日本水産学会誌
Online ISSN : 1349-998X
Print ISSN : 0021-5392
ISSN-L : 0021-5392
48 巻, 12 号
選択された号の論文の25件中1~25を表示しています
  • 大村 百合, M.A. ALI
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1679-1684
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The Pineal organ of the killifish was investigated by electron microscopy under experimental light and dark conditions and after hypophysectomy. Significant changes were detected in the number and length of the synaptic ribbons in the pineal organ. The pineal synaptic ribbons in-creased in number and length during darkness at night, but decreased during the day in light. Hypophysectomy showed a prominent effect on the decrease in number and lengh of the synaptic ribbons. Tish result suggests that the pineal synaptic ribbons function as receptors for the infor-mation from the pituitary. Meanwhile, the intact fish kept in continuous darkness showed a con-spicuous decrease in number and length of the synaptic ribbons during day time. This means that changes of synaptic ribbons (number and length) might be involved in circadian rhythm rather than light and dark conditions.
  • 木原 興平
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1685-1688
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The water temperature and the salinity at the botton layer of the eastern Bering Sea were analyzed in order to elucidate the fluctuation of the Alaskan Stream Extension Water during the summers from 1963 to 1977. Tish warm and saline water mass prevailed from 1965 until 1969 and weakened after 1970. There was significand positive correlation between the fluctuation of average of the corrected monthly mean sea level of May and June and the fluctuation of the mean bottom temperature from 1963 to 1974 excluding 1968 and 1973 (r=0.76, P<0.02).
  • 荒井 克俊, 椿 裕己, 石谷 嘉英, 藤野 和男
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1689-1691
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The present paper describes the morphology and the number of chromosomes in the specimens of abalones: Haliotis discus hannai INO, H. discus REEVE, and their natural hybrids as identified by the presence or absence of the four loci encoding enzymes reported before. A total of 30 specimens were collected from five localities of the Pacific and the Japan Sea coasts of Japan. The chopping method was applied to prepare chromosome spcimens from gill tissues by injecting colchicine in advance. The diploid number of H. d. hannai was 36, consisting of 20 metacentric and 16 submetacentric biarmed chromosomes. No difference was seen in the chromosome numbers and karyotypes among H. d. hannai, H. discus, and their hybrids.
  • 張 成年
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1693-1695
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Spermatophores were removed from the sternum of female Macrobrachium rosenbergii immediately after mating ant preserved in Ringer solution at 2°C or room temperature. After certain periods of preservation, the spermatophores, which had lost their adherence, were attached to the sternum of other females 10-15 hours after prespawning molt, using quiek set adhesive α-cyanoacrylate as a glue. Spermatophores preserved for up to at least 17 hours at room temperatures and up to four days at 2°C resulted in successful fertilization and hatching. In spermato-phores preserved for longer periods at 2°C the protective and adhesive matrices of the spermato-phore degenerated greatly and were subject to damage by the propagation of bacilli, resulting in the failure of fertilization unless the preserving medium was renewed every two days.
  • 井上 実, 任 為公, 有元 貴文
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1697-1701
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The rheotaxis of fish generally has been understood to depend on the mechanical receptors like the lateral line and cutaneous sensations and, since LYON'S report in 1904, the function of visual sense has been strongly emphasized.
    In this study the upstreaming reaction of freshwater fishes was examind under bright and dark conditions, with a rotating water trough devoid of visual objects. Behaviour of eight species of freshwater fishes in the current (17.4cm/s) were compared under three different grades of illumination (4.0, 0.15 and 0.10 Lux) in the darkened laboratory. The results of the experiments are as follows;
    Under bright condition (4.0 Lux) fish in the current without visual object showed a weak upstream movement, whereas under dark conditions (0.15 and 0.10 Lux) a vigorous upstream movement was shown. It seemed to be attributed to the compensational reaction by the mechanical receptors which allowed the fish to react positively against the current, without the visual objects under dark conditions. Other experiments at night and in turbid water also were conducted for comparison with the results of observations in the daytime. These data then are consistent with the view on the upstream movement of fish mentioned above.
  • 木島 明博, 藤尾 芳久
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1703-1709
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The gene consitution of an individual river population of the chum salmon was compared with that of other river populations by geneitc distance calculated from the allelic frequencies at six isozymic loci, Idh-A2, Idh-B2, Ldh-A1, Mdh-B1, Pgm-B2 and Aat-A1, which are surveyed by starch gel electrophoresis. A matrix of genetic distances among river populations indicated that an indivdual river population could not be regarded as a completely genetic isolated population because of exchange of individuals with neighbouring river populations.
