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Volume 35, Issue 1
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Tazaemon NIWA1964 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 1-10
Published: February 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1041K) -
I. Design of a Respiration ApparatusIwao TASAKI, Hitoshi SAKURAI1964 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 11-17
Published: February 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA closed-circuit respiration apparatus was designed after ATWATER-BENEDICT'S apparatus and constructed to examine gas exchange in the fowl. It made it possible to measure the change of gas volume at constant temperature, air pressure, and gas concentrations in the chamber. Possibility of applying that apparatus to the measurement of gas metabolism in the fowl was discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1466K) -
II. Metabolism in Fasting ConditionIwao TASAKI, Hitoshi SAKURAI1964 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 18-25
Published: February 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEnergy and gaseous metabolism was determined in 7-to 8-month-old White Leghorn cockerels under fasting conditions by using a respiration apparatus designed by the authors (Japanese J. Zootechn. Sci. 35: P.11, 1964). The following results were obtained.
(1) The following factors were determined to compute the gaseous exchange and heat production in the metabolism of muscular-tissue protein: One gram of urinary nitrogen corresponding to 5.44 litters of respiratory oxygen and producing 3.96 liters of carbon dioxide and 23.48Cal.
(2) In computing the total heat production in the birds, LUSK's and BENEDICT's methods agreed comparatively well in results. The difference in value between these methods was less than 2 per cent.
(3) The heat produced from the protein and the fat catabolism in the birds was about 10 and 90%, respectively, of the total heat produced.
(4) Heat production, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide elimination in the birds showed a typical diurnal rhythm. Their values were high at 8-12a.m., and low at 8-12 p.m., and became high again at 8-12a.m. on the next day. The mid-point of the rhythm was either at 4p.m. or at 4a.m.
(5) In chicks which had been under nutritionally balanced conditions, a fast for 32-36 hours was required before the heating effect of a feed given prior to the fasting disappeared. After that period of fasting, the respiratory quotient, O2 thermal quotient, and CO2 thermal quotient reached a constant level, which was 0.717, 4.69Cal and 6.55Cal., respectively.
(6) The average heat production in 6 cockerels was 67.2Cal. per day per kilogram of body weight, or 80.8Cal. per day per (kg)0.73 of body weight, on the second day of fasting and 63.0 and 73.2Cal., respectively, on the third day. Taking the heat effect of a feed given prior to the fasting into consideration, the values on the third day deemed to be those of the basal heat production. They were 15% higher than those determined in meat-type chicks.View full abstractDownload PDF (744K) -
I. Comparison of Plastic Beads Method of Golding with Gravimetric MethodMasahisa MAENO, Taizo RYOKI, Katsuhiro OGASA, Kunisuke KUWAHARA1964 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 26-30
Published: February 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGolding plastic beads and gravimetric methods were compared in the determination of solids-not-fat per cent of milk in samples collected mainly from milk cans (about 35 l in capacity) at ten milk plants throughout Japan.
The correlation coefficient between these two methods varies in different districts as follows. (Figures in parenthesis are numbers of sample tested): Engaru 0.31 (101), Morioka 0.77 (155), Fukushima 0.85 (186), Tokyo I 0.78 (183), Tokyo II 0.81 (137), Matsumoto 0.26 (147), Nagoya0.94 (100), Hanshin 0.81 (166), Tokushima 0.59 (156), Kumamoto 0.52 (127).
Therefore regional examination should be done before appling Golding method.View full abstractDownload PDF (341K) -
Kang-Kang CHIANG, Kinziro SUKEGAWA1964 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 31-36
Published: February 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCrystalline β-lactoglobulin was prepared from Japanese COW'S milk by the improved method of R. ASCHAFFENBURG. Its heterogeneity was demonstrated by its partial resolution into the two components by the paper and Tiselius electrophoresis.
Crystalline β-lactoglobulin was fractionated by a chromatography on DEAE cellulose column to yield the different proteins β-lactoglobulin A and B in high purity.
The differences in the optical rotatory power, (N)_??_(R) transition and polypeptides from reductive cleavage of disulfide bound of β-lactoglobulin between forms A and B were examined. The results suggest that there may be only slight differences between forms A and B.View full abstractDownload PDF (249K) -
Nobuo GOTO, Yuichi TANNO, Kaoru HAYAKAWA, Isao ABE, Akira MORI1964 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 37-47
Published: February 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis experiment was made to see the development of relative sizes of bones to skull length in lambs under different feeding conditions, and determine whether the difference of feeding conditions exercised any influence on the development of these relative sizes or not. The following allometric formula was applied to the measurements of bones:
Y=bxα where x=skull length, stardard y=the other parts of bones, to be compared α=relative growth coefficient, constant b=initial growth index, constant
The experimental animals used consisted mainly of 37 wethers and 15 ewes of the Corriedale breed, 5-11 month of age, which were fed under different conditions. A few head of crossbred F1-Corriedale _??_ ×Border Leicester _??_, Corrledale _??_ ×Suffolk _??_, and Corriedale _??_ ×Romney Marsh _??_-were also used.
Measurements were made on body weight, size of the skull, size and weight of the long bones of the right hind quarter. The results obtained are as follows.
1. The distributions in double logarithmic plotting which were classified by months of age indicate that no development of relative sizes of bones was affected by the feeding conditions used in the present experiment.
2. In the previous studies, growth of bones showed generally diphasic allometry. In the present experiment, however, growth of all bones showed monophasic allometry. This difference was probably derived from the fact that no young lambs had been used in the present experiment. It seems that the value α in this report corresponds to the second phase of growth in the previous studies.
