorkshire ranging from 25kg to 60kg of live weight were exposed in a climatic room under the constant 25 to 35°C DBT for short time (5 hours) or for long period (1 to 5 or 7 days), and short time under 10 DBT (15 to 35°C) conditions combining with WBT (12.1 to 31.6°C).
In spite of the short time or long period exposure in 25°C DBT, the respiration rate of the rearing pigs only slightly increased. As the onset of the thermal polypnoea (panting) occured at about 30°C DBT, the increasing respiration rate for the change of temperature from 30 to 35°C DBT was much greater than that had been investigated in sheep and cattle.The change of the respiration rate as the thermoregulatory function was affected regulatively by the DBT, WBT and the amount of feed intake. As the variations of the respiration rates with times were considerable, it was necessary to calculate the average respiration rate from the observation of the pneumogram recorded at 5 or 10 minutes interval during 2 to 3 hours.
The rectal temperature was apparently affected as much as the respiration rate by the DBT and WBT, but the response of the increased rectal temperature was not recognized steadily to the high environmental temperature for short time of exposure. On the other hand, the respiration rate responsed steadily to the high environmental temperature from 1 to 2 hours after exposure. It was, therefore, better to use the respiration rate as an information index of rearing pigs on heat environments than the rectal temperature.
Using the average respiration rates as an information index, the weighting factors for DBT and WBT could be expressed as 0.6 DBT+0.4 WBT which would be appropriate in rearing pigs. These relations of the weighting factors in DBT and WBT indicate the characteristic regulation mechanism in the body temperature of rearing pigs. The result suggests the necessity to pay attention for management on pig production under warm environmental conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (624K) -
1. Digestibility of irradiated starch pulp, corn cob meal and soybean flour in vitro and disinfestation dose of tick (Tyrophagus putrescentiae)Keiji UMEDA, Hiroyuki TAKANO, Tomotaro SATO, Koji TOTSUKA, Yoshio TAKA ...1971 Volume 42 Issue 12 Pages 617-623
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeveral feed ingredients were irradiated up to 20 Mrad by cathode ray and the digestibility in vitro, the activity of trypsin inhibitor in soybean flour, the content of available lysine in raw soybean flour and torula yeast were investigated.
The following results were obtained:
1. After the radiation treatment by cathode ray with 6, 10, 20 Mrad, sweet potato pulp and corn cob meal were digested by diastase and raw soybean flour and torula yeast were by pepsin. The content of crude starch and crude fiber decreased with dose (Tables 2, 3). Although the digestibility of crude starch residue in starch pulp was prompted with dose, the opposite result was obtained in corn cob meal (Table 1). The digestibility of protein in raw soybean flour increased with dose but there was little difference between irradiated and non-irradiated torula yeast (Fig. 1).
2. The activity of trypsin inhibitor in raw soybean flour was reduced gradually with dose and the rate of inactivation were 18% and 58% for 10 Mrad and 20 Mrad respectively. When water was added to the raw material the sensitivity of trypsin inhibitor to the radiation was raised up remarkably (Fig. 2). However, the inactivation ratio of trypsin inhibitor at the practical dose was implied to be only a few percent. The content of available lysine in raw soybean flour decreased gradually with dose and the rate of decrement was 18% for 20 Mrad. On the other hand, in the case of torula yeast the content of available lysine was not changed by radiation treatment (Table 4).
3. Pre-breeded ticks (Tyrophagus putrescentiae) were mixed with several different feed materials and irradiated by cathode ray up to the dose of 160 Krad. After the breeding at RH 70%, 25-30°C for one month, ticks irradiated over 80 Krad in different feed materials were not increased (Tables 5, 6). About 50 Krad of irradiation would be enough for effective disinfestation of ticks considering the sterilization of ticks.View full abstractDownload PDF (496K) -
II. Studies on chick feeding with gamma-irradiated feed ingredientsKeiji UMEDA, Koji KAWASHIMA, Tomotaro SATO, Koji TOTSUKA, Keigo SHOJI, ...1971 Volume 42 Issue 12 Pages 624-629
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMilo, raw and heated soybean meal were irradiated with 5 Mrad and 10 Mrad, and fed to chicks ad libitum for three weeks. The diets contained 55% irradiated milo or 50% irradiated raw and heated soybean meal. The remaining 45% or 50% was a non-irradiated nutritionally adequate semi synthetic ration. Comparable non-irradiated feed ingredients were fed as control. Observations were made on growth, feed intake, metabolizable energy value of the diet, digestibility of protein and pancreas weight.
The following results were obtained:
1. Marked increase in feed intake was observed in irradiated milo diet. The metabolizable energy value of irradiated milo (5 and 10 Mrad) was significantly reduced.
2. Marked growth retardation and reduction of feed efficiency of heated soybean diet was observed by 10 Mrad.
3. Raw soybean diet showed significantly poorer growth than heated ones. However, chick growth, feed efficiency, protein digestibility and metabolizable energy of soybean diet were improved by 10 Mrad.
4. The activity of trypsin inhibitor and pancreatic hypertrophy of chicks fed the raw soybean diet appeared to be reduced in response to the radiation dose.
5. No gross symptoms of toxicity due to irradiated feed ingredients were found in any of the chicks.View full abstractDownload PDF (436K) -
Kaoru OKANO, Seikan OKAMOTO1971 Volume 42 Issue 12 Pages 630-633
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is known that the Gifu Native Fowl exhibits sexual dichromatism and two plumage types in the females. Present experiments were conducted to determine the genetical pattern of plumage in the Gifu Native Fowl by reciprocal crosses. The results obtained were as follows.
