Multiple studies have revealed that various lighting environment has some effects on workplace productivity. An environment where the illuminance and color temperature are set low (about 3000K), has some effects of relaxation and creative works. Also, an environment where the illuminance and color temperature are set high (about 1000lux/5500K) has some effects on focusing works. However, conventional design of lighting environment in an office used to take priority on setting uniform lighting environment. That’s why these lighting methods have not been applied to actual offices. On the other hand, ABW (Activity Based Working) has been focused on as a new style of workplace from the view point of office occupants’ productivity. The ABW office provides various zones according to occupants work activity, and flexible selections service in a workplace. In this study, we propose lighting zone operation system which controls various lighting levels and color temperature each zone according to occupants’ work style, so that working zones with various lighting environment are available according to the occupants’ preference.

 In order to confirm the effect of lighting zone operation on occupants’ satisfaction and zone selection, experiments were conducted in an actual ABW style office where 129 people worked. The target office was divided into 3 zone spaces, “focusing zone”, ”buffa zone” and “relaxation zone”, and lighting zone conditions were designed as 1100lux/5500K in focusing zone and 750lux/3200K in relaxation zone. A series of questionnaire survey of satisfaction was conducted at the pre-operation, 1 month, 4 months and 1 year later from zone operation start and occupants’ zone selection was measured by Location Position System every 1 minute.

 Regarding zone selection activities, it was found that there were some occupants’ types; some occupants frequently selected a specified working zone that they preferred, and some occupants sometimes changed working zones according the job situations and feeling. Moreover, since lighting zone operation started, more occupants who had preferred buffa zone before lighting zoning operation tended to shift to “focusing zone” and “relaxation zone”which were different from conventional working zone in lighting conditions. On the other hand, regarding consciousness of working zone selection, it was shown that 30% of occupants in the “focusing zone” and “relaxation zone” became to regard lighting conditions as one of factors for working zone selection. Thus, occupants didn’t consider lighting environment as important at the pre-operation, but gradually became to recognize lighting environment as significant. Regarding occupants’ satisfactions, it was shown that occupants’ satisfactions were highest at working zones which occupants usually selected, and at the same time some colleges with similar preference came to work at the same zone. As a result, dissatisfactions were improved from 21.6% to 2.2%.

 1. Introduction

 In Japan, as the number of children is decreasing and the number of elderly people is increasing, compact town development is required in mountainous areas. Nichinan Town is part of the Tottori Prefecture and is located in a primarily mountainous region. The shifting of residents to urban areas as well as the declining birth rate and aging populace has led to a decline in the population of this town. It now aims to become a "compact village", with centralized public utility facilities, centrally located elementary and junior high schools, and less wasteful living and administration systems.

 2. Purpose

 Nichinan Town has been promoting "Central Area Development Project" for over 20 years. Its current population is 4,000, and this continues to decline. Furthermore, the number of elementary and junior high school students is less than 10% of that in 1970. Ever since a municipality merger in 1959, this town has been promoting the compact village by integrating junior high schools in 1974, nursery schools in 2006, and elementary schools in 2009, and then consolidating them into the Kasumi district. This study clarifies the history and current situation for consolidating public utility facilities for the Shoyama/Kasumi districts in central area.

 3. Conclusion

 1) Nichinan Town has undergone a rapid population decline, with a declining birthrate and an aging population that has shrunk to 30% of its postwar peak. The public utility facilities have also been consolidated owing to the history of industrial decline, such as that of the Tatara iron and chrome mines, as well as the severe climate and geographical conditions in the region.

 2) Nichinan junior high schools were integrated in the 1970s, although elementary schools continued to exist in each old village for 80 years, from the Taisho period to 2009. Collective discussions proposing the integration of elementary schools greatly contributed toward the formulation of "Central Area Development Project" in 2010.

 3) Even in the small-scale municipality of this town, large-scale consolidation involving the relocation of public utility facilities required a long period of half a century. Consolidation into the Kasumi district, which is adjacent to the Shoyama district of the old town center, was an important condition for obtaining consensus among the townspeople.