3. The developmental tendency of p=y/x, which meant the relative sizes of the other bones, y, to the skull length, x, was classified into the following groups according to the value of α.
a. α>2: The degree of increase of p was higher than that of x. Body weight and weights of long bones belonged to this group.
b. 1<α<2: This group showed an increase in p, but the tempo of this increase was slower than that of x. The thickness and length of most long bones and the nasal length of the skull belonged to this group.
c. α<1: The value p decreased as the value a increased. Partial bones of the skull and the width of long bones belonged to this group.
4. In the parts measured, the value of α showed a tendency to decrease in weight> thickness>length>width in the order listed. The order of length>width revealed in both long bones and skull indicates a tendency that these bones became longer and more slender in proportion to growth.
No growth gradients were found in the other parts of the bones.View full abstractDownload PDF (763K) -
III. Effects of Various Substances on Survival of Streptococci below Freezing PointTakuji KAWASHIMA, Masahisa MAENO1964 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 48-54
Published: February 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSExperiments were performed to find substances stimulating the growth of bacteria once frozen and thawed in order to modify the preserving method of lactic acid bacteria by freezing.
The test strains used were representative streptococci, including those of Streptococcus lactis, S. cremoris, and S. thermophilus. The freezing-thawing test was carried out by two methods. One was a direct incubating method. In it, each strain was suspended in 10 per cent reconstituted skim milk and four kinds of modified reconstituted skim milk to which had been added glucose, corn steep liquor (C. S. L.), yeast extract, or L-glutamic acid at a rate of 1 per cent, and was kept at -15-20°C for a month. The frozen culture was tested for acid producing ability in direct incubation after it had been thawed.
The other was an indirect incubating method. In it, each strain was suspended in 10 per cent reconstituted skim milk and was kept in a frozen state for a month. The frozen cultures were inoculated into the media mentioned above after they had been thawed and examined for acid-producing ability.
L-glutamic acid had an effect of protecting bacteria from dying due to freezing and promoted acid production during incubation after thawing. S. cremoris was especially susceptible to this compound. Yeast extract was more effective to promote acid production than to prevent death from freezing. C. S. L. was a little and glucose not effective. Both methods gave similar results.View full abstractDownload PDF (615K) -
IV. Effects of Various Substances on Survival of Lactobacilli below Freezing PointTakuji KAWASHIMA, Masahisa MAENO1964 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 55-59
Published: February 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSExperiments were continually performed to discover substances stimulating the growth of lactobacilli once frozen and thawed.
Lactobacillus bulgaricus and L. acidophilus were used as test strains. Each strain was suspended in 10 per cent reconstituted skim milk (basic medium) and each of four kinds of modified reconstituted skim milk to which had been added glucose, corn steep liquor (C. S. L.), yeast extract, or L-glutamic acid at a concentration of 1 per cent. The freezing-thawing test was carried out by the two methods, the direct and the indirect incubation methods, mentioned in the previous paper.
L-glutamic acid had no effect of preventing the organisms from death from freezing and a little effect of promoting their acid production after thawing. It also acted effectively in the indirect incubation method. Yeast extract, C. S. L., and glucose were less effective than L-glutamic acid. Long cells were observed in L. bulgaricus suspension in 10 per cent reconstituted skim milk with or without glucose added, which had been held in a frozen state for a month, then thawed and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The other cells in the suspension were of normal shape after the same period of incubation.View full abstractDownload PDF (427K) -
I. Negative evidence to detect radioactive phosphopeptide in the acid-soluble fractionAkio HOSHI, Saburo UGAMI1964 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 60-63
Published: February 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhen studied paper-electrophoretically, the acid-soluble, barium-acetone-insoluble fraction was found to have two ninhydrin-positive bands and one radioactive band. The radioactive band seemed to be of different type from the ninhydrin-positive bands (Fig. 2).
Several ninhydrin-positive substances were detected from that fraction by paper-chromatography (Fig. 3).
The radioactive fraction was clearly separated from the ninhydrin-positive fraction by using ion-exchange column chromatography with DOWEX-2 (OH-type) and eluting with hydrochloric acid (Fig. 4).
Ther adioactive-phosphorus containing fraction was shown to have absorption at 260mμ and some pentoses.
It was concluded that the substance which incorporated 32P specifically was not phospho-peptides, but possibly some kinds of nucleotide.View full abstractDownload PDF (294K) -
VI. Free Amino Acids in the Cecal Contents, Hard Feces, and Soft Feces of the RabbitTsutomu YOSHIDA, Makoto KANDATSU1964 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 64-69
Published: February 25, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDistribution of free amino acids was investigated in the cecal contents, hard feces, and soft feces of three rabbits which had been used in the previous experiment (this Journal, 31: 181, 1960), by using paper-chromatography.
The results obtained are summarized as follows.
1) Most kinds of amino acids were found at free state in every case. Considerably similar distribution of these was observed among the cecal contents, hard feces, and soft feces, except in a few cases.
2) Glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid were found in large quantities in every sample. On the other hand, hydroxyproline, cystine, methionine, and ornithine were detected much less, and tryptophane, methionine-sulphone, taurine, asparagine, and glutamine scarcely.
3) Beta-alanine and γ-amino-n-butyric acid, as ω-amino acids, were found in all samples from two rabbits tested.
4) Leucine was separated successfully by using two-dimensional chromatography with the following solvents. First dimension=n-butanol: methyl ethyl ketone: 17N ammonia: water (5:3:1:1, V/V); second dimension=2, 4-lutidine: aniline (9:1, V/V), water-saturated.View full abstractDownload PDF (474K)
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