巻号一覧
26 巻, 2 号
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アサリTapes japonicaに共生するオオシロピンノPinnotheres sinensisの生態とアサリの身入りにおよぼす影響について杉浦 靖夫, 杉田 昭夫, 木原 正光1960 年 26 巻 2 号 p. 89-94
発行日: 1960年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーThe present paper is a record of the ecological observations of Pinnotheres sinensis as pest in culture of Tapes japonica and the influence of the crab on the weight of the host's flesh.
It was not observed that two or more female crabs were living in one host. Few male crabs were observed in host and five living with female were found among thirty-seven crabs. One of the writers caught a male crab walking on the outside of the mussels (Mytilus edulis) in the field. The berried crabs were found from July to October, exceptionally in June and December (Fig. 1) but the optimum hatching season ran from September to October at water temperatures ranging from 24°C to 19°C. From next May to July many young crabs were found in the host (Fig. 2) and they became to berry in Autumn. The biological minimum size was 5.3mm in carapace length. Large crabs (over 8mm) began to decrease in number from summer. The size of berried crabs varied in accordance with the period in breeding season. The highly infested region with Pinnotheres sinensis was situated along the channel (Fig. 3).
In the laboratory, some female crabs free from the host were possible to live fairly long time viz. 4-6 months.
Tapes japonica infested with Pinnotheres sinensis was lean without regard to their size or season (Fig. 4, 5).抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (413K) -
スルメイカ魚体の各部分比およびその組成の季節的変化について高橋 喬1960 年 26 巻 2 号 p. 95-98
発行日: 1960年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーIn the previous paper1), regarding the seasonal changes in gravimetric constitution of the cuttle-fish caugth in the sea near HAKODATE and seasonal variations in chemical composition of various parts of it, it was reported that there were no seasonal variations in the ratio of weight of each part, except viscera, to the body weight, and a considerable change was observed in the fat content of the liver. Such investigations were also made on the cuttle-fish caught in the sea adjacent HAKODATE by MATSUURA et al2), 3) and by OKUDA et al4), but the details of the investigations on the cuttle-fish caught in any other fishing area have not been described.
Accordingly, the present investigations were carried out on the cuttle-fish caught in the sea near MIE prefecture from March, 1958 to May, 1959. And the results obtained were as follows.
The increase of body-lenght and -weight from May to September was large, a low increase of body-lenght and -weight appearing from November to March. There was a considerable seasonal variation in the ratio of weight of the viscera to the body, gravimetric constitution of the viscera changing extremely during November-March (Tables 2 and 3).
As to the seasonal variations of chemical composition, noticeable changes were shown in contents of moisture, total nitrogen and fat in the viscera and the liver. Both the viscera and the liver had maximum fat content in November, contrasting with minumum contents of moisture and total nitrogen in this month (Table 4).抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (310K) -
土井 長之1960 年 26 巻 2 号 p. 99-102
発行日: 1960年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーAs to theoretical models of prey-predator relationships among fishes, VOLTERRA's differential equations are well-known. Nevertheless, there are a great deal of criticism that those equations cannot stand for real circumstances of community of fishes or animals. But as the equations are convenient to examine the community problems of fishes, discussions about the equations are now often presented.
This report is a trial to prove whether VOLTERRA's equations are applicable to the predatory relationships between bluefin tuna, a predator, and coastal fishes in the southern waters of Japan. An electronic analogue computer was employed in solving the equation which is a kind of non-linear differential equations.
The following are the results obtained. First, relationships between bluefin tuna and common squid in the waters for the years 1951 to 1955 have been examined. In Fig. 2 the broken line, generated by a function fitter of the analogue computer, represents the actual variations in the stock of common squid for the years 1951 to 1955, and the other curves stand for the theoretical variations in the bluefin tuna computed by the analogue computer for various values of a parameter of VOLTERRA's equation. The graphical form in the middle of theoretical curves is similar to an actual variation of bluefin tuna. Therefore, as far as those years are concerned, it seems that these two fishes are in prey-predator relationships fitted to VOLTERRA's equation.
In the second place, for the years 1951 to 1956 instead of to 1955, it was found impossible to make a theoretical graphical form similar to actual variations of bluefin tuna. But when total catch of coastal fishes is considered instead of common squid alone, it is possible to find out the predatory relationships between bluefin tuna and the sum of coastal fishes for the year 1951 to 1956, as shown in Fig. 4.
