日本水産学会誌
Online ISSN : 1349-998X
Print ISSN : 0021-5392
ISSN-L : 0021-5392
48 巻, 7 号
選択された号の論文の26件中1~26を表示しています
  • 池田 弥生
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 877-881
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    As a fundamental step to settle the haemochemical assessment of health or disease in fish, the variation of serum constituent levels on the time placed to clot was investigated in carp Cyprinus carpio. The blood collected by heart puncture was placed in three tubes, and centrifuged after keeping for 1, 3 and 6 hours at 30°C.
    Serum glucose level decreased with the lapse of time. The range of 6 hour-values was from 25 to 91% of 1 hour-value. In contrast, serum levels of both magnesium and inorganic phosphorus increased. The range of the former was from 109 to 273%, and that of the latter was from 114 to 489% except in one sample. These rates varied with season. It was guessed that the occasional variations of serum activities or levels of GOT, LDH, Al-P, calcium and total protein may be the result of the collapse of thrombocyte, Serum GPT activity and chloride level did not change.
    From the above results, it is desirable to obtain the serum as soon as possible after blood sampling to get a trustworthy value.
  • 池田 弥生
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 883-885
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    As a fundamental step to settle the haemochemical assessment of health or disease in fish, the variation of serum constituent levels with the temperature placed to clot was investigated in carp Cyprinus carpio. The blood collected by heart puncture was placed in three tubes, and centrifuged after keeping at 10, 20 and 30°C for one hour, respectively.
    Serum glucose level decreased with the rise of temperature. But the difference between the 30°C-value and the 10°C-value was less than 10%. In contrast, serum levels of both magnesium and inorganic phosphorus increased. The maximum rate of the former was 158% and that of the latter was 195%. These rates varied with season. It was guessed that the occasional variations of serum activities or levels of GOT, LDH and total protein may be the result of the collapse of thrombocyte. Serum chloride level did not change.
    From the above results, it is desirable to keep the blood at low temperature until serum separating to get a trustworthy value.
  • 山本 勝太郎
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 887-893
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The tensile and compressive tests were performed with the nylon mono-filament, and the different stress-strain curves in tension and compression were obtained from the tests.
    To estimate the effect of the difference between the tensile and compressive properties on the bending behaviour, the stress-strain curve was approximated with two type broken lines, and then the exents of the shift of the neutral axis and the bending moments were calculated to various bending curvature, respectively. The calculated results of the bending moment agreed closely with the results of the bending tests of the same material.
  • 唐 逸民, 小池 篤, 平元 泰輔
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 895-902
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The construction of the large type Set-net had been changed in several fishing grounds along the western part of Sagami Bay during 10 year from 1968 to 1977. On the main species, the daily record of catch was analysed with special reference to the construction of Set-net, operated in each fishing ground in the summer and autumn season.
    The results obtained here were summarized as follows: The catch of horse mackerel Trachurus japonicus, in Otoshi-Ami(Trap net) tended to be larger than that in the Ryochuso-Ami (Trap net with two mid-lager bags), while the catch of mackerel Scomber japonicus and sardine including anchovy Engraulis japonicus, round herring Etrumeus micropus, and sardine Sardinia melanosticta tended to increase.
    Concerning the Ryochuso-Ami, the catch of each bag (the west and the east side bag) was compared on the main species. The catch of horse mackerel in the west side bag was larger than that in east side bag, while on young yellow tail Seriola quinqueradiata, the catch was larger in the east side bag. On sardine and barracuda Sphyraena japonica, the catch was the same both in the west and the east side bag.
  • 滝沢 敬
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 903-906
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Many mathematical models have produced appreciable evidence that some circumstances may prevent plankton from infinite proliferation but can bring about critical size within which its patchiness unfolds exclusively. An application of TURING'S model gives the following simultaneous differential equations that govern the dynamics of two reactants as ∂P/∂t=aP+bQ+ƒ•I(t)∂2P2/∂X22 ∂Q/∂t=cP+dQ+g•I(t)∂2Q2/∂X22 where ƒ•I(t) and g•I(t) denote the diffusion coefficients and the other parameters are denoted as in his original model. Here the ƒ•I(t) and g•I(t) equally consist of monotone decreasing function I(t) and of the modulus of f or g, which manage the release from the diffusion by degrees.
    It reveals that the two critical wave numbers and the difference between them become larger with time. This can be interpreted that some plankton may be subject to an irreversible diversification toward the contraction of patch size at the developmental stage.