    Analysis of a correlation between geographic and genetic distance among river populations revealed three routes of homing migration for spawning. The correlation also revealed that gene constiutions of two river populations separated by more that about 600km along the homing migration routes could be regarded as practically independent of each other.
  • 小池 篤, 竹内 正一
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1711-1716
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The maximum catch per unit of gillnet (unit had about 131, 000 meshes) for Wakasagi (pondsmelt) Hypomesus transpcificus nipponensis was estimated from the catch data of experimental fishings. Each fishing operation was designed to have different soaking time of the gear with the repetition of haulinjg, in which the distribution of the enmeshed fish was recorded before the gear was reset into the water with the catch intact.
    The distance between each enmeshed fish was measured from the record in each haul and the catch-loss which dropped off from the mesh was checked comparing with the position of each enmeshed fish in the former hauling.
    The results obtained here are summarized as follows;
    1) Variation of catch with different soaking time from one hour to four hours showed the realized maximum number as more than 150 individuals.
    2) The ratio of loss number to the enmeshed fish amounted to over 20%, and higher percentage of this ratio was observed within one hour after the fish was enmeshed.
    3) The influence of the enmeshed fish seemed to decrease the efficiency of the neighbouring meshes within 7cm.
    4) Potential catch per unit in this type of gillnet was estimated to be approximately 1, 000 individuals.
  • 谷口 道子
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1717-1720
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The peroral inoculation experiments are consedered to be important in the study for establoshing preventive measures against the streptococcicosis of yellowtail.Until now, it has not been possible to reproduce the streptococcicosis in yellowtail with typical symptoms, so that in this study it was examidned how to reporduce the typical symptoms, by the peroral inoculation method through food. The typical symptoms of the disease observed in the peroral incoulation tests were as follows: opthalmitis with bloody pus, redness at eyeball; melting of branchiostegal membrane, caseous pus and redness at inside of operculum; caseous pus at basal part of fins and caudal peduncle; bloody pus, redness at the part between palatine and vomer; rredness of arterial bulb, thickening of epicardium and adhesive epicarditis; thickening of serosa, congestion and bleeding at liver. These symptoms appeared within 2 weeks after doseing the pathogen, when the pathogen was mixed into homogenized fish meat or injected under the skin of food fish. It was not so important to add the culture fluid of pathogen for promoting the appearance of symptoms. The effective number of pathogens dosed was 105 cells per individual yellowtail werghing 300-500g in boby werght in the case of mixing pathogen into homogenized fish meat, and 109 cells per individual yellowtail in the case of injecting pathogen under the skin of food fish.
  • 谷口 道子
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1721-1723
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Influence of food condition used for application of pathogen on the appearance of streptococcicosis were examined by the peroral inoculation test for yellowtail. The incidence of the disease in the test were remarkably different depending on the food condition given to yellowtail, such as the form of food (whole, chopped, and pellets) and the state of food (raw, frozen, and thawed). The incidence was very high in the case of chopped food, and no disease occurred in the case of whole food, when sand launce (large size) and sardine were used for food species. The disease did not occur either in the case of pellets. The incidence of the disease was higher in the case of thawed food than in the case of frozen food. It was suggested that the thawed food accelerates the appearance of the streptococcicosis.
  • 田中 昌一
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1725-1729
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The dynamical properties of a fishery management system are studied. The system is such that the catch quota YT is decided on the basis of replacement yield (RY)T adjusted by (PT-PU)/τ where τ is a constant and PT and PU are the present and target stock levels respectively. Both (RY)T and PU are subject to estimation error. If τ⟩1, the expectation of PT converges to PU in an asymptotic manner and the variance of PT increases with time to a constant. If the estimation error is a biased one the converging point is shifted from PU depending on the size and direction of the bias. A small value of τ allows quick approach to the target but is accompanied by a large yearly fluctuation in YT and a high stock level for complete closure of fishing. The stock may be depleted by chance below the minimum level which the stock can maintain if τ is set at a large value, but the possibility of destruction of stock can be neglected if PU is set at or larger than MSY level. In the initial stage of exploitation of a new stock, either a different procedure or a different τ value for calculating YT should be used.
