1. 宮城県地方における食品害虫, ことに菓子類に加害する害虫について, 1968年から1969年にかけて研究した. 消費者から届出のあった虫害品および著者らの調査から, ノシメマダラメイガ, ノコギリヒラタムシ, ナガヒョウホンムシ, ヒメマルカツオブシムシ, カツオブシムシの1種が発見された. ほかに, コクガ, カシノシマメイガ, ツヅリガ, コクゾウムシ, アズキゾウムシ, エンドウゾウムシの分布が認められた.
2. 菓子虫害品のほとんどはノシメマダラメイガ幼虫の加害によるものであった. 1968年には本種幼虫の加害のうちチョコレート類は19件で, ナッツ入りがもっとも多く, ついでミルクチョコレートの順であった. 他の菓子類は10件で, ナッツ・ビーンズ入りのものに著しかった. トラップ法においては, ビスケットにもっとも多く出現した.
3. ノシメマダラメイガによる被害品は県下に広く発生した. 県内2市・1町に設置したトラップ法からも, 本種は県内に広く分布することが認められた.
4. 虫害品は7～10月に発見され, ことに8～10月に多く発見された. トラップ法におけるノシメマダラメイガの産卵活動は7～11月に連続して認められ, 7月, 8月下旬～9月当初にピークとなる傾向があった.
5. 本種は, 流通機構の各段階で発見された. トラップ法では各種小売店のすべてで発見され, 地方問屋倉庫, 大卸倉庫でも認められた. ことに返品置場に顕著であった. また, 消費者家庭でも生息が認められたから, 本種による虫害は, 各所で起こりうると考えられた.
6. ノシメマダラメイガは狭い空間でも正常に羽化し, 摂食しないまま交尾・産卵した. これは狭い生息環境によく適合する習性と考えられた. メスは羽化後間もなく交尾し, 1969年の実験例では7～9日間生存して210～254卵程度産卵した. オスは羽化後2日以降に交尾した. 交尾回数はメスは普通1回, オスは2～3回おこなう例があった.
7. 本種の卵期間は6～8月の室温で4～8日, 25°および30°の定温で5日, 卵から羽化開始までの期間は同じ室温で73～83日, 25°定温で48～66日, 30°で49～73日という結果を得た.
8. 成虫および幼虫の温度反応実験により, 本種は低温条件に対し, 比較的広い適応性を有することが示唆された.

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ノシメマダラメイガの成虫の誘引物質に対する産卵選好の実験に入るに先だち, 成虫の活動の時間帯, 配偶行動, および産卵行動についての知見を明らかにするため, 成虫の行動を継続して観察した.
(1) 成虫の活動の時間帯は, 17時から翌朝の5時までの13時間で, 明るさと密接な関係が推察された. 活動する個体数は18時をすぎると急激に増加し, 20時において最高に達した後, 次第に減少し, 22時をすぎれば急速に減少した. 成虫の活動のもっともおう盛な時刻は19時から22時までの4時間であった.
(2) 成虫の移動, 成虫の配偶行動および産卵行動はこの活動の時間帯の中で行なわれた.
(3) ノシメマダラメイガの未交尾のメスは, 尾部をもち上げ, いわゆるcalling poseの姿勢を保っており, このメスにオスを近づけるとオスはmating danceをしてメスに接近する行動を示し交尾した.

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ノシメマダラメイガの産卵選好に関与する物質的要因について, 実験的に分析を行なった.
(1) 成虫が好んで産卵した菓子類を餌として幼虫の発育調査を行なったところ幼虫の発育は悪く, 成虫の産卵選好と幼虫の栄養要求とは必ずしも一致しないことがわかった.
(2) 産卵選好における物質の化学的要因を調べるために, 10gの粘土に3%の割合でミルクチョコレートの各原料をそれぞれ混入して産卵選好を調べた. そのうちショ糖とチョコレートリカーにとりわけ産卵がみられ, 両物質の混合による相乗作用も認められた.
(3) ショ糖の含量に対して識別能力がみられ, 5%と3%を明らかに区別し, 前者に対する産卵が多かった.
(4) 物質表面の形状が産卵選好の一つの要因であることがわかった. 同一物質でも凹凸のあるものとないものでは, 明らかに前者に多く産卵された.