  • 滝沢 敬
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 907-910
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Upon applying TURING'S model to the observation on the distribution of particles measured in the surface layer off the Kuroshio axis, the dynamic properties of the two hypothetic reactants were inspected. Gerneral solutions for the model equation such as the following were employed, P(t, x)=nΣj=1Ajexp(λjt) cos (κjx+εj) Q(t, x)=nΣj=1Bjexp(υjt)cos(κjx+ηj) where P and Q denote the differences at the equilibria of their abundance and the other parameters are denoted as in TURING'S original model. The estimates of λj or υj against κj for j=1, 2, …, n are given by the comparison of two power spectra measured at intervals. Then substituting these values into the characteristic function of the model equations gives rise to the element of the simultaneous equations in five unknowns which denote their intrinsic growth rate or diffusion coefficients etc.
    Upon arranging some requirements for solving these equations in the present conditions, the five estimates were obtained. They suggested that the two hypothetic reactants were under a certain predatory state where one was decreasing convectively but the other was increasing similarly during the period.
  • 坂井 勝信
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 911-916
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    A lymphocyte transfer reaction, which is one of the most valuable and direct means to know the immunological functions of lymphocytes in vivo, was performed using juvenile rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri, steelhead trout S. gairdneri, kokanee (sockeye) salmon Oncorhynchus nerka and masu salmon O. masou. The trout and salmon were immunized by the intraperitoneal injection of washed goldfish red blood cells (GFRBC), and after 5 days or 1 week, lymphcytes were isolated from the blood and spleen of GFRBC-primed donors. The lymphocytes were transferred to unprimed recipients by an intravascular injection and the recipients were kept at 10°C for 5 days or 1 week. When lymphocytes from donors were transferred to recipients in the relations of rainbow trout-to-rainbow trout and steelhead trout-to-rainbow trout, the antibody of the recipients was assayed at high leveled titers similar to the normal antibody response. However, transferability of an ability to synthesize antibody could not be traced throughout transferred lymphocytes in the relations of kokanee salmon-to-rainbow trout and masu salmon-to-rainbow trout. Thus, lymphocytes in trout belonging to S. gairdneri can cuccessfully be transplanted without encountering rejection in recipients, even though trout used as donors and recipients are regarded as an outbred line in immunogenetics.
  • 渡辺 俊一
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 917-920
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Osmotic, sodium and chloride regulations of hemolymph in Hemigrapsus sanguineus were investigated. The crabs exhibited strong hyperosmoregulation in the range of 50-75% SW. Sodium and chloride ions were also well regulated in the same salinity range. The speciffic activity of gill Na++K+-ATPase was higher in the posterior gills than in the anterior gills. In the posterior gills, the Na++K+-ATPase activity showed an increase of 1.5 times with acclimation from 100% SW to 50% SW. Absorption of sodium ion by H. sanguineus in low salinity may be attributed to the function of the posterior gills which have a high level of Na++K+-ATPase activity.
  • 福田 穣, 楠田 理一
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 921-926
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    In order to elucidate the immuno-system of yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata against pseudotuberculosis, attempts were made to purify and characterize its immunoglobulin.
    Yellowtail sera, which produced an agglutinating antibody in high titer against the causative agent of pseudotuberculosis, Pasteurella piscicida, were used. Immunoglobulin was purified from the sera by the procedures which involved gel filtration on Sepharose 6B and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25. Yellowtail immunoglobulin thus purified was found to be amacroglobulin having the electrophoretic mobility of β-globulin in agar gel immunoelectrophoresis. Yellowtail immunoglobulin showed a higher agglutinating antibody activity at 20-25°C than at 37°C. The immunoglobulin was dissociated into subunits when subjected to partial reduction with dithiothreitol and alkylation. The subunit had no agglutinating antibody activity against P. piscicida cells.
  • 本多 勝司, 明瀬 博彦, 沢田 貴義
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 927-931
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    At present, a law of similarity between a model and a full scale artificial floating fish reef does not exist. A model based on Froud's similarity law was thusdesigned. To estimate the angle of inclination and hydraulic registance of artificial floating fish reef to various current velocities, expriments on the model and full scale were carried out.
    The results obtained are as follows: (1) The angle of inclination is the same tendency until the current velocity is about 60cm/s for the model scale experiment. The anle is about 10°C larger when the same experiment was carried out on a full scale.
