Nelson proposed a theory for primary mechanism involved in allograft immunity in 1961. According to Nelson, allograft immunity would be an expression of an immunological cross-reaction of structural groups on molecules possessed by the recipient and the donor that have a similar, but not identical, chemical structure of antigens in the tissues. Fujii and Nelson (1963) demonstrated dissociation of the anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody (Ab) cross-reacting to methanol extract of guinea pig kidney, horse kidney and sheep erythrocyte, and preferential reassociation of the Ab for sheep erythrocytes. This preferential affinity of Ab for the antigen used for immunization was proposed as an immunochemical model for reaction that functions in allograft rejection phenomena. Cell-bound Ab in the sense of immunological cross-reaction was demonstrated on lymph node cells and platelet of guinea pig immunized with sheep erythrocyte stromata. Per cent inhibition of the dissociated Ab by Forssman extract was 44.0 and 86.9 respectively. On the contrary, Ab in the serum was never absorbed with such Forssman extract. This result indicated that the Ab dissociated from the cells was of Forssman-type Ab that had cross-reacted with Forssman antigen of the cells of guinea pig. The Ab was sensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol. Such Ab was also demonstrated on the node cells of the mice, Fl (DDD × C3H/He), transplanted with skin grafts from allogeneic C57BL mouse. This dissociated Ab was shown to be specifically cytotoxic against donor C57BL node cells in the presence of C', and also sensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol. On the immunization with 1st-set allograft of C57BL (H-2b), C3H/He (H-2k) mice revealed an earlier IgM and a later IgG antibodies. On the 3rd-set grafting, C3H/He mice responded with IgM followed by a rapid increase of IgG antibody production. Cytotoxic activity was mainly demonstrated in the IgM fractions obtained by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. On the opposite direction, C57BL mice, on immunization with C3H/He skin grafts, responded with only IgM Ab, if any, at low level in 1st-set to 3rd-set grafting. No remakable cytotoxic activity was demonstrated in these sera. The difference in Ab response of C3H/He and C57BL mice would suggest that humoral Ab response would depend on disparity between donor's and recipient's tissue antigens as was proposed in formation of cell-bound Ab. In C3H/He mice that received skin allograft from C57BL, cell-bound Ab activity was shown higher in 1st-set grafting in 2nd-set grafting in which higher level of humoral Ab was demonstrated. On the contrary, C57BL mice demonstrated same levels of cell-bound Ab activity through the period although the activity was not strong enough to cover the low level of humoral Ab. It is of interest to note that IgM Ab seems mainly to play cytotoxic activity in both humoral and cellbound antibodies in allograft immunity. Difference of the affinity or cross-reactivity of such IgM in humoral and cell-bound antibodies to recipient's tissue antigens is still under investigation.

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1) Following a single intravenous injection of a small amount (1.0ml/kg) of antirabbit erythrocyte guinea pig serum as antigen, most rabbits developed in five to ten days into a typical haemolytic anaemia with a severe hyperchromic anaemia, reticulocytosis and an increased osmotic fragility of red blood cells, resulting in positive direct and indirect antiglobulin tests. 2) Following whole body irradiation of 600 roentgens given at various period before or after injection of the antigen to rabbits, a complete antibody formation against the above mentioned heterologous antigen was markedly suppressed, but an incomplete antibody formation against autoerythrocytes was not suppressed, when irradiation was applied 24 to 48 hours before injection of the antigen. 3) In a group irradiated 72 to 96 hours after injection of the antigen, an incomplete antibody formation against autoerythrocytes was significantly suppressed, while a complete antibody production remained. 4) It was concluded that an incomplete antibody production against autoerythrocytes was quite different in mechanism from a complete antibody production against heterologous protein.

