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Volume 41, Issue 12
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Fumisaburo TOKITA1970 Volume 41 Issue 12 Pages 603-613
Published: December 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS -
IV. Effects of dietary zinc levels and alloxan or glucose injection on zinc and phosphorus metabolism in some organsMamoru SAITO, Tatsuro MATSUMOTO1970 Volume 41 Issue 12 Pages 614-619
Published: December 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo experiments were conducted using White Leghorn male chicks. In the first experiment, chicks were divided into 3 groups and were fed 3 different kinds of chick starters containing 36, 100 and 200ppm Zn. At 14 days of age, the blood glucose level and inorganic phosphorus content in the plasma of each group were determined. In the second experiment, effects of alloxan or glucose injection on zinc metabolism in some organs were examined.
The results obtained are summarized as follows:
1. The blood glucose level of the 100ppm Zn diet group was significantly lower than that of the 36ppm Zn diet group. This fact suggests the rise of insulin secretion in the 100ppm Zn diet group. Though the blood glucose level of the 200ppm Zn diet group was significantly lower than that of the 36ppm Zn diet group, it was higher than that of the 100ppm Zn diet group significantly.
2. The blood glucose level of the glucose injected group was decreased and that of the alloxan injected group was not affected.
3. Zinc contents of pancreas and plasma were decreased and those of liver and muscle were increased by glucose injection, but no remarkable change was introduced by alloxan injection.
4. In respect to the zinc contents of β-islets of pancreas, liver and muscle, the differences between the 36ppm Zn diet group and the 100ppm Zn diet group of the first experiment were similar to those between the control group and the glucose injected group of the second experiment.
5. The specific activity of zinc in the β-islets of the glucose injected group was higher than that of the control group and the difference was more remarkable in the α-islets which contained glucagon producing cells. It is conceivable that variation of zinc metabolism in each islets of pancreas may be related to insulin or glucagon secretion.
6. Phosphorus contents of liver and muscle were increased and that of plasma was decreased significantly in the glucose injected group. In the alloxan injected group, inorganic phosphorus content in plasma was decreased significantly, but no remarkable change was observed in phosphorus contents of liver, muscle and pancreas.
7. The Zn/P ratios in pancreas and plasma of the alloxan injected group were considerably different from those of the control group. But, those of the glucose injected group were almost same as those of the control group. It therefore appears that phosphorus metabolism and zinc metabolism in chicks are affected by glucose injection and they are closely connected with each other.
8. The results obtained in the alloxan injected group support the view of SCOTT et at. that alloxan injection does not produce diabetes mellitus in birds.View full abstractDownload PDF (481K) -
VII. Effect of air introduction into a silo for a certain period after ensiling on the chemical quality of the silagesYoshinobu OHYAMA, Shigehiko MASAKI, Akihiro TAKIGAWA1970 Volume 41 Issue 12 Pages 620-624
Published: December 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt has been proved, in the previous paper, that the air remaining in the silo at ensiling does not give detrimental effect on the quality of the resultant silage as far as the air invasion during ensilage is completely prevented.
The experiments were carried out in order to clarify the effect of the air introduced during a certain period of ensilage on the fermentaion.
Three experiments with Italian ryegrass (Exp. I and III) and with orchardgrass (Exp. II) were performed. In each experiment, 300g fresh grass (moisture 86-89%) and 200 or 250g wilted grass (moisture 52-70%) were ensiled in the experimental silos of one-litre capacity, which were equipped with mercury seal to prevent air invasion during ensilage.
Air introduction was carried out, in the morning and evening, by opening the stopcock after the evacuation by a vacuum pump followed by sealing the silo. This treatment was applied for 1, 2, 3(4) and 7 day(s) after ensiling, respectively, and the resultant silages were compared with the control silage without air introduction after 70-day ensilage at room temperature.
The following results were obtained by determining the organic acids and the ratio of volatile basic nitrogen to total nitrogen (VBN/TN).
1. The silages of fresh grass: The quality of the control silages were fairly good in Exp. I and II containing only lactic and acetic acids, whereas the air introduction for more than 3 days (Exp. I) or 1 day (Exp. II) gave definitely detrimental effect with the disappearance of lactic acid, increase in acetic acid, and appearance of propionic, butyric, valeric and caproic acids, and increase in VBN/TN in the resultant silages.
In Exp. III, although the control silage was of poor quality with very little lactic acid and considerable amount of butyric acid and higher volatile fatty acids, the air introduction for more than 1 day produced the silages of much poorer quality with regards to acid composition and VBN/TN.
2. The silages of wilted grass: The amount of the organic acids was less in the silages of the wilted grass than in those of the fresh grass both in the control and the air-introduced silages.
The air introduction of any length showed very little detrimental effect on the organic acid composition, producing silages with no or very little propionic, butyric or higher volatile fatty acids in the case of the silages of wilted grass. VBN/TN was not more than 10% even in the silages of 7-day air introduction.View full abstractDownload PDF (405K) -
VIII. Changes in microflora and organic acid composition during ensilage as affected by the introduction of air after ensilingYoshinobu OHYAMA, Shigehiko MASAKI, Toshiki MORICHI1970 Volume 41 Issue 12 Pages 625-631
Published: December 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt has been confirmed, in the previous paper (Part VII), that the introduction of air into a silo for a certain period after ensiling of fresh grass definitely results in the production of silage of very poor quality. Therefore the mechanism of this deteriorating effect was investigated by tracing the changes in microflora and organic acid composition on 2, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 70 days after ensiling.