  • 楠田 理一, 川合 研児, 白川 卓
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1731-1738
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    In the previous paper it was revealed that the causative organsim of the streptococcal infection in cultured yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata had biological and boochemical characteristics intermediate between Streptococcus faecalis and S. faecium. However, serological details had not been exsamined. In this paper, some serological characteristics were examined in order to make the taxonomical position clear. Grouping of the strains was performed by capillary tube test and OUCHTERLONY'S test. Typing was perfrmed by aggluination reaction and immunoelectrophoresis. All of 86 strains isolated from yellowtail and some strains isolated from amberjack, dragonet and eel had common group specific antigen extracted by LANCEEIELD'S method. But this antigen was different from the antioens of group A to H, K, L, N, O and MG. Further it was revealed that the new group specific anatigen did not exist in the cell wall as in the case of the group D streptococci. Some other antigens were detected in the cell wall by immunoelectrophoreis and on the cell suface by aggluitnation reaction. These antigens were detected in all the pathogenic strains. It is concluded that the pathogenic strains consist of a new group of Streptococcus not reported before. Further attempts in classifying the group into types were done, but the result was unsuccessful.
  • 中原 元和, 小柳 卓, 上田 泰司, 清水 千秋
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1739-1744
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    For a part of the study on the accumulation of cobaly by cephalopods, uptake and excretion of innic 60Co taken up from seawater by Octopus vulgaris was exanined under labortory cinditions. Coblat-60 from seawater was accumlated remarkably in branchial heart that is a specific organ for cephalopods and the concentration factor of the nuclode by the organ attained to 33, 000 at 25th day in the uptake experiment at 20°C. Muscle showed the lowest concentration factor among the organs and tissues measered and the value was about 40 at 25th day. The 60Co ertention curve for whole body of the octopus was composed of two exponentail rate functions with biological half-life values of 1.2 (22%) and 190 days (78%).
    The Sephadex gel chromatograms of 60Co extracted from seceral tissues and organs of the octopus suggest that the nuclide bound to different constituents on the respective tissues and organs. In muscle and liver, most of the muclide seems to be bound to the protein with low milecular weight (about several thousands MW). On the other hand, the nuclide in blood, internal medium, associated with a constituent with more than 80, 000 MW.
  • 竹内 俊郎, 渡辺 武
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1745-1752
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    This study was conducted to compare the effect of 20:4ω6 with that of 18:2ω6 and 18:3ω3 or a ω3HUFA mixture containing 20:5ω3 and 22:6ω3 on growth and fatty acid compositions of rainbow trout and coho salmon held in freshwater and chum salmon held in both freshwater and sea water. In addition, experiments were conducted to determine whether ?? 12, 19-C22:2 fatty acid with one double bond at ω3 position has an EFA value for these fish, and to determine the EFA requirement of chum salmon in a sea water environment in order to compare it with that in freshwater.
    The results indicated that 20:4ω6 has the same growth enhancing effect as 18:2ω6 in rainbow trout, coho salmon, and chum salmon In rainbow trout and chum salmon, a ω3HUFA mixture was more effective as EFA that 18:3ω3, but less effective in coho salmon, The ?? 12, 19-C22:2 fatty acid was found to have no EFA value for these fish species, judging from growth and fatty acid compositions of the fish. On the other hand, the requirement of chum salmon for EFA was found to be the same for those held in sea water and in freshwater; the requirement for 18:2ω6 and 18:3ω3 was found to be around 1% of each.
  • Paul D. MAUGLE, 弟子 丸修, 片山 輝, Kenneth L. SIMPSON
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1753-1757
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The characteristics of the primary digestive enzymes of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus were studied in animals fed for 30 days on a compounded dry diet containing 60% protein.
    Pepsin activity was not detected. A broad range of stable protease activity from pH 7.0-8.5 was found, indicating that perhaps more than one alkaline protease was detected by casein hydrolysis. Amylase activity showed a distinct activity optimum at pH 6.8. Optimum assay temperature for both amylase and protease was 40°C.
    The effect of Ca2+ addition on relative amylase activity was opposite to that of protease. This may indicate that maximal expression of amylase activity requires a greater amount of calcium than that of protease activity. Sufficient amounts of calcium for maximal expression of amylase activity did not seem to be supplied by either environment or dietary sources.