    (2) The hydraulic registance is the same tendency when the current velocity is about 60cm/s for the model and full scale experiments. As the values of hydraulic resistance converted from the model to the full scale are increased by about30%, the values become almost equal to those of the full scale.
  • 梨本 勝昭, 石井 清彦, 佐々木 成二, 目黒 敏美
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 933-939
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The Swimming Speed (V) of tuna can be expressed as a function of the total length (L), the frequency of the tail beat (F) and the minimum speed (V0) at minimum frequency of tail beat (ƒ0) by V=KL(F0).
    In this paper, the coefficient K for four different species of tuna was calculated by K=0.40√S2/S1, where S1 is the greatest cross sectional area of the fish and S2 the greatest longitudinal sectional area from center of mass to tip of tail. The coefficient K was found to be 0.64 for the bigeye tuna and the albacore, 0.71 for the yellowfin tuna and 1.17 for shortbill spearfish. It was also estimated that approximately 60% of the forward thrust in these fishes was provided by the caudal fin.
  • 渡辺 尚彦, 高井 陸雄, 長谷川 浩
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 941-944
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    A study was made of energy use in the manufacture of frozen surimi. The amounts of utilities and other materials used were examined in two factories located in eastern Hokkaido. The use of energy equivalent of expenditure on capital equipment was also examined. By use of these data, the primary energy input to frozen surimi product was estimated to be 7.5 GJ t-1 surimi product; 36% of the energy is used in the surimi manufacturing process, 27% in the freezing process, 21% in effluent treatment and 16% inpackaging It was shown that a considerable amont of energy was used for freezing and space heating. The cost of additives was the predominant factor and was approximately 30% of the total cost.
  • 古市 政幸, 米 康夫
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 945-948
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The availabilities of a-starch, dextrin, and glucose in the nutrition of carp Cyprinus carpio and red sea bream Chrysophrys major were investigated by comparing the growth and feed efficiency and the changes in rates of absorption (percent absorption per hour) and in blood sugar levels after the administration of carbohydrate. The growth and feed efficiency of carp were highest when fed with the α-starch diet, followed by the dextrin and glucose diets in decreasing order. Red sea bream did not show any significant difference in growth for the various carbohydrate sources, but showed higher feed efficiency when fed with the α-starch diet than with teh dextrin and glucose diets. The percent absorption within the 2-hour period after the administration was highest in glucose, followed by dextrin and α-starch in decreasing order, but the absorptions after that period followed the reverse order. This difference was reflected in the change of blood sugar levels. These findings suggest that the availability of carbohydrate in fish nutrition may be influenced by the difference in percent absorption before and after the 2-hour period, at which time the plasma insulin showed the maximum level.
  • 笠原 賀代子, 西堀 幸吉
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 949-951
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The aromas of sardine cooked with Haccho-Miso were compared organoleptically with that of boiled sardine.
    Head space volatiles, steam distilled whole flavor concentrates, and basic volatile fractions prepared from sardine cooked with Haccho-Miso were studied by GLC and GC-MS analyses.
    Identification of each volatile substance was carried out by comparison of their mass-spectra and tR with those of authentic specimens.
    The aroma of sardine cooked with Haccho-Miso was more pleasant than that of boiled ardine.
    Twenty-three volatile components (four bases, one phenol, six carbonyls, one alcohol, five esters and six hydrocarbons) from sardine cooked with Haccho-Miso and twelve volatile components (three bases, two carbonyls and seven hydrocarbons) from boeled sardine were identified.
    The volatile substances from the boiled sardine did not disappear when the sardine was cooked with Haccho-Miso. It seems that phenols, non-aliphatic carbonyls, alcohols and esters of sardine cooked with Haccho-Miso mask the odors specific to sardine. These components were volatiles of Haccho-Miso.
  • 佐藤 守, 吉中 禮二, 近藤 隆雄, 池田 静徳
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 953-957
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Amino acid compositions of collagens from the skin and vertebrae were determined in rainbow trout which had been fed with purified diets containing different amounts of L-ascorbic acid (AsA) for 11 weeks. Hydroxyproline contents of collagens from the skin and vertebrae were comparatively low in the groups receiving 0 or 2mg of AsA per 100g of diet, when compared with the control fish receiving 200mg of AsA per 100g of diet. The dietary AsA levels had little effect on the hydroxylysine content of collagen.
