Four hundred and twenty-three cases of the aged patients, who underwent general and regional anesthesia from January 1972 to July 1974 were studied. Aged patients were classified into three hundred and twenty-eight cases of the old age group, who were from 65 to 74 yearold, and ninety-five cases of the advanced age group, who were over 75 yearold. Various factors which influenced the occurrence of the postoperative pulmonary complication were studied and the following results were obtained :
1. It was found that the incidence of the postoperative pulmonary complication was correlated with age, sex, habits of smoking, emergency operation, site of operation, history of the thoracic surgery and obstructive symptome of the respiratory tract, the kind of an-esthesia, operation time and pulmonary function test.
2. The arterial Po₂ continued to decrease from the day of the operation, in both the old age and the advanced age group, reaching to the lowest value at the 3rd postoperative day, at the 7th postoperative day, the arterial Po₂ returned nearly to the preoperative level in the old age group. However, the recovery of the arterial Po₂ was not enough in the advanced age group. There tendency were marked in the cases followed by the lung com-plication, especially, in the advanced age group. Fall of the arterial Po₂ had been found usually, before the occurrence of the lung complication was confirmed by X-ray examination. This finding was supposed to be valuable to forecast the occurrence of the lung complication.

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Nonspecific protection of mice against experimental E. coliinfection is stimulated by the pretreatment with schizophyllan (SPG), a glucan produced by Schizophyllum commune. An immunosuppressant or antitumor substance was administered, before or immediately after the challenge with E. coli, to the SPG-treated or non-treated mice, and the influences of the drugs on the protection test was examined.
(1) The protective activity of mice proved to increase by the treatment with 6-mer-captopurine alone immediately after the challenge.
(2) The protective activity of mice increased by the pretreatment with actinomycin D, bleomycin, adriamycin or antilymphocyte serum alone.
(3) The protective activity increased by the administration of cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, 5-fluorouracil or bleomycin immediately after the challenge in the SPG-treated mice.
(4) The decrease of the protective activity was recognized by the administration of actinomycin D, chromomycin A₃ or antilymphocyte serum immediately after the challenge in the SPG-treated mice.
(5) The increase of protective activity was observed by the combined pretreatment with SPG-cyclophosphamide, SPG-chromomycin A₃ or SPG-antilymphocyte serum.
(6) The decrease of protective activity in SPG-treated mice was seen by the administration of 6-mercaptopurine, 5-fluorouracil or dexamethasone before the challenge.
(7) No remarkable influence on the protection was demonstrated by the treatment with cytosine arabinoside, mitomycin C or L-asparaginase before or after the challenge.

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McEwenの方法を2, 3改良して犬血清MAOに対するTris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris) の影響を検討した.Trisは部分精製した犬血清MAO活性を強く阻害し, 10mMで75%, 1mMで31%であった.このTrisの阻害度はnialamideの1/10, catronの1/1000であった.またTrisは家兎血清MAO活性に対して僅かな阻害作用を示したものの, 牛血清MAO活性, 人血清MAO活性, 犬肝臓, 腎臓, 脳中のmitochondria MAO活性に対しては全く影響を及ぼさなかった.犬血清MAOに対するTrisの阻害作用は経時的に変化せず, 透析で完全に取り除かれる, 明らかに可逆的な作用である.またLineweaver-Burkの両軸逆数プロットによりその阻害機構を検討してみたところその作用は明らかにnoncompetitiveであった.また犬血清MAOの基質特異性においてbenzylamineを基質とした場合その活性が最も高く, 次いでbutylamine, amylamine, β-phenylethylamineのll頂となりtryptamine, serotoninにおいてはほとんど活性は認められなかった.さらに種々基質におけるTrisの影響でをま, benylamine基質の場合最も強い阻害効果が認められbutylamineがそれに次ぎ, β-phenylethylamine, tyramineではほとんど阻害が認められなかった.以上のことよりTrisが犬血清MAOに対して極めて特異的に作用し, またその阻害機構がnoncompetitiveなものであることから, 犬血清MAOは他の動物の血清MAOとは明らかに異なった性格のものであることが示唆された.

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Hypersensitity pneumonitis was developed in rabbits by inhalation of cell wall or supernatant of K. pneum. or Cl. perf. two weeks after single or multiple (once a week, 4 times) immunization of K. pneum. or Cl. perf. emulsified with incomplete Freund's adjuvant. The rabbits were sacrificed 3, 12, 48 hrs and 7 days after the inhalation of each antigen.
In the group of rabbits received the single immunization and inhaled with cell wall, the pulmonary lesion showed interstitial granulomatous pneumonitis characterized by infiltra-tion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and predominantly mononuclear cells (MNC) in the alveolar septa and space and the granuloma formation. These findings were frequently observed on 48 hrs, thereafter gradually diminished.
The rabbits in this group showed delayed type skin reaction (24 hrs) and also low titration of precipitating antibody against the immunized antigen.
In the other group of rabbits received the multiple immunization and inhaled with cell wall, pneumonitis was characterized with severe infiltration of PMN and with mild infiltration of MNC. The findings were observed on 3 to 12 hrs.
The rabbits in the group showed Arthus type skin reaction (8 hrs) and higher titration of precipitating antibody against the immunized antigen than the group of single immuniza-tion.
In the group of rabbits inhaled with the supernatant after single or multiple immuniza-tion, PMN and interstitial thickening were observed almost same degree as that of cell wall inhalation, but infiltration of MNC was weak and granuloma formation was rare.
From these data, we suggested as follows ;
The lesion was induced by both of Arthus type and delayed type reaction due to inhalation of bacterial antigens. In addition, a part of cell wall component may play a main role for induction of allergic pneumonitis, comparing to that of supernatant.