From these results it is concluded that bluefin tuna and coastal fishes including common squid are in predatory relationships in the southern waters of Japan.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1433K) -
野村 正恒1960 年 26 巻 2 号 p. 103-115
発行日: 1960年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーPDF形式でダウンロード (607K) -
マクサ (Gelidium amansii LMX.) の初期発生について山崎 浩1960 年 26 巻 2 号 p. 116-122
発行日: 1960年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーIn the present paper the author dealt with the details of the early stages in the development of the Gelidium amansii collected at Izu Peninsula, middle Japan. He found that:
1. The carpospore and the tetraspore germinate immediately after liberation, in the same type, or indirect germ-tube type.
2. The resting spore begins to sprout out a germ-tube in several hours after liberation, then the full contents of the spore move into the germ-tube (Pl. 1, 1-3).
3. The first division occurs with parallel or oblique plane to the longitudinal axis of the germ-tube producing the upper and the lower cell (Pl. 1, 4-5). The situation of the daughter cells occurred in such way has an important meaning in the process of the coming morphogeny.
4. The cell-group originated from the upper cell grow upto the creeping stem of the frond, and that originated from the lower one gives out the primary rhizoidal-cell in the beginning and then the erect main stem or creeping part of the frond later (Pl. 1, 6-11). The primary rhizoid appears from the apical cell originated from the lower cell-group about 38 hours after settling of the spore.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1229K) -
本間 義治1960 年 26 巻 2 号 p. 123-127
発行日: 1960年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーThe external morphology and the histology of the pituitary gland of the cyprinid fishes, carp (Cyprinus carpio) and funa (Carassius carassius), and the male carp-funa hybrids is described.
1. The pituitary of the carp is of caudo-lepto-basic type. The pituitary stalk enters the gland posteriorly and extends craniad. The glandular lobes of the pituitary, i.e., pars tuberalis, pars principalis, and pars intermedia, lie parallel to each other and obliquely to the body axis. The pars tuberalis is composed predominantly of acidophiles; the pars principalis of basophiles (cyanophiles), and abundant chromophobes are found in the pars intermedia.
2. The pituitary of the funa is of dorso-platy-basic type. The pituitary stalk enters the gland dorsally and extends ventrad. The glandular lobes are disposed parallel to each other and lie in the horizontal plane. The pars tuberalis is composed chiefly of acidophiles; the pars principalis of basophiles, and the pars intermedia of weak basophiles. In the pars principalis, many orange acidophiles may be recognized.
3. The pituitary of the carp-funa hybrids shows a condition intermediate between those of the parent species. The pituitary stalk penetrates into the gland obliquely from the dorsocaudal angle and extends ventro-craniad. The shape of the pituitary of the hybrid fish is rather similar to that of the funa, as is the arrangement of the glandular lobes which lie almost parallel to the horizontal plane. The pars tuberalis is composed of acidophiles; the pars principalis of basophiles, and the pars intermedia of weak basophiles. In the pars principalis there are no carmine acidophiles, although these are constantly seen in the pars principalis of each parent.
It seems that the pituitary of carp-funa hybrids is more or less intermediate between those of the parents, although there are some peculiarities.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1277K) -
揮発性還元物質 (VRS) の分画富山 哲夫, 池浦 一也1960 年 26 巻 2 号 p. 128-131
発行日: 1960年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーA study was made to ascertain a finding in the previous paper1) that showed a marked increase in neutral substances at incipient spoilage. A fractionation with Amberlite IRC 50 and IRA 400 was carried out of VRS in steam distillates obtained from a deproteinized extract of mackerel flesh whose pH's were adjusted to 2.0, 6.0 and 9.3 before the distillation.
Data given in Table 1, 2 and 3 clearly indicate that VRS which are distilled off at pH 6.0 are contaminated with basic substances and appreciably increase with a slight rise of pH of the sample extract. The fractionation into acidic, basic and neutral VRS with ion-exchanger resulted in a fairly good conformity with respective VRS values obtained by the steam distillation (Table 5). Fig. 1 illustrates the change in volatiles of mackerel flesh stored at 6-10°C. It is clearly seen that the basic VRS increases after 1-day storage and nearly stops its increase at 3 to 4 day storage while the neutral VRS increases after 2-day storage and continues to increase up to 4-day storage at least.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (311K) -
水蒸気蒸留法によるVRSの定量法の比較並びに定量されるVRSの性質富山 哲夫, 池浦 一也, 藤野 清也1960 年 26 巻 2 号 p. 132-135
発行日: 1960年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーTOMIYAMA and IKEURA2) made it clear that both basic and neutral substances are involved in VRS value obtained by their method1). The present paper deals with how much VRS and whether basic or neutral VRS can be oxidized by the STROHECKER method3) which employs an acidic solution of permanganate as contrasted to an alkaline solution in the TOMIYAMA et al's method1). A study has also been carried out of the efficiency of ion-exchanger in separating basic VRS from neutral one. Data presented in Tables 1 and 2 indicate that only free basic VRS can be adsorbed quantitatively on Amberlite IRC-50 and that the salt of basic VRS shall be separated with Dowex 50. Data given in Table 4 show that the extent of oxidation of both neutral and basic VRS according to the STROHECKER's procedure3) is relatively small when compared with that by the TOMIYAMA et al's method1). It is noted that a modified STROHECKER's procedure proposed by TOMIYASU et al4) gives a comparable value with that by the original procedure in case of the neutral substances, while higher value in case of the basic ones.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (282K) -
本間 輝武1960 年 26 巻 2 号 p. 136-139
発行日: 1960年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーThe oxidized bonito and tunny insulin have been studied by comparing paper electrophoresis in 20% formic acid and isoelectric fractionation in 0.1M aqueous ammonia with that of the oxidized beef insulin. Oxidation of these insulins were performed with performic acid under Sanger's condition. After the electrophoresis the main three bands were present on paper in the oxidized fish insulin. One moved toward the anode and the other two toward the cathode, whereas the main two bands (A and B peptide chains) were present in the oxidized beef insulin (Fig. 1). This suggests that the fish insulin is probably composed of three peptide chains.