    The thermal stability of the skin collagen was investigated using changes in viscosity. The viscosity of collagen solution was measured after keeping the sample for 30min at some fixed temperature between 5 and 25°C. The denaturation temperatures of collagens from the groups receiving 5 to 200mg of AsA per 100 g of diet were 18.1 to 18.3°C, whereas those of collagens from the groups receiving 0 and 2mg of AsA per 100g of diet were 16.6 and 17.1°C, respectively. The viscosities of collagens from the groups receiving 5 to 200mg of AsA per 100g of diet were not decreased markedly up to 15°C, whereas those of collagens from the groups receiving 0 and 2mg of AsA per 100g of diet were low around 10°C.
    These results indicate that an underhydroxylated thermally labile collagen is formed and accumulates in the tissues of the fish which are fed with an AsA-deficient diet.
  • 西尾 幸郎, 野口 玉雄, 尾上 義夫, 丸山 純一, 橋本 周久, 瀬戸 冶男
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 959-965
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Gonyautoxin-5 (GTX5) was isolated from teh toxic specimens of the oyster Crassostrea gigas collected from Senzaki Prefecture. The digestive glands were extracted with acidic ethanol and the extract was applied successively to activated chaarcoal treatment and three types of chromatography: on Bio-Gel P-2, Amberlite CG-50, and Bio-Rex70. The GTX5 preparation thus obtained was homogeneous in both thin-layer chromatograthy and cellulose acetate membrane electropyoreesis. The specific toxicity was found to be 280 MU/mg, a value which is much lower than that of gonyautoxin-2, or saxitoxin(STX). Howerver, the toxicity of the preparation was increased five times by mild acid-hydrolysis. In the hydrolyzate, STX was found together with two unidentified components. The GTX5 contained approximately one mole of sulfate per molle, and showed a PMR spectrum which is closely similar to that of STX.
    These results suggest that GTX5 possesses the structure of carbamoyl-N-sulfo-saxitoxin.
  • 佐伯 清子, 熊谷 洋
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 967-970
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The variations in contents of nutritive components and of several nutritive elements as a result of growth were studied for the muscles of wild and cultured puffers Fugu rubripes. The wild puffer was caught in the offing of Tsushima and the cultured fish was taken from the Senzki culture farm in Yamaguchi Prefecture in march, 1981, Results obtained are as follows.
    For both the wild and the cultured puffers, the contents of the nutritive components such as moisture, protein, lipid, and ash did not change with the growth of the body, The same trend was observed with regard to the contents of magnesium, sodium phosphorus, and potassium in the untritive elements. The iron content in the yearling fish was two and a half times higher than that in the older fish, in which the content remained nearly constant regardless of the body length. The calcium content slightly decreased with the growth of the body in both the wild and the cultured puffers.
  • 水野 治夫, 磯 直道, 斎藤 隆英, 大関 文照, 畑野 友子
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 971-974
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The solution properties of phycocyanin isolated from two pure Porphyra, i.e. Porphyra tenera and Porphyra yezoensis, were compared with those of Phycocyanin from dried laver All showed similar sedimentation bedhavior. The sedimentation constant of phycocyanin from Porphyra tenera was 11.5S and tjat from Porphyra yezoensis was 11.9S. Those values were ub giid afgree ment with the value of 11.3S reported for phycicyanin from dried laver. Both phycicyanins showed self-association bedhavior in solution at pH 5.4, the self-association reaction system was assumed to be monomer→hexamer. The results showed that the phycocyanins investigated in this work were the same.
  • 泰 正弘, 泰 満夫, 中村 弘二, 藤原 等
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 975-979
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The pigment of the brick-red colored oysters collected in the Kesennuma Bay was identified as peridinin. Peridinin existed in the form of water soluble peridinin-chlorophyll a-protein complex (PCP) in the digestive diverticulum. The properties of this PCP were as follows: λmax: 410, 480, 670nm; chromogen (peridinin: chl. a=4:1 molar ratio); coagulation temperature 40-60°C; ammonium sulfate precipitation 60-80% saturation. Polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis showed a single broad brick-red band. Sephadex G-100 gel filtration gave two components: F II. The properties of PCPs suggest that the PCPs in oysters are derved from the PCP of the red tide dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans.