 4) The future plans for the town include settling and industrial promotion measures that have been formulated in recent years. These plans not only focus on concentrating the facilities in the Kasumi district but also intend to promote agriculture and forestry using forest resources and human resource development. Further, they include efforts to connect the central area to the old villages.

 1. Introduction

 After World War II, new junior high schools were established in many municipalities by the reform of the school education system. Later, at the time of implementing the municipal merger of Showa, many of these new junior high schools were consolidated.

 2. Purpose

 This paper addresses the reorganization process of public junior high schools in the Hiroshima Prefecture. It considers the effects of municipal mergers on the integration and abolition of Junior high schools up to 2010 and aims to clarify the relationship between the policy municipal merger and the consolidation of Junior high schools in the Showa and Heisei periods.

 3. Conclusion

 1) In Hiroshima Prefecture, new junior high schools were established by the pre-war local government bodies following policy by the minister of education. However, there were small municipalities that less than the national average population in Hiroshima prefecture. Therefore, Hiroshima Prefecture encouraged school unions with a couple of municipalities due to maintain ideal school size according to the request from local military government. As a result, the number of junior high schools operated by the school union accounts for approximately 50% of the total number of junior high schools including the number of branch schools in 1950. In addition, the number of municipalities belonging to the school union accounts for as much as 70% of the total number of municipalities.

 2) Hiroshima Prefecture stipulated the merger plan to reduce the number of small municipalities. Thereby, the mergers exceeding the number of prefectural merge plan were implemented until 1961. But, the number of municipalities decreased by municipal mergers had been still short of the prefectural reducing goal. Furthermore, many junior high school unions were divided.

 3) The transition of the number of students was classified by its features into 5 periods: before 1962 when the increase and decrease had been remarkable based on the war-damage recovery process and baby boom, from 1963 to 1974 during which time the number of students had rapidly decreased by the population movement in high economic growth period and fertility decline, from 1975 to 1987 during which time the number of students had increased sharply by the second baby boom, from 1988 to 2002 during which time the number of students declined continuously during a period and after 2002, the number of small scale junior high schools has been increasing in the most of municipalities . The features of the school consolidations differed depending upon the time periods.

 In Hiroshima Prefecture, the administrative reactions of every local government to the new school educational system after World War IIand municipal merger in the Showa and Heisei periods has greatly influenced on the junior high school management up to the present time.

 The number of Kominkan, original name of public hall in japan, nationwide has been declining ever since 1999, and the shift of Kominkan to Community centers is considered to be the main reason. Even in Izumo City, with in Shimane prefecture, where Kominkan have been very popular, the transition of Kominkan to Community centers started in 2005.

 In this study, we analyze the process of transition and the changes in facility management, usage status, and etc., for the local governments that have moved to Community centers in Shimane Prefecture, and clarify the effects and issues of the transition.

 Due to the shift from Kominkan to Community centers in Shimane Prefecture, the number of users per building has increased, and the number of staff has increased as well. Also, the percentage of full-time directors has increased, but the number of years they work will decrease. Furthermore, the annual budget has decreased, and the amount collected from each household has increased, which has a major impact on the operational aspect as a project cost. While the purpose of the transition is, “to provide a place for community development such as voluntary activities of residents and to solve local problems," the function of the conventional Kominkan is to be left, and, "the purpose of the Kominkan under the social education law," is also described. Regarding the business and operations of the facilities after the transition, in some places, while it includes "operations related to community development, operations related to lifelong learning and social education, operations related to administrative services, and operations related to welfare services," are also included. In some places, business is diversifying due to the move to Community centers. In addition, although the situation varies depending on the local government, the relationship with the chief department and the Board of Education will change due to the transition, and efforts for staff development will tend to decrease. On the other hand, efforts for regional development such as, “Regional Management Organization" are being actively promoted.

 The Shimane Prefectural Board of Education has been proactively developing support measures for Kominkan, etc., and is characterized by a proposal-based project and a substantial training system. Particularly noteworthy is that, while some municipalities are moving to Community centers, it is positioned as a facility where Kominkan activities will continue after the transition, and the activities are subsidized and staff training is conducted.