  • Paul D. MAUGLE, 弟子 丸修, 片山 輝久, Kenneth L. SIMPSON
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1759-1764
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The effects of feeding live short-necked clam (L-SNC), freeze-dried short-necked clam (F-SNC), and a compounded dry diet (CDD) made of mimic live clam, on the growth, surviva, and digestive enzyme activities of Penaeus japonicus were compared. Exopenous digestve enzymes from the live food source seemed to affect the shrimps' protease and amylase activities. The L-SNC group showed an increase in amylase and protease activiaties, whereas the F-SNC group exhibited dereased amylase and protease activities. These changes seemed to be an adaptation of endogenous enzyme activity to the diet's enzymic content, and are supported by the positive growth effect in the L-SNC group relative to the F-SNC group.
    The amylase activity in the F-SNC group increased greatly when L-ascorbic acid was added to the extract solution, which may indicate that an insufficient amount of vitamin C was available for maximal expression of amylase actvity.
    It is not clear whether the megative effect on growth in the F-SNC group was entirely due to the inactivation of amylase and protease activities, as a dietary deficiency of some vitamin (s) or other metabolic cofactors may have occurred during storage of the freeze-dried diet.
  • 田口 武, 田中 宗彦, 大久保 智, 鈴木 康策
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1765-1769
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Chemical changes in the quality of canned mackerel during long-term storage at ambient temperature were examined in connection with sensory evaluation. By organoleptic test, the grade of canned mackerel was evaluated from a' for 0 and 1 1/4 year storage cans to b' for 10 year storage cans. Some chemical changes of canned mackerel during storage were found: the decomposition of proteins, losses of available lysine and reducing sugars, particularly glucose, and increments in the acidity of lipids, the TBA values, and the trimethylamine levels. A remarkable liberation of iron was also observed. Most of these changes occurred within 4 years of storage.
  • 西出 英一, 塚山 貴以子
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1771-1773
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    A procedure was proposed to eliminate water-soluble alginate from the crude preparation of fucose-containing Polysaccharide of brown alga Kjellmaniella crassifolia.
    As reported perviously, the fucose-cintaining polysaccharide was extract from algal fronds. 1% solution of this polysaccharide was carefully precipitated with 20% ethanol in the presence of 0.05 M MgCl2 to remove contaminated soluble alginate.
    It was shown by cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis that the fucose-containing poly-saccharide thus obtained was free from water-soluble alginate, whereas the precipitate formed during the ethanol fractionation was mainly composed of water-soluble alginate.
    By use of the procedure, the water-soluble alginate was found to be successfully removed from the algal polysaccharide.
  • 渡辺 武, 太田 雅大, 北島 力, 藤田 矢郎
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1775-1782
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Experiments were conducted in order to improve the dietary value for marine fish juveniles of Artemia naupii of the freshwater type, high in 18: 3ω3, by allowing them to feed directly on ω3 HUFA. In this method lipids containing ω3 HUFA were given directly to Artemia nauplii by homogenizing lipid with a small amount of raw egg yolk and water, together with baker's yeast; an emulsion resulted. The dietary value of the nauplii for juveniles of flunder, rock sea bream and red sea bream was compared for fish fed on various kinds of emulsified lipids or on baker's yeast.
    The newly-hatched nauplii were found to take up lipids very easily by this method. Feeding on the newly-hatched nauplii of the freshwater type or on those fed respectively baker's yeast and corn oil resulted in low growth and survival in all fish species used and in addition the rate of be effectively improved by feeding them lipids containing high amounts of ω3 HUFA such as cuttlefish liver oil, demonstrating that the class of EFA contained in Ariemia is the principal factor in the food value of Artemia nauplii to fish.
    Artemia eggs and nauplii from different locations (California, Brazil, Australia and China), were also analyzed for fatty acids in order to compare their food values to fish.
  • 山田 章二, 田中 淑人, 片山 輝久, 鮫島 宗雄, Kenneth L. SIMPSON
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1783-1787
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Satarved Tilapia nilotica were fed a casein diet and an amino acid diet of similar composition. The change in concentrations of plasma-free amino acids of Tilapia at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours after adminstering the two diets was examined, With respect to the casein diet, all plasma-free essential amino acids attained their maximal values at 4 hours after feeding, and then declied to the fasting levels within 24 hours. with the amino acid diet, all plasma-free essential amino acids peaked at 2 hours, and returned to their fasting levels within 4 to 8 hours. Free non-essential amino acids showed unique patterns of change in the plasma of Tilapia after both the casein diet and the free amino acid diet were administered.
  • 林 征一, 大城 善太郎, 板倉 隆夫
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1789-1793
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Ethanol stimulated gluconeogenesis not only from pyruvate, but also from lactate in the isolated liver cells of the eel. Concentrations of lactate and pyruvate were not changed significantly by the addition of ethanol.