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Using egg-albumin as an antigen, experimental condition of active cutaneous anaphylaxis (ACA) reaction in guinea pig was studied comparing with that of Arthus reaction and systemic anaphylactic shock. 1) The blueing area was measured at different time after antigen challenge and dye injection. The most appropriate measurement was obtained 60 min after dye injection which followed the antigen challenge immediately. 2) Time response of intensities of hemorrage caused by Arthus reaction and of blueing by ACA-reaction was studied. It was observed that ACA-reaction is temporary and the weak reaction at delayed time is followed by increasing intensity of Arthus reaction. 3) Comparing susceptibilities between ACA-reaction, systemic anaphylactic shock and Schultz-Dale reaction, highest susceptibility and smallest antigen dose in ACA-reaction was observed. 4) The same inclination was observed in ACA-reaction and systemic anaphylactic shock by comparative study of influence at challenge days after sensitization.

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1. Male white gunea pigs, about 300 g in body weight, was given a single injection of 0.2 ml of serum of rabbits sensitized with dried tuberculous bacilli of the Aoyama B strain sterilized at 100℃, into the posterior lobe of the lung, the injection needle being inserted through a point between the right third and fourth ribs on the dorsal side of the body. Four hours later, the animals received an injection of the same heat-sterilized bacilli suspended in physiological saline solution. Pathological changes taking place in the lung were studied 24 hrs, 48 hrs, 3 weeks and 6 weeks after the treatment. Guinea pigs inoculated with the antigen only served as controls. Suspensions used were prepared by adding 10% liquid paraffin. 2. In animals received the passive transfer of antibodies, tuberculous lesions were rapidly developed in the lung and at 48 hours, the lesions occupied a greater part of the posterior lobe in 4 of 10 animals. At this time, difference in size of lesions between the antibody-antigen group and antigen control group was most marked. At 3 weeks, lesions were sometimes still larger in the former than in the latter, but at 6 weeks, difference in size of lesions was hardly discernible between the two groups of animals. 3. In antibody-antigen group, infiltration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and proliferation of epithelioid cells were already obvious in developing lesions 24 hours after injections. At 48 hours, the epithelioid cell proliferation was decidedly more marked in this group than in the controls. However, the difference concerning the cell proliferation between the two groups was less marked at 3 weeks and no longer discernible at 6 weeks. 4. Both groups of animals reacted negatively to the Middlebrook-Dubos hemagglutination test and the Sindo-Middlebrook hemolytic test at 24 and 48 hours. At 3 and 6 weeks, both groups being statistically non-significant. 5. Tuberculous lesions developed in the lung following passive transfer of antibody were qualiitatively the same at tissue level as those formed under active immunization. The only difference between the two appeared to be more rapid progresses of changes in the formed than in the latter. 6. It seems likely that the antigen-antibody reaction is an important factor involved in the rapid development of tuberculous lesions in animals receiving passive transfer of antibodies.

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The present study was undertaken to obtain evidence as to the congenital sensitization to food in humans. Egg white antigen titres were measured by the PCA test in following specimens such as mother's blood, newborn infant's blood, amniotic fluid, meconium and first voided urine. Complete antibody titres against egg white determined by the BDB test in above mentioned specimens. Incomplete antibody titres against egg white were demonstrated by the method which was devised by applying Coombs reagent to usual BDB test in above mentioned specimens. 1) Egg white antigen was demonstrated in high titres in the cord blood, the amniotic fluid and the meconium, while it was never observed in the mother's serum. Furthermore, it was interesting to note that it was demonstrable in the first voided urine in over half of the newborn infants. 2) In ten cases in which all samples were drawn at the same time and examined, egg white antigen was not detected in the mother's blood. However, it was discovered in over half of the samples of cord blood, amniotic fluid, and newborn infant's urine. 3) Complete antibody against egg white was markedly evident in the amniotic fluid, moderately exhibited in the mother's blood and in the cord blood, and only slightly apparent in the newborn infant's blood. In addition, complete antibody was not observed in the first voided urine and the meconium. 4) Complete antibody titres against egg white in the amniotic fluid were compared with those in the mother's serum of the same subject. It was shown that there was no correlation between them, and frequently complete antibody titres were far high in the amniotic fluid, when they were absent or extremely low in the mother's blood. 5) Incomplete antibody against egg white was moderately demonstrable in the mother's blood, the cord blood, and the newborn infant's blood, while it was observed only in few cases of the amniotic fluid. Furthermore, incomplete antibody was not demonstrated in the first voided urine as well as the meconium. 6) Incomplete antibody titres against egg white in the mother's blood were compared with those in the cord blood of the same subject. It was shown that there is no correlation between them, and occasionally incomplete antibody titres in the cord blood were far higher than those in the mother's blood. 7) It was evident that a parallelism seemed to exist between complete antibody titres against egg white, lactalbumin and soybean in the amniotic fluid. From these results, the following was considered: 1) Food antigen taken by the mother was not only readily transferred into the fetus, but also into the amniotic fluid, meconium and newborn infant's urine. 2) Both, complete antibody against egg white in the amniotic fluid as well as incomplete antibody in the cord blood were not always derived from the mother's serum, but at least a part of these might include the antibody which was produced by the fetus. 3) Some fetus may be congenitally predisposed toward the production of antibodies against foods transferred from the mother while others are not.