 Where a Kominkan has been moved to community center as a base for promoting regional development by a regional management organization or a small base, the jurisdiction will be transferred to the head office and self-management is required. The relationship with the government will also change, and the relationship with the Board of Education will be diluted. For this reason, the content of human resource development related to community development, which the Board of Education has been working on, is rarely included in the project. In other words, due to the shift to Community centers the conventional social education business will not continue and human resource development will become difficult. When transitioning to Community centers the relationship with the Board of Education and the use of social education will be vital to making the Community center a regional hub.

 Low birth weight infants are increasing in Japan at present and even though medical standards have been improving, the number of disabled children requiring medical care is increasing. However, there has been no studies concerning the improvement of living environment for the disabled children in the process of growth and development. Severely disabled children require significant assistance in daily living activities. The burden of the caregiver is particularly large for excretion assistance. In order for disabled children to acquire excretion activity, it is important to create an environment in association with the growth and development of disabled children.

 Therefore, in this paper, we investigated the changes in mental and physical functions and actual situations of excretion in association with their growth and development and the change in excretion environment. As a result, it was found that some disabled children were improved in the expression of the desire to urinate and defecate and the excretion places for some others were changed.

 First of all, we visualized the growth and development of disabled children, and clarified the state of change in excretion environment by each visualized pattern. As a result, the states of change could be classified into five patterns; three patterns with change and two patterns without change. The disabled children whose toilet tools were changed corresponding to their pattern could excrete in the toilet. Meanwhile there were the cases where environmental improvement was physically impossible. Excretion environmental improvement already had been made in one of the two patterns without change and it has been made possible for them to continue their excretion activity. In another pattern, requiring medical care was needed and excretion on the bed had been established.

 From the above, reached the following conclusions:

 ・Many improvements of the excretion environment associated with growth and development are due to change of tools.

 ・The cases where excretion environment has been appropriately improved associated with disabled children’s growth and development, encouraged disabled children’s development.

 ・In order to make them continue excretion activity in toilet, the improvement of living environment is important.

 ・If they can be in a sitting position, some disabled children can excrete at home if excretion environment is improved.

 ・Difference in the way of thinking of main caregiver about excretion, their economic situation and the lack of information concerning environmental improvement make the improvement of excretion environment difficult.

 The purpose of this paper is to clarify the mechanism of water and sanitation management in the Abese indigenous quarter of La district, Accra, Ghana. This informal quarter is mainly composed of community relatives known locally as clan, who are the core actors in the management of common facilities, including water and sanitation.

 The north area of the Abese quarter is a traditional residential area. On the other hand, south area was originally farmland and gradually expanded as a residential area due to population growth. It's clear from the study that all 15 clan houses are in located in the north area.

 The field survey revealed a clear mechanism of consensus oriented clan management which was achieved through three weekly meetings and joint investments in water and sanitation. In relation to water and sanitation : sewers, bathrooms, toilets, water tanks, tap, the treatment and supply methods of water and sewage are grasped. Then, through the field survey, the distribution of each facility were identified and indicated on the Map. In addition to that, through interviews, we clarified the actual condition of construction and maintenance, focusing on original proposer, funding source, workers (clan labor or company), ownership and use, and management in sharing. Furthermore, the construction and maintenance of water and sanitation was classified and modelled based on the internal (inside Abese) and external (outside Abese, including government) actors involved in management. As a result, 4 types and 6 patterns were identified. The 4 types include: (A) Clan type, (B) Private-Collective type, (C) Private-Individual type, and (D) Public works type.

 Basically, it is noteworthy that although management of Abese has been utilizing support from outside the district and the government when needed, the community emphasizes clan and residents inspired "maintenance and management in the quarter ". These are made possible, as identified through the survey, by factors such as the existence and influence of clans, the existence of key persons, way of joint maintenance, and the mechanism of shared use.