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he authors have been continuing an ecological investigation of confectionery insects since 1967 in the northern part of Kyushu for the purpose of controlling them and in this paper, the results of 1967 are reported.
1. 13 species of insects probably injurious to confectionery were found out in Kurume. Above all, the number of Oryzaephilus surinamensis Linné was largest and that of Plodia interpunctella Hübner was next to it. And Ahasverus advena Walti occurrred in abundance concentrically for a particular short period. And Ephestia cautella Walk, Carpophilus hemipterus Linné and Liposcelis exedra Bodonnel were relatively larger in number than the others.
2. The active period of Oryzaephilus surinamensis lasted from the first ten days of May to the middle of November and they became most active in both June and August. On the other hand, Plodia interpunctella have been most active from the last ten days of July to the middle of August, and their highly active period was shorter than that of Oryzaephilus surinamensis. For this species, there was an effective parasite, Bracon hebetor Say, which reduced greatly the outbreak of their hosts after September.
3. Each species of these insects varied a little in what kinds of confectionery it preferred. Plodia interpunctella and Ephestia cautella liked the flour of nuts (the mixture of peanuts and almonds), Oryzaephilus surinamensis the flour of nuts and biscuit, and Carpophilus hemipterus the chocolate.
4. The population density of each pest insects was highest in the stores where the crumbs of confectionery were scattered around for insufficient cleaning and these crumbs provided the source of succeeding outbreaks for insects. And besides, it was also higher in the stores which sold not only confectionery but other general foods than in the stores which sold confectionery only.
5. The possibility of damage by infestation seems to be greatest in the storehouses of wholesale stores where confectionery goods are stored relatively for a long time and the densities of the insects are highest. Thus it can be considered that our efforts to control confectionery insects should be concentrated on control at these storehouses in the process of marketing.

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This is the report on the biology of insect injurious to the confections in Aichi Prefecture by our observation. Injurious insects mostly appear between July and September through the year. We report herewith thirteen species of insect injurious to the confections, of which eight species were directly examined and determined of their specific names. Most important species were Plodia interpunctella Hübner and Oryzaeophilus surinamensis Linné.
According to our observation, the packages of thin cellophane and alminium foil were invasive easily by the larva of P. interpunctella and its adult of more oviposited to the comparatively dark places.
We determined the effectiveness of repellent medicine and had compared the different thirteen repellents to P. interpunctella, O. surinamensis and Tribolium castaneum Herbst. Most repellents were useful to P. interpunctella and O. surinamensis but heptyl acetate to O. surinamensis and camphene, n-heptyl alcohol, isoamyl acetate and di-n-butyl Succinate to P. interpunctella indicated the inducement. Acetophenone, camphene and indalone were useful to T. castaneum, but α-pinene, 2, 3, 4-tetrachlorobutane and heptyl acetate indicated the inducement and put the insect to death.
Additionally, the larva of Cryptolestes turcicus (Grouvelle) is described and illustrated first in Japan.

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The Indian-meal moth, Plodia interpunctella Hübn. is the most serious pest of confectionery in Japan. The seasonal population trend of the pest was examined in a Japanese mosquito net put up at the laboratory of Miyazaki University using rice-bran as a food of the insect. The numbers of alive moth, emerged and dead one were recorded everyday. The fluctuations of room temperature and moisture were recorded, too.
In southern Kyushu, from late of March the moth of the first generation may begin to emerge and reach a peak of abundance at the end of April. From early to middle of June the moth of the second, from middle to late of July the third, and from early to late of August the fourth generation appear. At the first half of October the moth of the fifth generation emerge and almost all diapause may occur at the full grown larvae of this generation. The ‘developmental zero’ and the ‘thermal constant’ of this species were estimated at the temperature of 11.5°C and 462.5 in degree-days.

