A portable biological data logger was tested for a relatively long period, recording the body temperature of a cow. Statistical analysis for time series data including spectral analysis was applied to draw the characteristics of successional body tempera- ture data.
The body (vaginal) temperature of a Holstein dry cow was measured every two minutes for 96 days in succession. The cow was kept in a maternity pen in a barn for 51 days and tethered in an environmental chamber for the following 45 days. In the environmental chamber two treatments consisting of a constant temperature period (23°C) and a varying temperature period (13°C and 33°C) were carried out.
The results are as follows. 1. The stored data in the biological data logger was reliable compared to a highly sensitive thermometer. 2. Since the shortest cyclic change in body temperature was found to be 60min., the acceptable sampling time for spectral analysis was considered to be 30min. 3. According to the spectral analysis of body temperature data, fluctuations in body temperature consisted of the circadian rhythm, feeding effect and the ultradian rhythm of a 120 to 480 min period. 4. Due to this definite circadian rhythm, in regard to abnormal body temperature, it is recommended that the body temperature measured at a certain time of day should be compared with that of the same time on the day of reference. It is also recommended that the body temperature should be monitored for a few hours either side of the time of required measurement and averaged.

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Growth traits were evaluated for 57 Japanese Black (B), 27 Japanese Shorthorn (N) and 26 crossbred calves produced by AI matings of Brahman (Z) sire to B, N and Holstein (H) dams. Significant differences between mating groups existed (P<0.01) for all traits of birth, 3, 7, 12 and 18-mo weights. Calves of ZB, ZN and ZH were 5.0, 10.4 and 11.8kg, respectively, heavier in birth weight than straightbred calves of the corresponding dam breeds. After birth, all crossbred calves exhibited rapid growth ; the 18-mo weights of ZB and ZN were 47 and 46kg, respectively, heavier than those of the corresponding straightbreds. Differences between mating groups were significant (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.01) for average daily gains (ADG) from birth to 3, 3 to 7 and 7 to 12-mo, respectively. The ratios of crossbred to corresponding straightbred calves for each ADG exhibited different changes between ZB and ZN as growth proceeded. The ratio for ADG from birth to 3-mo was -3% in ZB, whereas it was 19% in ZN. The different ratio appeared due to a difference in the milk performance between the two dam breeds. The withers heights of ZB and ZN were 6.8 and 4.8cm in 33-mo cows, and 5.9 and 6.4cm in finished fattening steers, respectively, these being taller than those of the corresponding straightbreds. These results indicate that introducing the germ plasm of the Z breed to Japanese beef breeds is useful for increasing the growth potential of calves in the more temperate northeastern area of Japan.

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Carcass weight and carcass measurement data for 122 steers of 4 breeds-2 strains taken on 23 locations were used to examine the effects of breeds and strains on carcass shape and it's transformation during growth. Steers were fattened under intensive feeding conditions and slaughtered at wide live weight ranges from about 350kg to the upper limit of 570-740kg according to the maturity of breeds. Least squares means of 17 out of 22 carcass measurements adjusted by the within breed partial regression coeffici ents regressed on carcass length differed significantly among breeds. By principal component analysis applied to the correlation matrix among carcass measurements, four principal components which were effective on the defining of size and shape of carcasses were taken out. The first principal component was interpreted as an index of general size factor which accountd for 63.2% of the total variance and the second one as a factor related to the thinness of carcass. The third was as a factor defining the widthness of carcass. The fourth was interpreted as a factor which defines the ballance between fore and hind quarter of carcass and the ballance between the length of fore and hind limbs and the thickness of thigh and loin. Cumulative contribution of these four principal components was more than 80% of total variance of the carcass measurements. Differences of principal component scores among breeds showed the carcasses of Holstein were long, narrow and thin in shape compared to the other breeds. On the contrary, the carcasses of Japanese Shorthorn and Crossbred were short, thick and broad. Allometric growth coefficients of carcass measurements regressed on carcass length differed significantly among breeds at 7 out of 22 locations. Especially, those for Crossbred were different from other breeds at many locations. For all breeds, the shape of carcass changed from thin carcass with long limbs to thick one during growth. Allometric growth coefficients of carcass measurements regressed on carcass weight among breeds differed significantly at 15 out of 23 locations. At almost all locations, the growth coefficients for Japanese Shorthorn and Crossbred were smaller than those of the other breeds and strains, i. e. these two breeds mature earlier on the shape of carcass compared to the growth of carcass weight than the other breeds and strains.