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In the previous paper, authors reported that food allergy play an important role on the etiology of OA using elimination and trial ingestion diets. In this experiment, several conditions on the provocative test of OA with causative food such as the amount of food allergen and time up to the eliciting OA after the oral administration of food were studied in detail. Following results were obtained: (1) OA was elicited on erect-lordotic posture by a single oral administration of the usual amount of causative food taken such as 180 ml of cow's milk, one egg, or 50 g of Natto (fermented soybean). (2) OA was provoked on erect-lordotic posture even when minute amount of food allergen was given, for example, by taking a few pieces of rice biscuits roasted with soybean oil due to soybean allergy. (3) OA was mostly elicited on erect-lordotic posture within 1 to 4 hours after a single oral administration of causative food. (4) Elimination of soybean for a relative long period of time resulted finally in no provocation of OA on erect-lordotic posture even when the usual amount of respective food taken was given. Namely recovery from OA was obtained in 6 cases after the elimination of causative food for the period of 5 to 11 months. (5) Accompanied symptoms with OA run parallel to the disappearance and appearance of OA by it's elimination and trial ingestion diets. (6) Pork, red bean and mackerel were newly added as the causative food for OA to foods such as milk, egg and soybean which were already established as the important food allergen in the previous experiment. These results, further add evidence to the theory that OA is based upon the mechanism of food allergy.

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Authors reported on 42 cases of soybean allergy using elimination and trial ingestion diets. These were as follows: Urticaria 4, headache 6, abdominal pain 2, diarrhea 1, constipation 1, eczema 6, bronchial asthma 6, cyclic vomiting 5, orthostatic albuminuria 10 and purpura 1. The following summary was obtained from these cases. 1) The period up to the disappearance of symptoms after starting elimination of soybean was short in diseases or symptoms such as urticaria, headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation (A group), while it was relatively long in eczema, bronchial asthma and cyclic vomiting (B group) as well as orthostatic albuminuria (C group). 2) The period necessary for eliciting symptoms by the trial ingestion of soybean seemed to be shorter in A) C) group than in B) group. 3) The close relationship seemed to exist between the period necessary for the disappearance of symptoms after the elimination of soybean and for the appearance of symptoms by the trial ingestion in patients with soybean allergy. 4) On the provocative test, a great deal of symptoms were accompanied with the occurrence of the original disease. Those seemed to be much more in the B) C) group than in A) group. 5) There were other food allergens together with soybean, all of which caused similar symptoms in the same case. These allergens were milk in 11 cases, egg in 6, milk and egg in 6, and egg, tuna and buckwheat in 1. 6) Period of elimination, which resulted finally in no symptoms on provocative test even though respective and causative food was given, was longer in soybean allergy than either in milk or egg allergy. 7) Out of 42 cases, symptoms caused by the soybean allergen were also provoked with red bean in 5 cases, and with peas in one so that cross reactivity was clinically found to exist among them. 8) On the intracutaneous test with soybean extract positive reaction was observed in 13 of 20 cases (65 per cent). In this way, it was shown that there were many of the clinical cases due to allergy to soybean so that soybean should be considered to be one of the most important food allergens in Japan.

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