Among the plant fossils from the Penhsihu coal fields, Manchuria, the seeds similar to or identical with Samaropsis affinis and fronds similar to or indentical with Pecopteris arborescens are found abundantly, both of which have been already found and described from the same coal fi lds. Therefore, it is not worth while to denote that two kinds of these fossils are found in this locality, but it is very wonderful that the specimen, in which the seed is borne on the pinna axis of the frond, has been collected. Though the example showing such a character is only in one specimen, the organic connection of both organs is so distinctly shown that this seed should be th reproductive organ of the Pecopteris frond. Pecopteris arborescens and Samaropsis affinis should be, therefore, the vegetative and reproductive organs of one and the same species, for which a new name Pecopteris samaropsis may be given. This sp cies is one of the best examples of the seed-bearing Pteridosperms.
Pecopteris samaropsis Ogura, nom. nov. Seed-bearing fern-like plant; seed with type of Samaropsis affinis borne on frond with type of Pecopteris arborescens.
Collected by Dr. R. Endo from the Tsaichia Series (Upper Permian) of Sanchiahui, Penhsihu coal fields, Manchuria. Type in the Botanical Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo.

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二十數種の蘚苔, 羊齒植物の胞子母細胞を用いて, 還元分裂前期特に花束期におけるプラスチッドの行動観察及び糖, 澱粉, 脂肪に關する組織化學的檢査を行い, 次の結果を得た.
1) 花束期の胞子母細胞では, 花束像をなす染色体が核膜に附着する部分-花束像の基部-の逆側の細胞質中核膜に近い部分に, 或る種の極 (プラスチッド極) が形成される。
2) この極は澱粉形成中のプラスチッド及び脂肪形成中の脂肪粒を引き集める性質がある。

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1) A Prasiola species, which is probably Prasiola japonica Yatabe, is obtainable all the year round in the Mitsusawa, a tributary of the Iri-river in Okutama area near Tokyo. The plant is monoecious, having the sori of both macro-and microgametangia in mosaic arrangement. The liberation, of both gametes takes place in late October (water temperature is 11-12°C) and continues until ate April next year (water temperature is 10-12°C), the best condition being found in February. Between April and June, fronds of old generation and those of the following generation are found simultaneously. In this species the asexual reproduction occurs chiefly from spring to autumn, about which report will be made elswhere.
2) Special attention was paid to the mode of liberation of the macro-and microgametes from the both gametangia. The number of the macrogametes formed in each macrogametangium is 16 in two groups of 8: that of the microgametes is 64 or 128 in each microgametangium. The liberation of gametes, can clearly he observed when a plant with ripe gametangia is floating on the surface of a tall container. The greenish masses of both gametes are included in mucus substance and sink slowly to the bottonn in streams. The macrogametes are discharged from the frond in a group of eight as they are in gametangium and after they are scattered and conjugates they scquire motility. On the contrary, the microgametes are in motion already in the microgametangium and when liberated they are in active movement. While the zygospores and microgametes are actively moving, they are pear-shaped having two flagella. In the zygospores it is difficult to observe twe flagella at the posterior ends, unless they are fixed and stained. In the microgamete, however, two flagella are clearly seen while in active motion. After they begin to swim the zygospores mesure av. 8.2μ in length and 4.4μ in breadth. While the microgametes are av. 3.9μ in length and 2.8μ in breadth. It is very remarkable that the portion of the zygospore near the flagella i beak-shaped and transparent. In Ulotrichalis the swarmer swims with the flagellated end forward. Both zygospores and microgametes of this species rotate clockwise and advance with the flagellated end backward. Both gametes do not show phototactic reaction.
3) As soon as the motionless macrogametes are liberated from the frond, the motile microgametes throng around them and unite with them by their flagellated ends. The zygospores then begin to move in the characteristic way. Consequently, the macrogametes in the swimming condition are hear regarded as the zygospores.
4) The zygospores attach themselves immediately to the substratum with their non-flagellated ends and become spherical, measuring av. 6.1μ in diameter. The zygote keeps on increasing in size up to av. 12.4×19.6μ. The resting zygospore begings to germinate and the cell divides transversely into two. By further cell-division and elongation the young sporeling develops into either three or four-cells. Two or three of the cells begin to protrude and form primary rhizoids. The longitudinal division of the vegetative cell begins to take place after from five to eight successive transverse divisions.
5) Studies on taxonomy of Prasiola are being made in the ligh of the observed facts.

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フラスモの單一節間細胞の一部に, 鹽酸キニーネ•硫酸ブルチンを作用させ, その活動電流の變形に注目した。その結果キニーネは凡 10^-4 モルで活動電流の持続時間を長くしブルチンは同樣 10^-4 モルでその接続時間を短縮し且單峯の活動電流を發生させた。ブルチンの作用は可逆的であつたがキニーネは完全には可逆的でなかつた。

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1) Sampling methods in the statistics of plant communities are
1°purposive selection by some standard areas
2°random sampling by the theory of large samples
3°random sampling (areal sampling) by the theory of small samples. We have used the first or second method till now but in plant ecology we are ought to use the third method from now on.
2) From the theory of small samples, the confidential interval of population mean is
x+d_??_m_??_x-d, d=τu/√N
(d is the deviation of the sample mean from the populatin mean under the level of significance α) The h=d/x will become an indicator of the homogeneity of a plant community. For example, I calculated “the coefficient of homogeneity” to study various distribution of species on the Ophioglossum thermale-Imperata cylindrica var. Konigii-soc. at Futtu sea-shore of Chiba pref.
3) We can know the homogeneity of distribution of a species by the coefficient (h) and then deside the number of sampling quadrats to estimate an analytical character of a community.