When the oxidized fish insulin was fractionated in 0.1M aqueous ammonia at pH 5.5, the precipitate formed was small. The remaining fraction in the supernatant fluid showed the same three bands as the original oxidized insulin using the paper electrophoresis. Thus, the precipitation method for fractionation of the three peptide chains of the oxidized fish insulin was unsuccessful.
Also, a comparison of the nitrogen content of the each bands separated after the electrophoresis of these oxidized insulins was conducted.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1021K) -
即殺および苦悶死コイのミオシン区蛋白の組成右田 正男, 大竹 茂夫1960 年 26 巻 2 号 p. 140-148
発行日: 1960年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーIn order to examine the influence of death conditions upon the muscle proteins, composition of myosins from two groups of carp was determined by salting-out analysis: one group was put to an instant death by beheading (Control Group), and the other was killed after being left in the air for several hours (Anguish Group).
Salting-out curves of myosins from the both groups were alike in that peaks in the range 30-45% (v/v) saturation of ammonium sulfate predominated, which are presumed to consist of actomyosin and myosin (Fig. 1 and 2), while, in Anguish Group, a fraction precipitating in the range 10-20% saturation was usually found, such fraction was not found generally in the Control Group (Fig. 1 and 2). This fraction is presumed to be actin, and this was ascertained by a rise of viscosity on mixing the fraction precipitating at 20% saturation and rabbit myosin (Fig. 3). It may be note worthy that actin was fractionated from natural myosins, since it has long escaped from detection by either electrophoretic or ultracentrifugal method.
If myosins were extracted with addition of ATP (1mg. per g. muscle), from the muscle of carp killed in anguish, actin fraction disappeared in the salting-out curve (Fig. 4).
This as well as the fact that the muscle from Anguish Group contains far less ATP may suggest that appearance of actin in the salting-out curve might be related to ATP content of the muscle.
Sodium pyrophosphate was found to have the same effect as ATP, so far as in causing disappearance of actin fraction in the salting-out curve of Anguish group (Fig. 5).
The results were explained by the following assumptions: (i) In muscle of carp killed in anguish, interaction between actin and myosin might become weakened. The extent of the weakening, however, might be so small as it could manifest itself only in the presence of salt in pretty high concentrations as used in the salting-out analysis. (ii) The weakening of the interaction might be due to a sort of denaturation of actin and/or myosin, induced by certain factors produced in the course of biochemical change in muscle before death. (iii) ATP in the muscle might play a role to protect the protein from denaturation.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (605K) -
腸球菌と他の菌種との抗生物質に対する感受性の比較堀江 進, 関根 隆1960 年 26 巻 2 号 p. 149-160
発行日: 1960年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーCYD broth** (polypepton 2%, dextrose 1.5%, Na-citrate•2H2O 1%, yeast extract 0.5%, NaCl 0.5%, K2HPO4 0.3%, KH2PO4 0.3%, pH 7.0) was found to be a suitable nutrient medium for growth of enterococci, as reported in the preceding paper7)). By the addition of some effective bacteriostatic agents to this medium, a selective medium for enterococci will probably be obtained. In an attempt of finding such useful inhibitory agents, the authors compared the sensibility against various antibiotics, using CYD agar plate as a basal medium, between enterococci and other organisms. In comparison with other gram-positive organisms, enterococcal strains were found to be highly resistant to fradiomycin, streptomycin, viomycin and oxytetracycline. Particularly, enterococci were characterized by their high resistance to fradiomycin, viz., a concentration of 25γ per ml of fradiomycin in CYD agar inhibited all of the gram-positive organisms tested except enterococci, whereas even a concentration of 100γ per ml of this antibiotic failed to inhibit the growth of enterococci. In the case of CYD broth medium, it was likely that a concentration of more than 100γ per ml of fradiomycin in the medium will be required for inhibiting gram-positive organisms other than enterococci. Any of antibiotics examined in this study could not. inhibit all of gram-negative organisms when used in a concentration that allows the growth of enterococci. Enterococci showed a higher resistance to colistin as compared with coliform organisms, viz., all of enterococcal strains tested grew in the CYD agar containing 30, 000u. per ml of colistin, whereas almost all strains of coliform group were inhibited in a concentration of 300u. per ml. It was noted that there exists a specific relation between the type of enterococcus group and the sensibility to leucomycin, viz., aconcentration of 0.5γ per ml of leucomycin in CYD agar inhibited only type III of enterococcus group.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (735K) -