    Acetate stimulated gluconeogenesis from pyruvate in hepatocytes of the eel. In gluconeogenesis from pyrucate, lactate concentration was increased 2-fold and pyruvate concentration was not changed by the addition of acetate.
    Lactate release from the perfused liver in gluconeogenesis from pyruvate was also investigated. Little lactate release was observed.
    Effects of ethanol and acetatc on gluconeogenesis in the eel liver was different form that in mammalian liver. The reasons for these differences were discussed in connection with the lactate dehydrogenase in the eel liver.
  • 大島 敏明, ウィジャヤ ヘンキージャヤ, 和田 俊, 小泉 千秋
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1795-1801
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The Lipid of cultured ayu was analyzed and compared with that of wild ayu. In the total and non-polar lipids, percentages of C16:0, C18:2 fatty acids in the cultured ayu were higher than those in the wild one, while percentage of C18:3 fatty acid in the cultured ayu aws lower than that in the wild one. Odd-number fatty acids C15:0, C17:0 and C19:0 were contained at high levels in the wild ayu, compared with those in the cultured one. In the phosphatidyl-choline, percentages of C16:0 and C22:6 fatty acids in the cultured ayu were higher than those in the wild one, while percentages of C18:1, C18:2 and C20:5 fatty acids in the cultured ayu were lower than those in the wild one. In the phosphatidylethanolamine, C16:0 and C18:1 fatty acids were contained at high percentages in the wild ayu, compared with those in the cultured ayu. On the other hand, the percentage of C22:6 fatty acid was high in the cultured ayu.
    In addition to the fatty acid and triglyceride compositions obtained, the results of high-per-formance liquid chromatographic analysis suggest that the non-polar lipids of cultured ayu are different from those of the wild ayu in molecular species of triglycerides.
  • 高橋 是太郎, 高間 浩蔵, 座間 宏一, 平野 次彦
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1803-1814
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    A satisfactory separation of the molecular species of fish muscle lecithin was made by modifying the lecithin into diglceride acetate for high performance reversed phase liquid chromatography (HPLC), The molecular species of each chromatographic peak was determined by fatty acid composition and by total acyl carbon number analysis subsequent to separation, using a thin layer chronatographic technique with silver nitrate impregnated silica ged plated (Ag+-TLC). After plotting the relative retention time (RRT) of each molecular species from soybean, egg yolk, chum salmon, big-eyed tuna, Alaska pollack, and carp muscle lecithins semilogarithmically against the total cayl carbon number of the number of total double bonds of each molecular species, a set of parallel straight oblique lines was obtained. Thus we can express the molecular species in matrix relation by giving a variable integer x for the acyl carbon number and a variable integery for the number of double bonds of each fatty acid in the molecular species. By using the correlations between the RRTs and the corresponding molecular species on semilogarithmic plots, it was conclude that an identification of molecular species from fish lipids could be done by RRTs from HPLC.
  • 是枝 登, 石神 次男, 藤田 薫
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1815-1819
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The Kamaboko gel-forming capacity and chemical composition of shark meat were examined, and the connection between them was discussed. The kinds of fish used were: I. Mustelus manazo (Hoshizame), II. Glyphis glaucus (Yoshikirizame), III. Squalus ferndinus (Tunozame), IV. Sphyran zygaena (Shumokuzame), V. Lammadi tropis (Nezumizame), VI. Playrhina sinensis (Uchiwazame), VII. Isurus glaucus (Aozame), VIII. Centropfous atromarnates (Aizame), IX. Rhinobates shelgli (Sakatazame), and X. Carchahinus gangeticus (Mezirozame). The gelling test was carried out on the meat-paste prepared from non-washed mince.
    (1)The yield of orinary muscle per fish body varied from 33.7 to 55.0% with species. (2) The gilling capacity of the meat-paste at 50°C was generally low. The capacity at 60°C and 85°C, however, differet species. (3) The jelly-strength of gel products obtained at 85°C was highly significantly correlated to actomyosin, sarcoplasmic protein and urea contents of the musle. (4) The overall qualities of shark as the material for Kamaboko processing were excellent for two species (I-II), poor for three species (VII, IX and X), and moderate for five species (III, IV, V, VI, and VIII).
  • 菊池 弘太郎, 小河 久朗, 秦 満夫
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1821
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 辻村 卓, 福田 知子, 北村 佐三郎
    1982 年 48 巻 12 号 p. 1823
    発行日: 1982/12/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
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