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Effects of various metal ions on monoamine oxidase (MAO) in human placenta were studied. Both MAO activities with serotonin and tyramine as substrate were inhibited by NaCI in almost the same degree. Similar results as the case of NaCI were obtained with KCI, MgC1₂ and HgC1₂ administration. The potent inhibitions of MAO activity with serotonin as substrate than with tyramine were observed by the administrations of CdCl₂ and K₂CrO₄, and CaCl₂ caused more potent inhibition of MAO activity with tyramine as substrate than with serotonin. On the other hand, MnC1₂ at concentrations from 10 μM to 0.1 M caused increase of MAO activity with serotonin as substrate, whereas it caused inhibition of MAO activity with tyramine. These effects of MnC1₂ on MAO activity were found to be irreversible and noncompetitive. No effects on optimum pH and optimum PS of MAO acti-vity with serotonin as substrate were observed by the administration of MnC1₂. However, in case of tyramine used as substrate MnC1₂ caused changes in optimum pH from 8.0 to 7.0 and in optimum PS from 1 mM to 20 mM.
The effects of MnC1₂ on MAO activity were not influenced by the changes in oxygen concentration in gas phase. From these results, it was suggested that there were at least two different types of MAO in human placenta, one of these mainly oxidize serotonin and the other mainly oxidize tyramine.

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The incidence and significance of pulmonary megakaryocytes have been studied in the lungs of 100 autopsy cases of sudden death. Cases of sudden death are divided into two groups, that is, one group died of various accidents (58 cases) and another died of various diseases (42 cases)
Results obtained are as follows :
1) Pulmonary megakaryocytes are detected in all casses, but most of the cells have naked nuclei.
2) The average number of pulmonary megakaryocytes is 29.2 in all cases of sudden death, 28.0 in the cases of males (71 cases), and 32.0 in cases of females (29 cases) .
3) The average number of pulmonary megakaryocytes is 30.3 in the cases of accidentdeath, 31.8 in the cases of males, and 27.0 in the cases of females.
4) The average number of pulmonary megakary ocytes is 27.7 in the cases of diseasedeath, 23.4 in the cases of males, and 41.5 in the cases of females. This marked difference between males and females may be explained by the fact that in the cases of females two cases with many pulmoary megakaryocytes (157 and 120, respectively) are included.
5) With regard to the number of pulmonary megakaryocytes in the cases of accidentdeath, no marked differences are observed either between males and females or among various causes of death: the number ranges from 85.8 in the cases of subdural bleeding (4 cases, male) to 4.0 in the cases of both rupture of the liver (2 csses, male) and cresol poisoning (1 case, male)
6) With regard to the number of pulmonary megakaryocytes in the cases of diseasedeath, no apparent differences are observed either between males and females or among various causes of death: the number ranges from 157.0 in the case of intestinal intussusception (1 case, female) to 3.0 in the case of subarachnoid hemorrhage (1 case, male) .
Although marked difference in the number of pulmonary megakaryocytes is observed among individuals, regardless of accident or disease-death, causes of the difference are unknown.
7) In the previous paper, we have reported that the numer of pulmonary megakaryocytes in the autopsy cases of hospital-death was 92.7 (79 cases) . In the present paper, we report that, in the cases of sudden death, the number of pulmonary megakaryocytes is 29.2 (100 cases) . Therefore, the number of pulmonary megakaryocytes in the cases of hospital-death is as 3.2 times as many than that in the cases of sudden death. Furthermore, in the cases of sudden plus disease-death, the number of pulmonary megakaryocytes is 27.7 (42 cases), which clearly shows marked difference between the cases of hospital-death and sudden death.
These observations imply that, in the cases of hospital-death, the duration of disease, the various therapeutic treatment including surgical procedure and medication during hospita-lisation, and so forth, have some influence on the micro-environment of bone marrow, and facilitate the migration of bone marrow megakaryocytes out into the sinuses of bone marrow.

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This is the report of an autopsy case of Thoracopagus in male newborn infants joined by thorax and upper abdomen. All viscerae were seen in each infant except duplicated liver.

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A-8-year-old male with acute transverse myelitis developed respiratory failure due to atelectasis. First of all atelectasis occured in his right lung, that was treated easily.
But at the weaning of the respirator the lung of opposite side immediately developed atelectasis, and that couldn't be cured by the usual treatment.
So we used the respirator for 43 days.

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An endoscopic approach to remove calculi from the common bile duct (CBD) has been attempted by us, Kawai's group and Classen's group respectively since 1972. The instruments for endoscopic papillotomy are as follows; duodenoscope. diathermy apparatus, cutting knife and basket cather for extraction.
Technique of this procedure makes the start at first on insertion of cutting knife into CBD through major papilla. Narrow distal segment associated should be cut off enough by diathermy.
Regarding to cutting knife, Sohma's model and Ikeda's model have been reported already, and also Classen's model is general use in Europe and United States. New model has some benefits, for instance, to make cannulation easy, to keep the cutting line correct along CBD and to prevent slipping out of the probe with the help of the tip remained in CBD. It is consisted of 3.0 cm in effective length and 1.0 cm in free part at the tip, which is characteristically different from them above mentioned.
Clinical application has been carried out in 17 cases, including residual stone, choledo-cholithiasis with or without cholelithiasis and benign papillary stenosis. New model has revealed effective results without any complication.

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