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The laboratory-raised strains of Oryzaephilus surinamensis Linné, Plodia interpunctella Hübner and Cadra cautella Walker were placed into specially equipped bait test tubes, to examine whether they have abilities of boring several packing materials or not. The test tubes were then incubated at about 28°C with about 75% humidity. The packing materials used in this experiment were glassine, dampproof cellophane, polyethylene, polypropylene, aluminum, vinyl coat aluminum and laminated aluminum. As results, the strong defensive abilities against the boring of the insects were observed on aluminum, and then on polypropylene. These two materials have several different characteristics, and in use, they will help each other. It is desirable to use vinyl coat aluminum or laminated aluminum for the packing of confections in order to protect them from the insect damages.

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The chemotaxis of the larvae of the Indian-meal moth, Plodia interpunctella Hübner were examined by means of the Y-tube olfactometer (Fig. 1).
The experiments herein reported, in which about 59 odourous chemicals chosen were tested, have demonstrated the following point regarding attraction and repellency to the Indian-meal moth.
A definite amount of chemicals (0.01cc for liquids or 10mg for solids) suspending in 100cc distilled water was tested. From the results obtained chemicals were classified into attractants (+), repellents (-), and ineffective substances (±). The power of attraction or repellency of the substance tested is represented by the following ratio:
(I: index A: odorous side R: odorless side N: total) A and R are the numbers of the larvae traveled to the odorous and odorless sides respectively, when 3 hours passed after the start of the test, and 20-40 indicates the total number of larvae tested in two or three times replicated (Table 1).
The results obtained are as follows.
Attractive flavour substances: Iso-amyl propionate, citral, ethyl cinnamate.
Repellentive flavour substances: Allyl cyclohexyl propionate, eugenol, iso-amyl formate, decyl aldehyde, diacetyl, jasminal, linalol, ethyl iso-valerate, citronellal, isoamyl iso-valerate.

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This paper reports results of studies on the stored-product pests in confections conducted from August 1968 to November 1969 at six survey areas in Kochi and of experimental studies on Oryzaephilus mercator, which was first found to be resident in the district of Kochi in our present study, in comparison with O. surinamensis, a common species in Japan of the same genus, and a species of another genus, Plodia interpunctella, as well. Laboratory studies on the development of O. mercator and O. surinamensis depending on different ages of parents and temperatures were made.
To sum up briefly, the important ones among these results are as follows. (1) Out of the total observed number of 1722 of confections, high infestation rates of pests, 2.67% (15 species) and 18.2% (26 species), were found in samples taken from confections for sale and those of return, respectively. And as the results of our survey for a year, we could recognize three common species of pests, O. surinamensis, O. mercator and P. interpunetella. (2) Among different confections, biscuits were most severely infected as compared with chocolate and caramel confections. (3) High infestation rates were observed on the shops at rural areas in Kochi, on the shops of miscellaneous goods and on the wholesale store, hence we may well safely consider that the pest infection of confections is apt to occur severely in goods remaining long unsold and badly controlled at confection retail stores. (4) Seasonal fluctuations of O. mercator in the number collected by traps every week at confectioners factories distinct three peaks of adults and four peaks of larvae in the period from May to February, and it turns out that this pest may have four generations in a year (Fig. 19). But its fluctuation in number at the store of wholesale trade and retail stores never indicates such distinct peaks. (5) Developmental periods (egg to emergency) at 28°C did not show any distinct difference between both species, O. surinameusisand O. mercator, except that O. suriuamensis could not emerge, while another species could do at 32°C, both species emerging at 15°C. (6) In our study, we were aware of the fact that these two species of Oryzaephilus have intensive positive thigmotaxis (stereotaxis). (7) Faculty of boring polyethylene paper (0.02mm thickness), used for chocolate cover, becomes greatest for O. mercator when the population is of intermediate density (32 per cage in size 30cm3), whereas it becomes smaller in cases of lower or higher densities. (8) In O. mercator, the developmental period of offspring of parents of older ages (13 days old or more) was reduced by about two days as compared with that of parents younger than 13 days old, and the length and width of the thorax of offspring became shorter, P. interpunctella has the same tendency. (9) As three pairs of ovariole are found in both species of Oryzaephilus, it is possible that a female of these lays six eggs a day. The breeding period were six months at longest. (10) As to insecticidal activity for two species exposed to DDVP, O. mercator and O. surinamensis were found to be almost equal in LD50 values obtained by the topical application method (24hrs, 28°C). As the result of other experiments, which is shown in Fig. 22 in the LT50 values (y) observed at different distances (x) from DDVP-plates to pests, the relationship between the distances and insecticidal activity for pests seems to be formularized by y=0.433x+14.700. (11) P. interpunctella has 4th instar larval stages, periods of egg to emergence being about 30 days, and the pest comes to maturity in several hours after emergence and periods of egg-laying are almost a week.