The female birds which had had dark brown striped down as chicks developed the Wild type plumage while those which had had yellow down as chicks developed the Wheaten type. However, the male birds which had possessed either dark brown striped down or yellow down as chicks developed only the Wild type plumage. Reciprocal matings between the birds which had had dark brown striped down as chicks and those which had had yellow down as chicks produced light brown striped down chicks. The chicks thus produced, developed an adult plumage indistinguishable from the Wild type. From matings between these birds, 44 brown striped down chicks (13 dark brown and 31 light brown) and 18 yellow down chicks were obtained. This is in close agreement with the 3:1 ratio if a gene for dark brown striped down is dominant over a gene for yellow down. Consequently, it is suggested that the gene for dark brown striped down and female Wild type is e+ and that the gene for yellow down and female Wheaten type is ey. Heterozygous (e+ey) chicks exhibit the light brown striped down and develop the Wild type plumage.View full abstractDownload PDF (849K) -
III. Factors affecting the precision of the determinationTadao ISHII, Yuichi TANABE, Yoshinori TAMAKI, Yoichi SHODA1971 Volume 42 Issue 12 Pages 634-640
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUsing a PVF sponge (acetalized poly-vinyl-alcohol sponge) which has a specific affinity to thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodo-thyronine (T3) in radiostereo-assay, we divised a procedure for measuring plasma-thyroxine in farm animals. The principle of this procedure is that thyroxine-binding protein (TBP) in the plasma binds specifically T4 and T3, and the binding affinity of T4 is greater than that of T3.
An unknown amount of T4, extracted from the plasma sample, and a known amount of 131I-labeled T3 were added to the standard plasma solution and the mixture was incubated. After the incubation, the sponge was put into the mixture to adsorb T3 which remained in the solution without binding TBP. When the more T4 was extracted in the plasma sample, the more labeled T3 was adsorbed by the sponge.
The amount of extracted T4 was calibrated from the standard curve, which was obtained by the same procedure adding the known amount of T4.
After the correction for recovery, the T4 value of the plasma sample was obtained.
Practical procedure: One ml of plasma sample and 2ml of ethanol (concentration above 99%) are mixed thoroughly. After allowing the mixture to stand for 5min. at room temperature, the mixture is centrifuged at 3, 000rpm(1, 500×g) for 15min. Two ml of the supernatant is evaporated to dryness in a test tube in an electric drying oven at 60°C. The dried residue is dissoleved in the 0.1ml of distilled water. To the residue, 2ml of ethanol is added, and the extraction and evaporation are repeated again by the same method as the first extraction.
The preparation is redissolved in the standard plasma solution which is a mixture of 0.25 ml of bovine plasma, 0.75ml of phosphate buffer (pH8.0, μ=0.1) and 0.1μCi of 131I-T3 (100μCi/ml, 0.5μg/ml).
After the incubation of 15min. at 1°C, PVF sponge is added and the mixture is reincubated for 60min. at 1°C.
By using a well-type scintillation counter a total count (a cpm) is measured during the incubation period. The radioactivity remaining in the sponge (b cpm) is counted after the sponge is washed with water.
131I-T3 sponge uptake value (U%) will be (b/a)×100.
Method of drawing standard curve: Ten point three mg of sodium-L-thyroxine is dissolved in 1ml of 0.1N-NaOH and 1ml of propylenglycol, and a further dilution is made with 50v/v% propylenglycol aqueous solution to obtain 10μg/ml T4 solution.
Various known volumes of T4 solution (0-50μg) are added to each tube which contains 1ml of the standard plasma solution. According to the above doscribed method, the 131I-T3 sponge uptake value is measured.
All the values are plotted on the Y axis against the T4 content on the X axis.
Determinatlon of the recovery ratio of T4 in the extract: One tenth μCi of 131I-T4 (100μCi/ml, 5μg/ml) is added to 1ml of T4 in the plasma sample. After measuring of total count (C1 cpm), the mixture is extracted twice by the same procedure which was discribed in the determination of plasma T4.
After re-extraction, the radioactivity of the extract is measured (C2 cpm).
Recovery ratio of T4 (R%) will be (C2/C1)×100.
It is necessary to correct the back ground counts and the physical decay which is going on during the procedure.View full abstractDownload PDF (544K) -
IV. Effect of ACTH on adrenocorticoids level and eosinophils count in blood of various animalsYoshiyuki SASAKI, Taiji DÔGO, Ryôji KAWASHIMA, Shôji ...1971 Volume 42 Issue 12 Pages 641-647
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe responses of plasma adrenocorticoids (11-OHCS) level and eosinophils count in the peripheral blood to a single intraperitoneal injection of ACTH were surveyed in cattle, sheep, rabbits and rats.
The results obtained are as follows:
1) ACTH injection in a dose found in the reports of other researchers caused a transient increase of plasma 11-OHCS level. The times required to reach the maximum level were two hours in cattle and sheep, one hour in rabbits and thirty minutes in rats.
2) The time required to reach the maximum plasma 11-OHCS level in sheep was constantly two hours even though the dose of ACTH was changed.
3) The percentage increase after ACTH injection to the initial levels of plasma 11-OHCS was 582 in cattle, 326 in sheep, 381 in rabbits and 121 in rats.
4) Eosinophils count dramatically decreased in both cattle and sheep after ACTH injection, but the count increased in rabbits and was unchanged in rats.
5) There was a tendency that a ratio of cortisol to corticosterone (F/B ratio) in plasma increased in cattle and sheep after ACTH injection, while the ratio decreased in rabbits and rats.View full abstractDownload PDF (366K) -
Shigehiko MASAKI, Yoshinobu OHYAMA1971 Volume 42 Issue 12 Pages 648-652
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (222K)
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