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Relationship of beef carcass compositon and its conformation was investigated using 122 steer carcasses from 2 strains of Japanese Black (35 and 31), Holstein (16), Japanese Shorthorn (20) and Crossbred between Japanese Black (75%) and Holstein (25%) (20). Steers were slaughtered at four live weight stages from about 350kg to the upper limit of 570 to 738kg according to the matureness of breeds. Carcass conformation was measured on 23 locations concerning length, girth, thickness and width of left side carcass. Carcass tissues composition was determined by dissection method. Relationship between carcass conformation and carcass tissue growth was analyzed by a multiple regression method. Twenty three carcass measurements and four principal components on carcass conformation which were taken out by a principal component analysis on carcass measurements were used as dependant variables and each carcass tissue weights were used as independant variables. Relationship between the first principal component (carcass size factor) and the amounts of muscle, fat and bone in carcass was highly significant. Secondary principal component (thinness of carcass) related positively to the amount of bone and negatively to the amounts of muscle and fat. Carcass length was highly related to the growth of bone and early maturity trait relative to the thickness and girth of carcass which were highly correlated to the muscle and fat growth. Differences of carcass conformation between breeds were seemed to be originated not only to the differences of matureness among breeds, but also the differences of growth patterns of tissues in specified carcass portions and consequently tissue distribution among breeds.

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Male mice of inbred strains, C57BL/6 and BALB/c, their first cross (F1), first backcross, F1×BALB/c(BC1), and second backcross, BC1×C57 BL/6 (BC2), were mated with ICR females in order to estimate the paternal heterosis for reproductive traits. BC1 and BC2 were 50 and 75% heterozygous, respectively, relative to F1 (100% heterozygous). The paternal heterosis estimates regarding delivery rate, days of exposure to a male to parturition, litter size and litter weight were 8-19%, 5-8%, 13-15% and 10-16%, respectively. Those estimates were statistically significant except for delivery rates of BC1 and BC2. There was, however, no relationship between the heterosis and heterozygosity of the crosses. The in vitro fertilizing capacities of spermatozoa recovered from cauda epididymidis of the same two inbred strains and their reciprocal F1 crosses were tested to detect the mechanism of the paternal heterosis using ICR eggs. The fertilization rates (number of 2-cell embryos per total number of eggs) were 92 and 87% for reciprocal F1 crosses, respectively, and 75 and 72% for C57 BL/6 and BALB/c, respectively. The higher fertilizing rates of the crosses suggests that the vigor of the spermatozoa of the hybrid animals is an important factor in the paternal heterosis of litter size.

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The effect of change in the amount of data used for BLUP on the accuracy in the estimation of breeding value was studied by computer simulation assuming a pig population of 10 boars and 40 gilts in each generation. Five generations of performance and pedigree data from a random mating population were generated for the three traits with different levels of heritabilities; i.e. 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5. The mating was basically random but close inbreeding, as sib-mating, was avoided. The rate of increase in the average coefficient of relationship was 2.4% per generation in the data.
The BLUP of breeding values of the animal model on the individuals in the last generation were obtained based on the various amounts of performance and pedigree data. The absolute and percentage increment in the accuracy of the prediction by means of increasing the amount of data were larger in the trait of low heritability than in that of high heritability. The accuracy was linearly increased with the increasing amount of data on the trait of low heritability; h²= 0.1. On the other hand, the increment in the accuracy was plateaud when we went back to the 3rd generation ancestor on the trait of high heritability; h²=0.5. As was expected, the accuracy in prediction was higher and more stable in the trait of high heritability than in the trait of low heritability.

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Significant changes in fear, agonistic and sexual or copulatory behaviors were observed in hens after electrolytic destruction of the postero-medial portion of the archistriatum, corresponding to the amygdala in mammals. The lesioned hens did not become panic but avoided quietly the hand of an observer thrusted into the home cage. They did not attack but escaped from another bird invading into the home cage and from a strange bird in the initial paired contest. They did not reject the approach of cocks and also did not exhibit the acceptive crouching posture. They did not also exhibit tail-up (lordosis) when they were mounted and treaded. Ovarian function was evaluated nearly normal even in the hens which had lost the sexual behavior activity. In conclusion, the functions of the postero-medial portion of the archistriatum in female chickens may be focussed on the facilitation of the emotionality and the sexual recognition as well as acceptive and reflexive responses in the sexual behavior.

