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Volume 81 (2010)
- Issue 4 Pages 401-
- Issue 3 Pages 315-
- Issue 2 Pages 113-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 81, Issue 2
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
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Original Articles
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Keiichi SUZUKI, Miki TAKEMOTO, Yukiko OHTOMO, Takuro OIKAWA, Katsunori ...2010 Volume 81 Issue 2 Pages 113-120
Published: May 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 25, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe immunity of the mice that had been selected for high and low aggressiveness over 34th generation were compared under single and group housing. Mice were weaned at 3 weeks of age and 24 males and 28 females (total 52 mice) from each line were used for single (12 males, 14 females) and 2 group housing (12 males, 14 females) group. Blood were collected at the 3, 5 and 8 weeks of age and the immunity was measured. The phagocyte activity of L lines of mice at 5 and 8 weeks of age (43.9 and 68.8 RUL) showed significantly higher than that of H line (31.5 and 46.4 RUL). In addition, the ratio of granular leukocytes to lymphocytes of L line higher than that of H line, and also that of male was higher than females at each age. At 5 and 7 weeks of age, BCG vaccine and PPD antigen was hypodermic injected as the first and second antigen, respectively, and after 68 hours, blood was collected and the antibody value was measured. H line (84.0) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the antibody production than L line (51.4). Moreover, antibody production of the group hosing mice was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than single hosing mice. Significant Line×hosing interaction suggest that H line had large thymus weight in 2 group than single housing but L line had small thymus weight in 2 group than single hosing. These results suggest that the H line selected for high aggressiveness was lower natural immunity and higher acquired immunity than L line, and the mice of group housing decreased acquired immunity compared with single housing.View full abstractDownload PDF (791K) -
Takayoshi KAWAHARA, Yusaku GOTOH, Yutaka MASUDA, Satoshi YAMAGUCHI, Mi ...2010 Volume 81 Issue 2 Pages 121-132
Published: May 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 25, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGenetic parameters, breeding values and environmental effects for cow conception rate were estimated by threshold-linear animal model using insemination events data that treated as a longitudinal binary response of either a success (1) or a failure (0). The data were 1,350,775 insemination events of 754,181 Holstein cows at first calving collected later January 1990 in Hokkaido region of Japan. The phenotypic conception rates of cows born on 1988 to 2002 decreased from 55.84% to 47.24%. Heritability and repeatability were very small, 3.2% and 5.7%, respectively. On the other hand, the fraction of residual variance was very large and 89.8%. Estimates of cow conception rate decreased with increasing milk yield, insemination age, herd size and service year of sires, and the other way, increased with increasing days to each service after calving. In addition, cows that had a difficult calving tended to be lowed conception rate. Estimates of cow conception rates for herd-year-season effects decreased with calving year, this trend did not change whether the influences for milk yield were adjusted or not. Inbreeding depression for cow conception rate was −0.29% per 1% in inbreeding coefficient, and showed a remarkable downing (−0.38%) by adjusting the influence for milk yield. Genetic gains of cow and bull's daughter conception rates were −0.58% and −0.32% per year respectively. Genetic decline became a significantly slow or disappeared (P < 0.01), −0.24% for cows and +0.03% for bulls per year by adjusting the influence of milk yield. It was suggested that the genetic declines of conception rates for cows and bulls were related to an increasing trend of milk yields by calving years.View full abstractDownload PDF (1149K) -
Kazuhiro YONEDA, Kozue KINOSHITA, Teruaki HAYASHI, Shu ITO, Megumi OHA ...2010 Volume 81 Issue 2 Pages 133-141
Published: May 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 25, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMaintaining the genetic diversity of the population of animals under captive condition is important for the preservation of these animals. To evaluate genetic diversity and relationship of captive population of cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), we performed genetic analysis of 62 cheetahs maintained at eight facilities of Japan using 17 microsatellite markers developed for parentage test of the domestic cat. Specific fragments were amplified by PCR in all of these 17 markers and 15 of the 17 markers were polymorphic in the cheetah showing that the set of cat markers can be used for genetic analysis of the cheetah. The average number of alleles per locus, mean observed heterozygosity, and mean PIC were 4.65, 0.6398, and 0.5931, respectively, in the 62 animals. These data indicated that genetic diversity of the population of cheetahs in the present study was not significantly different from those reported in the wild cheetah populations. For the parentage test, the calculated combined probability of exclusion using these 15 markers was 0.99973, indicating that the set of these microsatellite markers are valuable for the parentage test of the cheetah. We, then, examined parentage of pairs of animals according to the pedigree record and confirmed correct parentages in this population. Bayesian clustering and phylogenetic analysis using shared allele distances were used to examine the genetic relationship among the 62 cheetahs. The result of the clustering analysis delineated 5 distinct genetic clusters in the population. The groups of animals possessing more than 80% of single cluster or divided by the obtained phyrogenetic dendrogram essentially correspond to the pedigrees of cheetahs. These results indicated that the set of cat microsatellite markers can be used for the research on the genetic diversity and relationship of cheetah which are required for preservation and management of the captive cheetah population in Japan.View full abstractDownload PDF (699K) -