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During the period from June 1968 to April 1969, macroscopic arthropods were isolated monthly from the dust and refuse collected by a vacuum cleaner at various places of the peanuts confectionery and chocolate storehouse at Hatano in Kanagawa Prefecture. Sixteen species including ten species of food injurious insects such as confused flour beetles (Tribolium confusum), flat grain beetles (Cryptolestes minutus), almond mothes (Ephestia cautella) saw-toothed grain beetles (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) and small-eyed flour beetles (Palorus ratzeburgi) were detected. They occurred in number in the seasons of summer to autumn and it was noticed that they have many chances of attacking confections or other sweets everywhere surveyed.

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Out of 432 pieces of chocolate examined, 1.2% were found to be infested with stored product pests. The pests consisted of the Indian-meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis and the mushroom mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae. The infestation occurred more often in autumn. It required four months or more until new infestation would occur in candy store (confectionery retail store). It became clear that the fauna of the house dust of candy store (confectionery retail store) had two significances of the infestation, i. e., some of them would infest the confection as the source of contamination while some of them would remain in the house dust as the indicator of the infestation of the confection.

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During the period of 1967-68, a total of 1, 386 pieces of confections (1, 041 of chocolates and the like, 255 of biscuits and the like, 90 of nut-caramels and others) were purchased from the confectioners, groceries, super-markets and department stores, which were located in six representative areas of Tokyo, and examined both macroscopically and microscopically whether they were containing insects or not. On the other hand, a total of 148 sentinel confections known to have been free from insects were placed at three confectioners and were examined at certain intervals.
Results obtained are summarized as follows:
1) The main insects found in the confections were Plodia interpunctella Hübner andOryzaephilus surinamensis Linné, and the main mite was Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank).
2) Insects were detected from chocolates, biscuits and the like. There were no geographical nor seasonal distinct difierences on the detection rate.
3) There was a slight tendency that the incidence might have been related in some way to the storage period of the confections.

