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Volume 53, Issue 11
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Tateki KIKUCHI, Hideo TAMATE1982 Volume 53 Issue 11 Pages 715-722
Published: November 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe M. complexus, which is commonly called the hatching muscle, shows a conspicuous growth of muscle fibers during the later stages of development of the chick embryo. The myogenesis of this muscle was compared with that of the M. biceps femoris in relation to the mode of increase in size and number of muscle cells. There was a rapid and statistically significant increase in number of muscle fibers in these muscles from 10 to 16 days of incubation. However, during the subsequent period until hatching, there appeared no further increase in number of muscle fibers. The increase-rate in number of muscle fibers was more remarkable in the M. biceps femoris than in the M. complexus. The increase-rate in number of muscle fibers in a given primary muscle fascicle was closely parallel to that in the total number of muscle fibers in cross section. At the time of hatching, the M. complexus had a smaller number of muscle fibers both in a given primary muscle fascicle and in the total cross section than the M. biceps femoris. During the period from 10 to 14 days of incubation, the developing muscles were composed primarily of myotubes in various stages of differentiation. The myotubes tended to be arranged in clusters. The develop ing muscle cells in a cluster were of three types. In addition to myoblasts, there were two types of myotube, the primary and the secondary. The primary myotubes were large, and each had usually a centrally located nucleus and peripherally accumulated myofibrils. The secondary my otubes were small, and generally surrounded the primary myotubes. There were no appreciable differences in both number and size of the primary myotubes between the two muscles during the period of 10 to 13 days of incubation. However, the secondary myotubes in the M. complexus were differentiated and enlarged more rapidly after 12 days of incubation than those in the M. biceps femoris. From these results, it seems to be reasonable to assume that the secondary my otubes arise from myoblasts proliferated along the surface of the primary myotubes, and that they are separated from the primary myotubes to become mature muscle fibers. Possible factors in regulation of the numerical increase of muscle fibers in embryonic muscle and their regulatory mechanisms were discussed in connection with the development of the primary and secondary myotubes.View full abstractDownload PDF (2455K) -
Tateki KIKUCHI, Hideo TAMATE1982 Volume 53 Issue 11 Pages 723-728
Published: November 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe ultrastructural organizations of the M. complexus and the M. biceps femoris from chick embryos at 7, 10, 12, 13, 14 and 16 days of incubation have been studied. At 7 days of incubation, myoblasts proliferating along the myotube were divided into two types. In general, the 1 st type cell had a dark nucleus and electron dense cytoplasm that seemed to have resulted from a great increase in the number of free ribosmes. The 2nd type cell had a light nucleus and irregularly distributed polysomes which caused the cytoplasm to be less dense. In some cases, the 2nd type cells displayed myofilaments out of alignment and bands. The frequency of the 1st type cells gradually declined as development proceeded. Centrioles were often found not only in myoblasts but also in myotubes. However, they were never found in myofibers. From 10 to 14 days of incubation, the developing myotubes aggregated to form clusters. In general, within a given cluster, immature secondary myotubes and myoblasts were situated peripherally, while a primary myotube was centrally placed. Primary myotubes contained myofibrils differentiating at the periphery of the cells beneath the sarcolemma. The appearance of large polysomes was closely correlated with the initial formation of myofibrils. Secondary myotubes separated one after another or in groups from the surface of primary myotubes to become immature myofibers in the later stages of development. Myoblasts existed often among such secondary myotubes.View full abstractDownload PDF (1687K) -
Yasuo KOBAYASHI, Junjiro SEKINE, Masahiko OKUBO, Yasushi ASAHIDA1982 Volume 53 Issue 11 Pages 729-735
Published: November 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOrchardgrass 1st cut hay, orchardgrass 2nd cut hay and cubed alfalfa hay were evaluated on the basis of energy and nitrogen balances of early weaned calves. Twelve Holstein male calves were randomly allocated to equal three groups and treated as follows: concentrate plus orchardgrass 1st cut hay (group O-1), concentrate plus orchardgrass 2 nd cut hay (group O-2) and concentrate plus cubed alfalfa hay (group A). Limited amounts of concentrate were offered with hay ad libitum from 3 weeks of age. Calves were weaned at 6 weeks of age. Energy and nitrogen balances were measured at 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 17, 21 and 25 weeks of age. Following results were obtained: 1) Calves of group O-1 consumed slightly less hay than others. 2) Live weight gains, metabolizabilities of dietary energy and efficiencies of dietary nitrogen retention did not significantly differ among three groups. 3) Amounts of nitrogen retained and nitrogen excreted in urine were the largest for group A and followed by group O-2 and O-1. 4) Ratios of methane energy to gross energy were higher for group O-1 than others. 5) Improving nitrogen utilization in a ration would be required for calves fed orchardgrass 2 nd cut hay or cubed alfalfa hay as roughage. Feeding with the 1st cut hay would give more efficient calf performance provided protein was adequately supplemented in a ration.View full abstractDownload PDF (508K) -