 Improving the utilization rate of public cultural facilities in local cities is difficult if they are used only during performances. Therefore, the usage for rooms of such facilities should be promoted inside and outside the performance hours. Such an approach can improve the willingness of people to visit during the performances. In previous studies, the only study that focuses on the utilization of spaces is by Robbie and Foyer, which is based on users’ evaluation of the utilization of facilities outside the performances. However, no studies have been conducted from this perspective which is based on usage for rooms and activities inside and outside the performance hours. Therefore, in this study, the facilities that were actively used outside the performances were focused, and a causal relationship model between the usage evaluation outside the performance and the willingness to visit during the performance was demonstrated. Based on the findings, effective policies have been proposed for planning and managing future theater and hall facilities.

 First, to extract facilities that are actively used outside the performances, a questionnaire survey was conducted to examine the utilization of backspace of public cultural facilities in Japan. Further, the range was extended to the dressing room, and a facility with a sufficient function as a theater was extracted. Next, the director of the facility was interviewed on how to use each room outside of the performance hours.

 In addition, structural equation modeling based on the questionnaire survey was carried out for users outside the performance at Date History Forest Culture Center. The results demonstrate that the satisfaction of usage outside the performance has a direct impact on the willingness to visit during the performance, and an indirect effect through encouraging artistic and cultural activities. Furthermore, the evaluation of facilities’ room demonstrated that it had an influence over the satisfaction of utilization outside the performances. From the analysis of multiple group structural equation modeling, it is evident that this causal relationship is sufficiently established in the case of experiencers as an appreciator.

 Conclusively, the visitation during performances can be effectively enhanced by providing opportunities to experience artistic and cultural activities and by promoting the use of facilities for such activities, thereby inducing interest in artistic and cultural activities among the people.

 Buddhist temples have a variety of buildings on the grounds, such as the hondo (main hall), the kuri(priest’s quarters) where monks reside, the kanetsukido (bell ringing building) and the mon (temple gate). Of these, the main halls is the center of a Buddhist temple where the principal image of Buddha statue subject to devotion is located. As the main halls covered in this research are exclude those designated as cultural properties by the Japanese government, even the oldest currently existing main halls are mainly from the early modern period or later, but the temples are old and over 60 percent of them were founded in the Momoyama Period or earlier.Although a transformation took place in the early modern period (Meiji era.), the people continued to visit temples and the practice of holding memorial services to ancestors and funerals has been passed on to the present day.

 Meanwhile, in the post-war period, reinforced concrete buildings increased mainly in urban areas, and there was an increase in main halls using multiple levels of non-wooden construction for a mixture of other uses such as the kuri or shoin (writing alcove). In this research, I reveal the state of traditional temples centered on wooden main halls and the mixed use of modern main halls in temples nationwide, which have diversified with the emergence of non-wooden construction.

 Temples with one to five buildings other than the main hall account for over 80 percent of all temples, and this is considered to be the standard number of buildings in a temple. Older temples founded in the Kamakura Period or earlier tend to have more buildings on their grounds, and comparatively newer temples established in the Edo Period under the terauke system tend to have fewer buildings on the temple grounds. The kuri where the chief priest residesis located on the grounds of 96.7 percent of the temples surveyed, with the other main buildings being the mon, kanetsukido, kyakuden (guest house), shoin and shuzoko (repository), and modern buildings on the grounds including nokotsudo (charnel house) and kindergarten.

 Some mixed-use main halls were completed in the prewar period such as in the Edo Period, but many of these are single story wooden structure complexes of the kuri, kyakuden and shoin. Meanwhile, many of the non-wooden structures and mixed structures completed in the postwar period have main halls with mixed use of multiple stories including the kaikan / shukaijo (hall / meeting house), jimusho (temple office) and nokotsudo, and newly established temples tend to have a different taste than the historical landscape created by main halls and complexes of temples.

 From Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake happened in 1995, Japanese temporary housing for natural disaster was supposed to be prefabricated light-weight steel building. However, since the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, timber temporary housings have been provided. In Japan, the production system of timber houses has been developed drastically after the introduction of so called ‘pre-cut’, a kind of prefabrication system. Nowadays even small local construction company can provide a simple timber housing in about 1.5 month.