腸球菌と他の菌種との色素に対する感受性の比較堀江 進, 関根 隆1960 年 26 巻 2 号 p. 161-168
発行日: 1960年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーThe sensibilities of enterococci and other organisms to various dyes or sodium azide added in citrate yeast dextrose agar were mutually compared. Eight kinds of triphenylmethane dyes, five kinds of acridine dyes and methylene blue were used in this study. Gram-negative organisms were found to be more resistant to triphenylmethane dyes than gram-positive ones. As a whole, among the gram-positive organisms so far examined, enterococci showed the highest resistance to these triphenylmethane dyes. Enterococci were clearly distinguished from other gram-positive organisms in their particularity of high resistance to ethyl violet and crystal violet. As to the sensibility to acridine dyes or methylene blue, no appreciable difference was found between different groups of organisms. On the other hand, it was shown that enterococci were characterized by their high resistance to sodium azide among all gram-negative and gram-positive organisms examined. A combination of sodium azide and ethyl violet as inhibitory agent, as presented by LITSKY and others, may be most suitable to be used in the medium for selective cultivation of enterococci.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (508K) -
改良腸球菌検査法堀江 進1960 年 26 巻 2 号 p. 169-182
発行日: 1960年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーAlthough there are several methods for determining the population of enterococci in water and food, no method accurate and reliable from the practical standpoint has yet been established. In order to improve the method for enterococcal test, the author investigated on the selective action of some inhibitory agents and incubation temperature on enterococci medium. From the result of these works, it was shown that high selectivity of confirmatory medium for enterococci can be obtained by the use of some inhibitory agents in combination with incubation temperature at 45°C. Then a new improved method for enterococcal test was devised wherein azide yeast dextrose broth (AYD broth) containing 0.02% sodium azide is used as a presumptive broth and ethyl violet azide citrate broth (EAC broth) containing 0.000012% ethyl violet, 0.025% sodium azide and 1% Na-citrate•2H2O as a confirmatory medium. This method consists of transferring a loopful of culture from a AYD broth tube at 37°C. to a EAC broth tube at 45°C. Since this confirmatory medium, EAC broth is highly specific for enterococci at 45°C., the MPN value of enterococci may in general be determined immediately from the number of positive confirmatory test tubes without laborious procedure in complete test. A modified method in which lactose broth was used in place of AYD broth as presumptive medium in the above-mentioned method was also found to be an excellent one.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1118K) -
人の糞便,食品,水における腸球菌の菌数ならびに菌型について堀江 進1960 年 26 巻 2 号 p. 183-192
発行日: 1960年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーComparative studies have been made between numbers of coliform bacteria and enterococci in human feces, raw fishes and shellfishes, frozen foods, ice-creams, well waters, coastal bathing waters and other waters. From the experimental results, no relationship between numbers of coliforms and enterococci was observed, particularly in sliced tuna, some frozen foods and ice-creams. Three hundred and four strains of enterococcus group isolated from almost all of the samples tested were classified according to the author's method27). Among these organisms, 283 strains (93.2%) were found to be classified into the following 3 groups; 161 strains (53%) belonged to type I, 44 strains (14.5%) to type II, 78 strains (25.7%) to type III. In general, type I organisms were found to be the most predominant ones; however, it was noted that the population of type III organisms were the greatest in the case of sliced tuna samples. In the present study, AYD-EAC broth method reported in preceeding paper26) was used for the determination of enterococci. Experimental results revealed that the most probable number of enterococci can be determined by AYD-EAC broth procedure irrespective of kinds of sample without laborious complete test. Therefore, the newly developed method for the examination of enterococci is simpler and requires less time than the method for coliform bacteria.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (447K)
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