Yasuo KOBAYASHI, Junjiro SEKINE, Masahiko OKUBO, Yasushi ASAHIDA1982 Volume 53 Issue 11 Pages 736-742
Published: November 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo orchardgrass hays, 1st cut and 2nd cut, in mixed diets consisting of concentrate and chopped hay were evaluated on the basis of energy and nitrogen balances of early weaned calves. Eight Holstein male calves were randomly allocated to two groups and treated as follows: mixture of concentrate and orchardgrass 1st cut chopped hay (group 1) and mixture of concentrate and orchardgrass 2nd cut chopped hay (group 2). Limited amount of mixed diet containing 40% and 60% hay were offered from 2 to 14 weeks of age and from 14 to 25 weeks of age, respee tively. Calves were weaned at 6 weeks of age. Energy and nitrogen balances were measured at 7, 9, 11, 13, 17, 21 and 25 weeks of age. Following results were obtained: 1) Weigh back of mixed diet was not observed after weaning, and live weight gains were satisfactory for both groups. 2) Calves of both groups metabolized dietary energy with the same efficiency. 3) Although nitrogen content of mixed diet for group 1 was lower than that for group 2, calves of group 1 digested and excreted in urine more nitrogen than those of group 2. 4) Dietary nitrogen for both groups was retained with equal efficiency. 5) The practical implication of the results are discussed briefly.View full abstractDownload PDF (428K) -
Tadahiro MASUMURA, Michihiro SUGAHARA1982 Volume 53 Issue 11 Pages 743-746
Published: November 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt was reported that heated whole fish meal produced from mackerel and sardine induced gizzard erosion in poultry by feeding with high levels in diet, however, the influence of the heated whole fish meal on animals except poultry has not been reported. In this experiment, the influences on rat were investigated. One-month-old rats were devided into two groups of 10 rats each and they were reared in cages individualy for 8 months. The rats of test group were fed a test diet containing 20% heated fish meal that induced gizzard erosion and growth depres sion in broiler chicks. The control rats were fed a commercial rat diet. Body weight was recorded every month and the rats were sacrificed at nine months of age for visual observation of internal organs. At the same time, weights of several organs (stomach, liver, kidney, spleen, lungs, heart) and chemical values (hemoglobin, serum total protein, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase) of clinical blood test were meas ured. In these visual observations and measuring values, no significant difference was observed between the two groups. From these results, it was considered that the heated whole fish meal that induce gizzard erosion in poultry had little influence on rat.View full abstractDownload PDF (265K) -
Keiji OGIMOTO, Masayuki FUKUMOTO, Tamio INAMOTO, Shigeru SATO1982 Volume 53 Issue 11 Pages 747-752
Published: November 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAge-related changes in agglutinating antibodies against rumen bacterial species were inves-tigated in calves from birth to 40 weeks of age. The results showed that naturally occurring rumen bacterial antibodies were routinely present in all calf sera tested. All calf sera titers of agglutinating antibody against some rumen bacterial species during the period from 4 weeks to 8 weeks of age exhibited unstable immune reaction. In particular, many rumen bacterial anti-bodies had disappeared from sera in 3-week to 4-week-old calves. It is conceivable that a rela-tionship may exist between the grouping of species of, rumen bacteria and the response capability of detectable agglutinating antibodies in sera with the aging of calves. The hypothesis presented here is that 4 types of immune. response pattern of the host ruminants against rumen bacteria can be designated; stable and continuous immune response, low immune response, unstable immune response and non-immune response patterns. On the hand, serum protein and globulin from aging calves was also investigated, and the data indicates that the age-related changes observed have similar features to agglutinating antibody titers to rumen bacteria. In addition, the role of the rumen bacteria as an immune stimulating factor in the development of the immune system with aging of calves was discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (411K) -
Yoshiyuki OHTAKE, Yasuo NAGASHIMA1982 Volume 53 Issue 11 Pages 753-760