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香川県下における菓子類の害虫による被害の実態を知るために1967年春から1970年春までの3年間にわたって本調査を実施した.
菓子類の害虫として従来確認した種類は4月34種であったが, もっとも重要な害虫と目される種類はノコギリヒラタムシおよびノシメマダラメイガの2種であった. これらの両種の1年間の発生回数は前者は4回, 後者は3回であった. ノコギリヒラタムシの発生のピークは, 普通6月から8月, ノシメマダラメイガのそれは6月中旬から8月上旬である.
地方の菓子製造工場ではしばしば製品を加害する大抵の害虫が見出される. したがって, ここには考慮すべき問題がある. 一方また地方の菓子小売店や雑貨店においても, こうした害虫がしばしば動いており, それらの活動は7月から9月までの3か月間がもっとも顕著である. こうした現状から, 菓子店における菓子類の管理, 取り扱いに関連する問題が指摘される. その上, このような状態のもとでは, 店題に商店が陳列されてからの日数の経過とともに被害が増大することも明らかである.
一般に大メーカーで製造されるところのチョコレート類やビスケット類は, その製造過程では虫害を蒙ることはまずないけれども, 工場を出てからの流通過程においては, しばしば虫害を蒙ることになる. こうした害虫によるそれらの商品の被害は, やはり夏季において比較的大きく, また前記2種の害虫による被害がとくに大きいが, 包装の方法や包装材料とも密接な関係がある. チョコレート類における被害は, アーモンド, ナッツ, レーズンなどを混ぜて仕上げたものほど一般に甚大である.
害虫による菓子類の被害は, 明らかに店頭や, 回収品を短期間とはいえ新しい商品と一緒にかかえている卸屋における, 不合理な商品管理や取り扱いということからきているように思われる. そしてこうした現状は, 現在の時点では, 殺虫剤などによる直接的な防除以前の問題と考えられる. それゆえに, これらの菓子害虫の防除対策は, まず, 関係業者に対する害虫についての徹底した指導の段階から始められるべきで, 殺虫剤などによる防除はそのつぎの段階で考慮されるべきであって, また, それはやむをえない特定の場合においてのみ採用されるべきである.

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This investigation was carried out to see the damage of confectionery by insect pests in Shimane Prefecture from June in 1968 to September in 1970.
Chocolate, biscuit and caramel were put under investigation. Among them, chocolate suffered most easily, biscuit next and caramel least. The main noxious insects were Plodia interpunctella and Oryzaephilus surinamensis. Other species mattered so little. At the shop windows, confectionery seems to suffer throughout the year, the damage being most from July to September and less from November to June of next year.
Ephestia cautella and Plodia interpuntella were parasitized by Habrobracon hebetor from September to October. Sometimes Oryzaephilus was parasitized by Cephalonomia formiciformis in Number.
As for Plodia interpunctella, the sex ratio, the life of adult and the period growthwere investigated.

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It was investigated in this report on the insects found in foods and food products in Hokkaido during the period of 1968 and 1969. All of 69 cases were listed up in this report for these two years.
The number of identified species of insects in these cases was 35, belonging to 8 orders, i. e. THYSANURA, COLLEMBORA, ORTHOPTERA, PSOCOPTERA, HEMIPTERA, LEPIDOPTERA, COLEOPTERA and DIPTERA.
Among them Plodia interpuctella is the most important species in Hokkaido, and larvae of this moth were found in 27 cases. Of those cases 15 were reported in September, and 6 and 5 cases were found in August and October, respectively.

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1. Confectioneries sampled from a total of 56 retail stores in Tokyo Metropolitan District and 10 other outlying prefectures were surveyed for its susceptibility to insect pests. The samples consisted chiefly of chocolates and nut-containing caramels. The stores were selected taking their geographical locations and environments into consideration while the checking time was settled so as to coincide with the period when the pests were seasonally rampant. Result: Signs evidencing their infestation were not shown.
2. Despite the absence of phisical damage to the confectioneries, the containers used for displaying and storing the content at the retail stores were, on many occasions, found to contain pests, within them, namely, Plodia interpunctella and Oryzaephilus surinamensis.
3. A list of 15 insects considered to fall under the general category of cenfectionery pests has been made, as classified by material constituting the confectionery so well as by that used in packaging it.
4. The author recommends the use of pesticidal agents as a measure of preventing, and controling the occurrence as well as damage of confectionery pests. An appropriate pesticide administration to both the warehouse and retail store in early stages of insect propagation will promise an effective control. The results of tests conducted by the author were proved to be completely satisfactory. The control agent used was gassifying type synthetic resin preparation containing dimethy1-2, 2-dichlorovinyl phosphate, which is available in plate forms.