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This experiment was carried out to improve the possibility of implantation of aggregation chimera embryos into rat uterus. The animals used were ICR strain mice and Wistar strain rats. The culture medium used were DMEM. Embryos were cultured at 37°C under the atmosphere of 5% CO₂ in air. Mouse and rat 8-cell stage embryos were used for multi-embryo aggregation. Procedures for the aggregation were as follows, (1) placing one mouse embryo between two rat embryos, (2) placing one mouse embryo centrally between three mouse embryos, (3) three mouse embryos, (4) four mouse embryos, (5) three rat embryos, (6) four rat embryos. Interspecific chimeric aggregates which developed into single blastocysts in the procedures, (1) and (2) were transfered to pseudopregnant rat uterus. The developmental rates of the control mouse 8-cell stage embryos to blastocysts were 83.3%, and it was significantly higher than that of rat 8-cell embryos, 71.6%. The results of the in vitro developmental rates of the each aggregates to single blastocysts were (1) 75.4%, (2) 70.1%, (3) 80.0%, (4) 77.8%, (5) 55.6%, (6) 37.5%, respectively. There was a tendency that the more number of embryos were aggregated so the more developmental rates decreased. However, high developmental rates of mouse embryos in vitro seemed to improve the rates of blastocyst formation in chimeric aggregates. The results of the transplantation, total of four embryos (4/55) have implantated to rat uterus on day 8-10 of pseudopregnancy, counting the day on which vaginal plug was found as the first day. And one found on day 10 of pseudopregnancy seemed morphologically normal. FITC-labeled cells derived from mouse embryo showed a tend to be transmitted into several groups in the mouse and rat interspecific chimeric blastocysts. This seems to eliminate the ultrastructural incom- patibility of trophectoderms of chimeric blastocysts with rat uterus. We suggest that mouse and rat interspecific aggregation chimeric embryos still be able to prolong the living period in pseudopregnant rat uterus.

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The localization of estrogen receptors (ERs) in the medullary bone of the Japanese quail was immunohistochemically studied. After an immunohistochemical detection, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) activities were histochemically examined for identification of cell types. ER immuno- staining was observed in the nuclei of ALP positive osteoblasts on the medullary bone surface. In osteocytes in the medullary bone matrix, nuclear ER immunostaining was occasionally seen. However, ER immunostaining was not detected in the nuclei of TRACP positive osteoclasts. This study demonstrates that ERs are certainly present in medullarv bone osteoblasts.

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The effects of invert soaps as disinfectants on activated sludge were studied using pretreated swine feces as waste water. Four disinfectants were used; benzalkonium chloride (A), benzethonium chloride (B), didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (C) and a mixture composed of equal amounts of methyl dodecyl benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and methyl dodecyl xylilene trimethyl ammonium chloride (D). The COD and transparency of the effluent, accumulation of MLSS and faunal characteristics of microorganisms (protozoa and metazoa) were investigated. The critical concentrations of A, B, C and D at which the effluent COD and transparency were deteriorated were 5, 5, 2 and 5mg/l respectively, and those at which the accumulation of MLSS was reduced were 5, 5, 5 and 2mg/l respectively. The concentrations of these disinfectants at which the microorganisms were inhibited were 5, 2, 5 and 5mg/l respectively. Aspidisca, Vorticella and Trachelophyllum were highly susceptible to these disinfectants, while Opercularia was resistant. The results obtained indicated that the treatment of waste water by the activated sludge process can be achieved most safely by use of A, and B, C and D were comparable in safety level next to A. The results also suggested that it is necessary to control the concentrations of A, B, C, and D at levels not exceeding 5, 2, 2 and 2mg/l respectively for preventing deterioration of the purification efficiency.