  • 森 宏枝, 西澤 一俊
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 981-986
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Sulfated polysaccharides (fucoidans) were extracted from methanol-treated fronds of Sargassum ringgoldianum (Oobamoku) with dilute hydrochloric acid and fractionated by DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography into three components: Fr-A, -B, and -C. Fr-B and -C each behaved as a single component on electrophoresis, but Fr-A was comtaminated with alginic acid. It was difficult to remove this alginic acid in the present work. All three comtained ester sulfate, and IR analusis suggested this was at ab equatorial. Fucose was largest largest in amount among the neutral sugar constituents. In addition, galactose, manmose, xylose and glucuronic acid were detected in various proportions. The molar ratios of Fuc, Gal, Man, Xyl, GlcUA and and SO42- were 1:0.37:0.35:0.42:0.69:2.26 and 1:0.44:0.11:0.12:0.28:2.03 for Fr-B and -C, respectively. Thoes of the same constituents in Fr-A (except uronic acid) were 1:0.36:0.82:0.78:2.32, respectively.
  • 杉田 治男, 石田 祐三郎, 出口 吉昭, 門田 元
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 987-991
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Bacterial flora in the contents of the gastrointestine of Tilapia nilotica which had been gradually adapted to seawater from freshwater were investigated using 11 diferent agar media and both aerobic and anaerobic cultivation.
    Total viable counts of the contents ranged from 106 to 107 g-1 in the stomach, from 107 to 108 g-1 in the fore-intestine and from 109 to1010 g-1 in the post-intestine, regardless of changes of the seawater strength of the water, In the seawater strengths of 0, 1/4 and 1/2, the major component of the gastrointestine consisted of anaerobic Bacteroides type A and type B, and aerobic and facul-tatively anaerobic gram-negative rods. In the strengths of 3/4 and 1, the obligate anaerobes decreased and /or disappeared and aerobic and facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods pre-dominated.
    The ranges of NaCI concentrations in the medium which permit the bacterial growth were as follows: for Bacteroides type A, 0-3%; for Bacteroides type B, 0-2%; for Vibrio-Aeromonas group, 0-4%. These results suggest that one of the reasons why the bacterial flora in the gastrointestine of Tilapia nilotica change in the process of the adaptation to seawater is that some of the bacteria in the gastrointestine of the cultured in freshwater are sensitive to high salinity.
  • 上田 泰司, 鈴木 譲, 中村 良一, 中原 元和
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 993-997
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    To clarify the effect of chemical form on the accumulation of Co by organisms, a rearing experiment was performed, using 60 Co (CoCl2) as an inorganic compound and 57 Co cyanocobalamin as an organic one. The concentration factor of inorganin 60 Co for Gomphina melanaegis was calculated to be 360 and that of organic 57 Co was 650. The effect of the difference of chemical form was not large in the accumulation of Co by bivalves. The excretion curveof 60 Co consisted of one component, while that of 57 Co by bivalves. The effective half of 60 Co was 31 days and that fo the longer component of 57 Co in the body of G. melanegis was 98 days. A remarkably different distribution of Co was observed in the gills, liver, and kidney, suggesting different metabolism processes dus to the chemical forms in the organs of the bivalves.
    On the gel filtration profile of Co in the liver of G. melanaegis, inorganic 60 Co was incorporated in two constituents and organic 57 Co was in one compounent. Four species of bivalves G. melanaegis, Tridacna crocea, Spisula sachalinensis and Patinopecten yessoensis showed two peaks of 60 Co in the gel filtration profiles of their livers, while Anadara broughtonii and japonica showed three peaks.
  • 仁木 弘, 出家 栄記, 加藤 恒夫, 五十嵐 清一郎
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 999-1004
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    In order to develop a powdered surimi that is easy to handle, transport, and preserve, Active Fish Protein Powder (AFPP) which retains the kamaboko-forming property of fresh fish meat has been studied.
    A low-fat fish like Alaska pollack was used in producing AFPP. Whole fresh fish were beheaded, gutted, deboned, deskined, minced, and washed several times. The fine mineed fish meat was milled in a colloid mill to make a slurry and then spray-dried.
    The activity of AFPP was measured against its ability to make kamaboko and the ATPase activity of myosin protein.
    Unlike conventional fish protein concentrate (FPC), AFPP can be turned into raw surimi by adding 4 times the weight of water, it has excellent functional properties such as forming kamaboko gel. AFPP made from Alaska pollack contains 5% of moisture, 65% of protein, 4% of fat, 24% of saccharide and 2% of ash.
    AFPP can be used for producing kamaboko and other food products instead of frozen surimi.
  • 杉田 治男, 店網 秀男, 出口 吉昭
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 1005
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 中添 純一
    1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 1007
    発行日: 1982/07/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 1982 年 48 巻 7 号 p. 1010
    発行日: 1982年
    公開日: 2008/04/22
    ジャーナル フリー
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