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In order to protect confection from vermin, the investigation on the wapped plastic films for confection and their perforation by vermin was made, and then the experiment to know what kind of films was easily perforated by vermin was tried, and furthermore the test of electric light killer for vermin was put.
These results obtained were as follows: (1) 200 samples of the wrapped plastic films of the claimed confections were tested by infrared spectra. Consequently, a large number of these films were made of polyethylene-laminated-cellophane and polypropylene, and a few were made of cellophane, dampproof-cellophane and polyethylene etc.. (2) The relationship between the above-mentioned plastic films and the vermin's perforating of them were tested by use of the nice confection for vermin, and consequently, it was found that polyethylene, cellophane and polypropylene had easily been perforated by vermin, especially by Plodia intepunctella Hbn. larvae. (3) Therefore, to keep away vermin from confection by wrapped film, as its material, polyvinylidenechloride, polyvinylchloride, polycarbonate or polyester film are necessary to be used. (4) Electric light killer was scarcely effective for the confection vermin like Plodia interpunctella Hbn. larvae.

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In order to know the effects of eight insecticides, susceptibility tests were carried out by the topical application method on the several important confectionery pests such as cigarette beetles (Lasioderma serricorne), Indian meal mothes (Plodia interpunctella), sawtoothed grain beetles (Oryzaephilus surinamensis), rice weevils (Sitophilus zeamais) and Adzuki bean weevils (Callosobruchus chinensis).
The results showed that comparing with the common house mosquito (Culex pipiens pallens), the house fly (Musca domestica vicina) and the German cockroach (Blattella germanica), these insects had high tolerance levels, but they were susceptible to pyrethorins and sumithion (fenitrothion) than other insecticides tested. According to the KT₅₀ values, relatives, toxicities of the insecticides were as follows; pyrethorins>sumithion>malathion> lindane>alethrin>DDT>DDVP for the cigarette beetle and pyrethrins>DDVP>sumithion=phtalthrin>lindane>malathion for the Indian meal moth, respectivity.
Effectiveness of DDVP strips upon the saw-toothed grain beetle, the cigarette beetle, the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), the Adzuki bean weevil and the Indian meal moth were tested with a box (0.5m³) in which the insects were exposed by the strips. From the test results, susceptibilities assessed by the KT₅₀ values as follows; common house mosquito house fly>Indian meal moth>saw-toothed grain beetle>German cockroach>American cockroach>yellow mealworm>cigarette beetle. It is clear from the data presented that the DDVP strips can be used in practice under limited conditions for the control of these insects.

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Under three rooms with different conditions of air, the effects of DDVP resin strips, containing 18.5% DDVP, were estimated te both larvae and adults of the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum and larvae of the Indian-meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. Adults of the northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens were also employed as a test insect. To the adults of them the strips showed sufficient effects even on the condition of regular ventilation, while the efficacy of strips to larvae was unsatisfactory even on the condition of air-tight.

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食品害虫の被害から各種の食品を守る実際的な方法として, 食品包装紙に低毒性で安定度の高い殺虫剤を適用することの開発を試みる目的で基礎的な実験を実施した.
用いた殺虫剤は2-chloro-1- (2, 4, 5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethylトランス異性体であって, これをキシレン2.5%液とし, 1.2m2当り1Lの割合を基準としてロ紙に散布し, この上に供試昆虫を放って連続接触させてその効果を検討した.
供試昆虫としては, 著者の研究室で飼育中のノコギリヒラタムシ, タバコシバンムシ, ヒラタコクヌストモドキなどを用いた.
結果はきわめて有望であって, 上記基準量の8倍希釈量でも, 上記3供試昆虫種はいずれも7時間以内に全部死亡した. さらに基準量を市販チョコレートの外装紙箱に塗布して, ノコギリヒラタムシ10個体を放って長期間観察した事例では, 約4か月後において対照にあっては全虫体が紙箱内の銀紙を貫通して内部に侵入加害していたのに対し, 殺虫剤塗布群ではまったく加害を認めず, 全部が死亡していた.
したがってこのような手段による食品害虫予防策は今後実際的な方法として, 大いに検討する必要があろう.

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