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1 本實驗は土壤の反應がメヒシバの發育及び生長に及ぼす影響を調査せろものである。
2 本實驗に於ては, 第三紀層に由來する置換性鹽基含量の少ない強酸性埴土を用いこれに CaCO₃ を種々の割合に加えてpH値を變化させ, これを紀燒の鉢に入れて栽培した。
3 メヒシバの新芽はpH5～5.5に於てpH6～8より早く行われ, 其の最適点はpH5.5にある。
4 メヒシバはpH5.3～7.5の範圍に於て正常の生育を遂げ其の最適点はpH6～7にある。
5 收穫時の土壤のpH値は供試前に比し僅かに高く, 置換酸度y₁は小さくなる。即ち全体的に僅かにアルカリ側に傾いて來る。

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1～3) 唐マツムシサウ群の植物, 從來唐マツムシサウと呼ばれてゐた植物が Scabiosa Fischeri DC. でないことは既に原寛博士 (植•研•16, 1940) 北川政夫博士 (Rep. Inst. Manch. 4, 1940) 中井猛之進教授 (植•研•19, 1943) によつて指摘された。Sc. Fischeri はダフリヤ區の植物であつて, 北支にはまだ産することが知られてゐない。唐マツムシサウは北川博士の言はれる通り Sc tschiliensis である。本州産マツムシサウ, 北海道のエゾマツムシサウ, 共に此に連續すると思はれる。Sc. Fischeri (=Sc. ccmosa) と Sc. tschiliensis との關係より Sc. tschiliensins と Sc. japonica との關係の方が近いことを指摘したい。本州で亞高山帶以下の低い地に普通に見られる莖葉の裂片が鈍頭の傾向を有する植物を, Sc. japonica の基準型と見做すと信濃, 甲斐地方の高山帶に葉の裂片が鋭頭になり少くとも外觀上 Sc. tschiliensis に似て來る型が出現する。Sc. tschiliensis で氣付かれるのは果實の内蕚小刺に長短兩型が見られることで, Sc. japanica にも同樣の併行現象が知られてゐる。頭状花の大小, 葉の切込, 毛の多少にも相當著しい振幅を示し, 高山性植物が外觀上極端型を呈する? (頭上花の數が減じ, 屡 一個となり大型である) ことなども共通する。葉の形質に就いては Scabiosa で種々の程度に季節による二型性 dimorphisinが知られてゐることは考慮すべきである。菊咲マツムシサウ Scabiosa Togashiana Hurusawa として報告したものは Sc. tschiliensis 群とはかなり隔る。Gruning の報告した Sc. superba と比較して異る主な点は, Sc. superba で總苞は周邊の舌状花冠よりも短く, 約半分の長さで2.5糎許, 披針形, 鋭尖頭であるのに對し, 本種の總苞は周邊舌状花の花冠と同長或はそれより長く2～3糎, 鈍頭, 箆形である。乙女マツムシサウ Scabiosa austromongolica Hurusawa とした植物は, 莖葉の裂片が著しく細く深く切れ込む点で Sc. comosa に似て來るが, ダフリヤ産の Sc. comosa Fischer (Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. の記相文に符合) と比較して, 頭状花が著しく小形で, 莖も葉も種内の變異の程度を越えて纖弱, 又 Sc. comosa の果實は外萼に長軟毛を密生するが, 本植物の外萼は殆ど無毛, 肋の脈上にのみ疎毛を生ずる。本種との此較に際し, Sc. Fischeri の參考標本 (Glay-herbarium 所藏) の寫眞を貸與下さつた原寛博士に深謝の意を表する。
4) 五台柳葉シヤジン。柳葉シヤジン Adenophora coronopifolia Fischer を含む一群の植物は相互に形質が交錯して各植物間の關係は最後的に把握されてゐるとはいへない。本植物 Ad. wutaiensis Hurusawa も此の一環を形成する未記載の一形である。Adenophora 屬の近縁諸形間の関係を雜種説によつて説明した Korshinsky 氏の考へはそのまゝ受け容れ難い。ケ本列島に産する種類に大陸の二種類の持つ形質が組合されて現れるといふ如き例が屡見られる。Ad. wutaiensis は Ad. tricuspidata DC (=Ad. denticulata Fischer), Ad. Gmelini Fischer Ad. stenophylla Kitagawa 等何れとも若干の形質で聯關するが亦全体として符合するものがない。(嘗て Ledebour が Ad. poly morpha Ledeb. として合一した變異の幅の中には現在約5種類が區別されてゐる。) A. wutaiensis の特徴は, 漏斗状をなす花冠の切込みが深くて, 鋭く尖つた裂片を有すること狹長な葯 (長さ7粍), 表面中肋に疎なる小棘状の剛毛を散布する以外全く無毛となる葉, 同樣に無毛の莖, 兩側に小鋸歯を具へた披針形の鋭い萼片, などに見られる。
5) 清涼シヤジン。四川省産の Ad. Rockiana Diels への關聯が考へられる。花冠の深さはこれの約1.5倍, Diels 氏の原記載では “葉の基部淺く心藏形……” とあるに反し Nannfeldt 氏の掲げた同種の寫眞 (Act. Hort. Gotob. 5. p. 15) によると業が線状披針形で基部は漸次尖つており基準型から幾分摺れて本植物に近づくらしい。北支, 滿鮮にまだ見當らない要素で西方からの系統であらう。種名は北支植物の研究の際屡々御助言を頂いた舘脇操博士に dedicate する。

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