Takashi HANAGASAKI, Yimin CAI2010 Volume 81 Issue 2 Pages 143-152
Published: May 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 25, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFourteen strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Transvala silage in Okinawa were identified and characterized. All isolates were Gram-positive and mainly catalase-negative bacteria. According to morphological and biochemical characters, these isolates were divided into four groups (A-D). Group A strains were homofermentative rods that formed DL-lactic acid. Group B strains were heterofermentative cocci that formed D-lactic acid. Group C strains were homofermentativie cocci that formed L-lactic acid. Group D strain was homofermentative rod that formed L-lactic acid. On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence, strains in group A, B, C and D were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, Weissella paramesenteroides, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus acidipiscis, expectivelly.View full abstractDownload PDF (717K) -
Satoshi HARA2010 Volume 81 Issue 2 Pages 153-159
Published: May 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 25, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of grinding, sodium hydroxide and anhydrous ammonia treatments on digestibility of soft rice grain silage in sheep and cows were evaluated. Experimental treatments were 1) soft rice grain silages (Control), 2) ground soft rice grain silage (ground at 62% of grains) (Ground), 3) soft rice grain silage treated with sodium hydroxide addition at 3.3% of dry rice grain weight (NaOH) and 4) soft rice grain silage treated with anhydrous ammonium addition at 3.2% of dry rice grain weight (NH3). Four Holstein dry cows and four castrated sheep were used in a 4×4 Latin square design with 12 or 13 days. Diets consisting of equal amount of rice grains and timothy hay were offered to cows at 1.5% BW and to sheep at 1.6% BW (dry matter basis). Treatment with NaOH and ammonia increased concentration of crude ash and crude protein, respectively. Silage pH of Control and Ground were as high as more than 5.5, but the fermentation quality of them were good with sweet alcoholic aroma. NaOH had slightly mold, and NH3 had no mold with ammonia odor. In sheep, organic matter digestibility of NH3 was higher than other treatments (P < 0.05). The rates of undigested rice grain particles in feces (% of rice grain intake) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) contents (69-74%) were not affected by the treatments. In cows, the rate of undigested rice grain particles in feces of Ground is lower than other treatments (P < 0.05), but TDN content were similar to Control (62 vs. 60%). NaOH tended to be lower in ether extract digestibility, higher in the rate of undigested rice grain particles in feces and lower in TDN content compared to Control. There was no different between NH3 and Control. These results suggest that hydroxide and ammonia treatments have no positive effect on TDN contents of soft rice grain silage, and soft rice grain should be ground finely to increase the efficiency of utilization of rice grain.View full abstractDownload PDF (590K) -
Makoto MIYAJI, Ryoji KOBAYASHI, Kazuhisa NONAKA2010 Volume 81 Issue 2 Pages 161-167
Published: May 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 25, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of placenta feeding on voluntary intake, ingestive behavior and milk production during early lactation in dairy cows. Voluntary feed intake, ingestive behavior, milk production and plasma metabolites were measured from 1 week before to 4 weeks after parturition using ten multiparous Holstein cows. For clarifying the ruminal disappearance of placenta by in situ technique, two Holstein steers fitted with ruminal cannulae were used. Cows were divided into two groups : offered own placenta after parturition (PF), not offered placenta (NF). Cows were offered total mixed ration mainly consisted of grass hay and corn silage. There were no differences in feed intake, body weight change, milk production and milk composition between the treatments. The number of meal during 7 days after parturition in PF was significantly (P < 0.05) larger than that in NF. The meal size during 10 days after parturition in PF was significantly (P < 0.05) smaller than that in NF. The average time consumed for one meal during 10 days after parturition in PF was significantly (P < 0.05) shorter than that in NF. The plasma total ketone body (P < 0.05) and nonesterified fatty acid concentration (P < 0.1) during 5 days after parturition in PF were significantly lower than that in NF. The ruminal dry matter degradability of placenta was 70.9% at 5 days, although after 5 days, placenta was not digested in the rumen. These results indicate that voluntary feed intake and milk production of cows fed own placenta after parturition increased during early lactation as well as that of cows not fed placenta.View full abstractDownload PDF (668K) -
Yasuhiro FUNATSU, Kyoko YAMAMOTO, Tomohito IWASAKI, Isamu KANEDA, Mako ...2010 Volume 81 Issue 2 Pages 169-180