Six experiments of the same design with different materials were conducted with the experimental silos of one-litre capacity. In each experiment, two treatments were compared; (a) control-ensiling as heavily as possible followed by immediate sealing, (b) air introductionsealing after 4 days' air introduction to loosely packed silos. The results obtained were as follows:
1. In the control silages, though some showed good and others poor quality after 70 days' ensilage, rapid increase in lactobacilli and decrease in Gram-negative bacteria immediately after ensiling were observed in common.
2. In the air-introduced silages, marked increase in Gram-negative bacteria was found immediately after ensiling while increase in lactobacilli was less than in the corresponding control silages.
3. No or very little lactic acid was found during ensilage of the air-introduced material. From about 14 days after ensiling, when Gram-negative bacteria began to decrease, butyric, valeric and caproic acids and volatile basic nitrogen increased markedly, producing silages of very poor quality after 70 days' ensilage.View full abstractDownload PDF (497K) -
I. An analytical method of adrenocorticoids in blood plasma and adrenal tissuesYoshiyuki SASAKI, Ryoji KAWASHIMA, Shoji UESAKA1970 Volume 41 Issue 12 Pages 632-641
Published: December 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA method for the microestimation of adrenocorticoids and for the fractionation of both cortisol and corticosterone was investigated in plasma and adrenal tissues of cattle, sheep, rabbits and rats.
1) The determination of 11 OHCS in plasma and adrenal tissues.
The method for the determination of 11 OHCS in plasma is almost identical with that of Braunsberg (1962). In addition, improvements were made on a few points. The recoveries of cortisol and corticosterone added to plasma were 97.4±9.0% and 101.2±10.4%, respectively.
Various methods of measurement for 11 OHCS extracted from plasma were compared and discussed. As the result, the fluorometric method, using ethanolic-sulphuric acid, was excellent in regard to the sensitivity and specificity.
A method which can be applied to the extraction of both cortisol and corticosterone in adrenal tissues was established. The recoveries of cortisol and corticosterone added to adrenal tissue homogenates were 85.3±11.1% and 108.0±12.0%, respectively.
2) On the fractionation of cortisol and corticosterone.
The 11 OHCS was separated into cortisol and corticosterone by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), which Kieselgel H was used as adsorbent. The mixed solvent of chloroform and methylene chloride (90:10v/v) was used as the developer. The elution apparatus with glass filter, was made for the isolation of cortisol and corticosterone from Kieselgel H. The recoveries of cortisol and corticosterone added on TLC were 81.0±9.7% and 81.5±13.8%, respectively.
3) Some of the examples were analyzed by the method established in this experiment.
From the results obtained here, the authors suppose that the analytical method mentioned in this paper should be adequate for the analysis of adrenocorticoids, especially 11 OHCS.View full abstractDownload PDF (775K) -
Yoshiyuki OTAKE, Takayuki NAKAZATO1970 Volume 41 Issue 12 Pages 642-648
Published: December 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to obtain more information on the properties of pork lipids, this study was undertaken to determine the fatty acid composition and triglyceride structure of pork lipid.
The total lipids extracted from longissimus dorsi, infra spinum and rectus femoris muscles of triple cross pigs (Landrace×Large White×Hampshire) were separated into phospholipid and neutral lipid fractions, and the fatty acid composition of these lipids were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Then, the fatty acid distribution in triglyceride was studied by means of pancreatic lipase hydrolysis, and the component triglycerides were calculated according to VANDER WAL'S 1, 3-random-2-random theory.
There were significantly more C16:0 and C18:1 acid, and less C18:2, C18:3 and C20:4 acid in the longissimus dorsi total lipid as compared to either infra spinum or rectus femoris. In the neutral lipids, there were more C18:2 acid in infra spinum than the corresponding fractions in the other two muscles. Although phospholipid fractions of longissimus dorsi contained higher percentage of C14:0 and C18:1 acid and lower percentage of C18:2 acid than the other two muscles, there were no significant differences for fatty acid composition of phospholipid fractions between infra spinum and rectus femoris.
In pork triglycerides, C14, C16 and saturated fatty acids were found to exist in higher concentrations in monoglycerides resulting from the action of pancreatic lipase than in the intact fats. On the other hand, C18 and unsaturated fatty acids were predominantly esterified at the 1- and 3-position of glycerol.
The composition of triglyceride estimated on pork lipid was as follows: SSS, 7.48%; SSU, 31.02%; SUS, 3.09%; SUU, 12.51%; USU, 32.97% and UUU, 12.93%. And it was considered that the main component triglycerides in pork lipids were 2-palmito-1, 3-diolein, 1-oleo-2, 3-dipalmitin, 1-stearo-2-palmito-3-olein, triolein, 1-palmito-2, 3-diolein and et cetera.View full abstractDownload PDF (499K) -
Yutaka WATANABE, Hiroshi NODA1970 Volume 41 Issue 12 Pages 649-654
Published: December 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS12 blood typing reagents for the antigens A', A1, H, Z, C, J, K, Q, S, T, U1 and X which distinguish individual differences in horses were obtained from isoimmune antisera. Some of those reagents act as agglutinins and others primary as lysins. In the lytic technis, rabbit complement was used, being absorbed prior to use in order to remove naturally occurring heteroantibodies. The nomenclature adopted for the reagents corresponds to that in use in the laboratories of Clyde STORMONT.View full abstractDownload PDF (248K)
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