Published: November 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhite Leghorn hens fed diets contained 10% of beef tallow, lard, soybean or coconut oil, and were artificially inseminated with pooled semen. The fertile eggs from each group of hens were incubated until the chicks hatched to study the effects of egg yolk lipids components on the lipids of chicks. After removal of the yolk sac, the lipids were extracted from chicks and the yolk sacs including contents, and then the fatty acid compositions of chick lipids were compared with that of the unincubated egg yolk and of yolk sac lipids. Addition of various fat to the diet altered the fatty acid compositions of egg yolk lipids and the hatched chick lipids also affected by the maternal diet. Although the differences in fatty acid compositions of remained yolk sac lipids and unincubated egg yolk lipids were small, considerable differences were recognized betwe-en chick lipids and egg yolk lipids or yolk sac lipids in their fatty acid compositions. In general, chick lipids contained more C16:0 and total saturated acids and less C16:1 and C18:1 acids than unincubated egg yolk lipids in the total and neutral lipid fractions, but the chick phospholipids contained less C18:1 acid than the egg yolk and yolk sac phospholipids. A study was made on the positional distribution of fatty acids in triglycerides by means of pancreatic lipase hydrolysis technique. In the triglycerides isolated from the egg, chick and yolk sac lipids, there was a tendency for C16:0 and C18:0 acids to be esterified preferentially in the 1-and 3-positions, whereas there was a tendency for C18:1 and C18:2 acids to be esterified preferentially in the 2-position of glycerol in all four groups. Accordingly, it seemed that the positional distribution pattern of the fatty acids in triglycerides from chicks was virtually identical with those of the fatty acids in egg and yolk sac triglycerides.View full abstractDownload PDF (590K) -
Kaoru OKANO1982 Volume 53 Issue 11 Pages 761-765
Published: November 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is known that white plumage fowls are occationally produced in the Gifu Native Fowl. Present studies were conducted to investigate the inheritance of white plumage and to examine the relationship between the gene determining the white plumage and e+ or ey gene on E-locus. A white plumage hen obtained from Gifu Prefecture and coloured plumage cocks and hens maintained in our farm were used. Results obtained were as follows. A white plumage hen was mated with a coloured plumage cock carrying yellow down genes (eyey), and produced 8 coloured F1 chicks (3 with a striped and 5 with a yellow down). One of the F1 cock which had showed striped down at hatch (striped down-coloured plumage cock) was back crossed to his white plumage dam, and produced 12 coloured (9 with a striped and 3 with a yellow down) and 8 white (7 with a light buff and 1 with a yellow down) BF1 chicks. Mating between BF1 striped down-coloured plumage hens that had been proven to be e+ey by mating test and BF1 yellow down-coloured plumage cocks (eyey) resulted in producing 62 coloured chicks (34 with a striped and 28 with a yellow down) and 20 white chicks (7 with a light buff and 13 with a yellow down). The ratio between the coloured and white plumage chicks is in close agreement with a theoretical ratio of 3:1 when the gene for coloured plumage is dominant over the gene for white plumage. Consequently, it is suggested that the gene for coloured plumage is C and that for white plumage is c. In the white plumage fowls, two phenotypes of down (light buff and yellow) were observed. To investigate the genetic difference between them, white plumage fowls obtained from BF1 mating (between striped down-coloured plumage hens and yellow down-coloured plumage cocks) were crossed with coloured plumage fowls from another stocks carrying yellow down genes (Cceyey). From the matings between light buff down-white plumage fowls and yellow down-coloured plumage fowls, about equal numbers of striped down-coloured plumage chicks (Cce+ey) and yellow down-coloured plumage chicks (Cceyey) were obtained. On the other hand, from the matings between yellow down-white plumage fowls and yellow down-coloured plumage fowls, only yellow down-coloured plumage chicks (Cceyey) were obtained. From these results, it is suggested that the genotype of light buff down-white plumage fowl could be cce+e+ or cce+ey, and that of yellow down-white plumage fowl could be cceyey.View full abstractDownload PDF (1139K) -
Michinari YOKOHAMA, Kazushige MOGI, Tatsuo HOSODA1982 Volume 53 Issue 11 Pages 766-773
Published: November 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo clarify the physiological role of transferrin (Tf) in light breed horses, the relationship between serum iron and Tf concentrations was studied. Among the 15 Tf types, serum iron concentrations in animals with DF, DH, FF and FH types composed of D, F and H bands of fast running mobility and with a high level of Tf were observed between 81-86μg/dl. On the other hand, those of animals with DR, FR, OR and RR types with a R band of slow running mobility and with a low level of Tf and also that of the DO type were found between 57-69μg/dl. The difference between the two groups was significant (P<0.001). Serum iron concentration in the Tf types having a silent gene was obviously lower than that of the normal Tf types. The differences of serum iron concentrations among six groups divided by distribution range of Tf concen-tration were significant (P<0.001). Serum iron concentration in animals with a high level of Tf was also high. But, a tendency to have high ratio of serum iron to Tf con-centration was recognized in animals with a low level of Tf. The developmental changes in serum iron concentration paralleled to those of the Tf concentrations. Throughout the age, serum iron concentrations in the Tf types having a silent gene were always 14-35μg/dl less than those of the normal Tf types and the difference of serum iron concentration was also obvious.View full abstractDownload PDF (436K) -
Yoshiyuki OHTAKE, Tooru YAMAUCHI, Mitsugi IIDA1982 Volume 53 Issue 11 Pages 774-776
Published: November 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (199K)
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