Published: May 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 25, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study is aimed to develop unique characteristics of meat products from culled hen and sand eel Ammodytes personatus, which are regarded as low-valued food resources. Water (0-150%, w/w) and 3.0% NaCl were added to ground culled hen breast muscle (M. superficial pectoral and M. deep pectoral, GCH), fish surimi (FS), and the mixture (GCH+FS), and ground with and without 2% albumen powder (AP). The salt-ground meats were preheated at 50°C for several hours, and subsequently heated at 90°C for 30 min. The quality of the products was evaluated by determining breaking strength (BS), breaking strain (bs) and gel stiffness (Gs = BS/bs) of the two-step heated gels. The results were as follows : (1) The BS and bs values of the gels prepared from GCH alone were little changed during preheating. On the other hand, the quality of the gels from GCH mixed with FS and FS alone was deteriorated during preheating. However, the deterioration of their gels by the preheating was restrained with adding AP. (2) The positive linear relation between Ln BS and Ln protein concentration (PC) was similar to that in the directly heated gels, while the relation between the Ln bs and Ln PC of the gels was clearly different. There was also a close positive correlation between the values of BS and Gs of the directly heated gels in the range of the PC from 7 to 23%. (3) Two kinds of the linear relations and their slopes were quite different with the mixing ratios of GCH and FS and with or without adding AP. These findings suggest that a variety of heat-induced gel products can be produced with different mixing ratios of GCH and FS regardless of adding AP.View full abstractDownload PDF (1085K) -
Takeshi UTETSU, Keiko FURUMURA2010 Volume 81 Issue 2 Pages 181-187
Published: May 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 25, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study investigates the factors affecting kicking behavior of primiparous and multiparous cows at milking. In experiment 1 (Exp.1), the effects of parity, lactation stage, and flight distance on kicking behavior at milking of dairy cows were investigated. In experiment 2 (Exp. 2), the relationships between flight distance of cows just before calving and kicking behavior of postcalving cows were investigated. In Exp. 1, primiparous heifers showed more kicking behavior in early lactation stage. The primiparous cows kicked more in premilking than multiparous cows (P < 0.05). There were positive correlation between kicking behavior and flight distance both in primiparous heifers (r = 0.506, P < 0.0001) and multiparous cows (r = 0.465, P < 0.0001). Kicking behavior of multiparous cows in early lactation was negatively correlated with daily milk yield (r = −0.361, P < 0.05). In Exp. 2, there were no correlation between flight distance of precalving cows and kicking behavior of postcalving ones both in primiparous heifers and multiparous cows. It was concluded that the flight distance just before calving was not a predictor of kicking behavior at milking of just after postcalving cows.View full abstractDownload PDF (617K) -
Tomoki KOJIMA, Kazato OISHI, Norihiro OHTA, Masayuki YOSHIOKA, Hajime ...2010 Volume 81 Issue 2 Pages 189-197
Published: May 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 25, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe objectives of this study were to derive a regression equation to estimate the ratios of energy expenditure (EE) of walking to that of standing (EE ratio) from walking speed and slope gradient and to apply the equation to estimate daily EE of grazing cows in rugged abandoned paddy fields. Multiple regression analysis was performed to estimate the equation using data of EE of both waking and standing from 6 ungulates in 12 published reports (n = 82). Following is the derived equation : Y = 0.720445+0.022516S+0.142664G+0.009914G2, where Y is the EE ratio, S is walking speed (m/min), and G is slope gradient (degree). For application of the equation, GPS collars were attached to 2 Japanese Black cows and their positional records with an interval of 5 minutes were collected during 3 seasons throughout 2008 ; June, September, and October. Using a GIS, walking speed and slope gradient of each fix interval were calculated by combining the GPS data with the digital elevation model (DEM) layer of the study area. The EE ratio of each fix interval was estimated with the regression equation and was multiplied by metabolizable energy for maintenance. The mean daily EEs were 906 kJ/kg0.75, 901 kJ/kg0.75, and 944 kJ/kg0.75, in June, September and October, respectively, and were not significantly different among seasons. Daily mean walking speeds were not significantly different among seasons, but daily walking distance in June was the largest and in October the shortest. Daily mean slope gradient in June was less than in October.View full abstractDownload PDF (956K) -
Takeyuki OZAWA, Tomoe HIRAI, Nicolas LOPEZ-VILLALOBOS, Jiro NISHITANI2010 Volume 81 Issue 2 Pages 199-205
Published: May 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 25, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS“Cajeta” is a type of sweetened condensed goat milk that is very popular in Mexico. It is produced by concentrating goat milk at atmospheric pressure in the presence of added sucrose. Cajeta is a semisolid product similar to milk jam which is retailed domestically as cow milk jam. Goat milk jam has not been familiar or seen at local stores to the Japanese consumer. Trial production of Cajeta (goat milk jam), sensory test, were carried out to examine the acceptance of goat milk jam by Japanese consumer. The test used 394 consumers aged 10's to 60's. The participants preferred cow milk jam rather than goat milk by their odor, taste and overall evaluation. However, more than 70% of participants who tasted goat milk jam determined “average” in overall evaluation. This result show that goat milk jam can be promoted to the Japanese consumer as “a new goat milk product” if goaty smell is eliminated and the price is reasonable. A considerable number of market strategies need to be implemented to achieve the acceptance of goat milk jam by Japanese consumers.View full abstractDownload PDF (627K)
Commentary
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Kiyonori HAGA2010 Volume 81 Issue 2 Pages 207-211
Published: May 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 25, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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