 For the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake 683 out of 4,303 units were made of timber. Those timber housing foundations were made of reinforced concrete, which is contrary to the conventional timber pile one and was intentionally chosen for the future permanent use. Temporary housing is determined by law to be demolished two years later. Therefore, people who cannot reconstruct their houses by themselves within that two years is forced to move to ‘disaster public housing’ which is also build by the government. To change the living place many times is big mental burden for victims and construction costs and resources are also wasteful. Therefore, we think the diversion of timber temporary housing is effective for those issues.

 We interviewed the officers who were in charge of temporary housing in Kumamoto pref. and municipalities in the area. We summarize the points of this paper below.

 Conditions that the municipalities chose the timber temporary housing (Chapter 3, 4)

 （1） In Kumamoto case, it was easy to choose the timber in region which population density of habitable area is low and damage was little.

 （2） Each municipality had gradually recognized the merit of timber house as time went on. Table. 1 shows that the ratio of light-weight steel building supply was high in the beginning, but the ratio of timber one became higher as the construction ended.

 （3） Timber housing is not standardized but has high adaptability. Barrier-free temporary housing was made of timber (Photo 3). And light-weight steel prefabricated one needs wide road to bring construction machinery in.

 （4） Some municipalities answered it will take more time to provide the timber housings because of not only construction period but also time for consultation with the prefecture.

 Conditions that the timber temporary housing can be diverted to the permanent housing (Chapter 6, 7)

 （1） In Kumamoto case, it was easy to divert the timber temporary housings constructed in small public land such as former public housing site, unused public land, park and square.

 （2） If the municipality can prepare the alternative land, they will get more extend possibilities to divert the timber temporary housings built in playing field and park based on City Parks Act.

 （3） When the timber temporary housing is diverted in private land, the municipality need to negotiate the land owner. Especially in case farmland, they should consider that it will take longer period and will cost a lot to obtain the permission of diversion.

 （4） Though the timber temporary housings in Kumamoto were diverted in the same way, we can extend the possibility of timber temporary housings by considering other utilizations after diversion according to each municipality's conditions.

 The purpose of this study is to propose a scenery development method for the Japanese gardens. The Japanese gardens usually imitate the beautiful natural scenery. Historically, the gar den was prepared for a person of high rank, but nowadays, ordinary people enjoy it in their dairy life. It is very common we make some kinds of garden in various scales, landscapes, streets, parks and houses. The buildings and houses with gardens are very common. However, it is not so easy to make good-looking gardens. We have several garden components, such as trees, grasses, ponds, waterfalls, bridges, and stones. The problem is how to arrange and combine these components in order to make a garden beautiful. To solve this problem, after investigating the Ninomaru garden of Nijo castle, we investigated the garden of Shoden -ji temple as a good example.

 We have performed the evaluation experiment using 63 scenery garden photos by 50 subjects, and clarified the following points:

 (1) The Hondou's corridor of the Shoden-ji temple is designed to be the viewpoint zone.

 (2) When a garden scenery has the structure of "shirakawa" sand at near side, shrubs at middle distances, and Mt. Hiei at the long distance, it tends to become a pleasing scenery. It seems that the "shirakawa" sand act as the pond in the Ninomaru garden of Nijo Castle.

 (3) Mt. Hiei in the borrowed scenery is the salient gazing garden component.

 (4) Two gates, Chumon and Karamon in the Shoden-ji temple are gazing garden components in the pleasing scenery.

 These findings would be of help to choose proper sites for viewpoints and to arrange various garden components when we design a new garden. We would like to evaluate other Japanese gardens in the sa me manner whether these findings are universally applied to Japanese gardens.

 This is the second part of our study on the existing situations and issues of community school facilities in rural areas of Nepal. The rural school facilities are limited, compared to the urban areas. New educational concepts such as multi-grade, active-learning classrooms, and school-community functions, continued from the practice of traditional schooling can be seen in many countries. In Nepal, despite the significance of these concepts, schools have implemented them less. These planning factors were found to be more important in small school districts. In our previous studies, the support in rural community schools was discussed, and we found prominent financial support from communities and identified some integration possibilities of community functions in schools. Similarly, a study on the integration of functions and community participation in administration clarified that some schools with community support and essential integrated spaces, supplemented to improve educational standards and rural services. However, the scale and diversity of school districts are further influencing factors that play an essential role in connecting resources and learning, which are discussed in this paper.