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n Expt 1, the effects of feeding a mixture of calcium soap of soybean oil (220g/head/day) and sodium acetate (280g/head/day) as a cow supplement feed on milk yield, milk composition and milk fatty acid composition were investigated using 4 cows. In Expt 2, when a mixture of calcium soap of palm oil (220g/head/day) and sodium acetate (280g/head/day) was given to cows, the effects of its feeding on body temperature and respiration rate in addition to the above items were studied using 6 cows. Expts 1 and 2 were performed from late March to April and from late July to August, respectively. When the cows fed the supplement in addition to a conventional ration, according to a switch-back trial, in Expts 1 and 2, milk yield was not significantly affected but milk fat content and milk production increased by 0.40 and 0.23%, and 91 and 62g/day (p<0.05), respectively. In the fatty acid composition of milk fat from the cows fed the supplement, C4-C14 group productions remained almost unaltered, but C16 group productions considerably increased (p<0.05 in Expt 2) and C18 group productions increased by 68 and 37g/day (p<0.05) in Expts 1 and 2, respectively. Thus, it was assumed that a considerable quantity of the supplement was incorporated into the long chain fatty acids of the milk fat. In Expt 2, the respiration rate and body temperature of the cows were not affected by the feeding of the supplement.

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Constitution and molecular species of triacylglycerol (TG) from meats (breast and thigh) and giblets (liver, heart and gizzard) of White Leghorn hens were determined to evaluate the lipid quality of spent hen as foodstuff. Main fatty acids comprised in spent hen tissue TG were palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1) and linoleic (18:2) acids. TG from breast, thigh, heart and gizzard resembled in their fatty acid compositions, but TG from liver had higher contents of 18:0 and 18:1 acids, and lower content of 18:2 acid than TG of other tissues tested. Excepting liver, every tissue tested contained similar amounts of S₂D, SMD, SD₂ and MD₂, respectively, and it was supposed that these tissue lipids had comparatively resembled constitution of TG, while, liver alone was significantly differed from the other tissues, on the amount of SM₂, S₂D, M₂D, SD₂ and MD₂. In spent hen tissues, saturated fatty acids were esterified more on position 1 than positions 2 and 3 of TG, and unsaturated fatty acids predominated in position 2. Most abundant TG type was triunsaturated TG (sn-UUU), then followed by sn-SUU, sn-UUS, sn-SUS, sn-USU, sn-SSU and sn-USS in decreasing order, and sn-SSS was the least constituent in every tissue lipid. Also, assuming a 1-random, 2-random, 3-random arrangement, the major TG species in spent hen tissue lipids were considered as sn-OOO, sn-OOP, sn-POO, sn-OLO, sn-POP, sn-PLO and sn-OLP etc.
(Abbreviation used in this are as follows: S=saturated, U=unsaturated, M= monoenoic, D=dienoic, P=palmitic, O=oleic, L=linoleic acids, and sn-=stereospe- cifically numbered.)

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A process for production of Candida utilis H49 yeast (SCP) on Italian ryegrass brown juice and for reducing the nucleic acid content was studied. The recovery of SCP on Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) brown juice was about one-half of leaf protein concentrate (LPC) recovered in the same run. Partial removal (20%) of RNA from yeast was achieved using sodium perchlorate (NaClO₄). The nutritive value of SCP was evaluated using growing rats which were fed 10% protein diets containing one of the following ingredients as a sole source of protein with or without supplementation of amino acid (s). Protein ingredients used were: LPC, SCP, SCP-with low level of RNA and casein (control). The nutritive value of SCP was not affected in the process of the RNA removal. The rats fed SCP or SCP-with low level of RNA grew far less than others but when fed them with methionine, grew as well as those fed casein or LPC with supplementary amino acids. The protein digestibility of the both SCP_swere lower than that of casein and LPC, but the difference between LPC and SCP_swere not significant. The percent of urinary nitrogen to absorbed nitrogen (UN/ABDN) and the concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), both are good indicators of amino acid balance of feed protein, were the highest in rats fed either of the SCP_sBy feeding SCP_swith methionine, both the values were significantly reduced. The reduced UN/ABDN was still higher than that of rats fed casein or LPC with supplementary amino acids, and addition of lysine, arginine or histidine to the methionine supplemented SCPs were not effective in further reduction of the value although amino acid analysis showed the deficiencies of these amino acids as well as methionine. While the BUN level of rats fed methionine supplemented SCP_s was the lowest among all the dietary treatments. These facts suggest that a part of urinary nitrogen of rats fed the SCP_s were derived from nucleic acids metabolites ; and the SCPs are deficient only in methionine when fed to rats at 10% protein level. Whereas, blood uric acid level was not significantly different among all the treatments. Long-term feeding trials will be necessary to identify RNA removal effect more deeply from SCP. As the SCP is as nutritious as casein and LPC, we feel that propagation of food yeast offer a great scope for high financial return, and also will help to develop LPC process as "Multi-product process" project.

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