 This paper is based on the field survey of 45 community schools in three rural areas of Nepal. In addition, the document called School Improvement Plan (SIP) prepared by School Management Committee (SMC), was used for the analysis of existing school facilities in each school district. The size of school districts and states of transformation of schools are classified in chapter 2. In chapter 3, the status of existing school facilities such as buildings, playgrounds and tangible socio-cultural spaces are analysed based on the above classifications. In chapter 4, school functions are described and analysed in relation to the diversity of school districts. Chapter 5 concludes that planning of the school should focus on the physical spaces for learning and community services in every school district regardless of their rurality and size of the school districts.

 As the number of foreign residents move to Japan increases, so does the number of their descendants, the next generation of foreign residents. It has been pointed out in the field of psychology and sociology that many of them form an ego derived from multiple places, such as the culture of their home country, the culture of their place of residence, and the culture of the area where they have moved so far, and they have difficulties in living in terms of their behavior and their relationship with the community where they belong.

 In particular, it is estimated approximately 170,000 Muslims currently live in Japan, and they are likely to face daily difficulties in urban life due to the significant difference in code of behavior between the host and Islamic societies. For those with anxiety and difficulties, support has already begun, including learning support and psychological care, to help them adapt to the host society. On the other hand, space improvement suitable for them with different life style is not yet sufficient.

 Clarifying the code of conduct for Muslims who live in Japan and have difficulties with their cultural identity and the characteristics of the space required is important for planning multicultural receptive urban environments.

 Based on this background, the paper clarified following two points;

 1) Community created by second-generation Muslims

 Oral history research has shown that second Muslims strengthen their ties by sharing the unique identities arise from living in both host and Islamic societies. It was also found that all the subjects of the survey had some problems due to differences in the code of conduct, and among them, the lack of places to worship was a problem for many second-generation Muslims. In some cases, it was found that they chose the instant space for worship by searching it in the town or on the street other than the mosque or home.

 2) Spatial elements and their values of “Prayer Space on the Street”

 A study of the street environment suitable for this "street prayer space" revealed that it is easier to find an environment suitable for worship in an area where both quiet and noisy environments exist than in an area where the whole is quiet.Analysis of the downtown prayer space revealed 11 environmental factors. In addition to understanding the necessary factors regardless of the surrounding environment, it was also found that in areas where there are many car streets, it is necessary to stay away from busy roadways in order to concentrate on worship.

 As globalization advances, cross-border cultural diversity is an urgent issue in urban planning. On the other hand, developing an urban environment specialized for them is a way to isolate them and exclude them from the host society. As we have seen in this study, there are many spaces with minimum elements for worship, such as a corner of a parking lot or a backyard of a store where few people pass by, and it is easier to make them available temporarily for worship than to establish a new place of worship. It is important to create an environment in which the existing space can be interpreted and used in various ways by recognizing the meaning and spatial value of the space from the viewpoint of different folklore and culture.

 The number of tourists visiting hot spring resorts in Japan has decreased in the 1990s after the collapse of the Japanese economy bubble. As a result, many businesses in the private tourism industry, including hotels, have gone bankrupt, with their buildings and properties left neglected. In some cases, private companies have purchased the controlling number of shares in the bankrupted businesses and revitalized their facilities; however, this was not common, because the overall number of visiting tourists was still going down. Hence, there remained many abandoned buildings across the popular tourist destinations of Japan. Nowadays, these buildings have a negative impact on the landscape of these places, as well as the safety of the people living there. These problems are ruinous for the tourism industry, but the solution to them is yet to be developed. The local governments also see this as a large problem, but interventions into privately owned properties are difficult to arrange within the public sector.

 This paper examines and describes the process of revitalizing the lands of bankrupted buildings in several hot spring resorts located in the city of Kaga. In Kaga, beginning from the year 2000, both the local government and the capitals outside the city have aggressively acquired these lands. The local government acquired 14 buildings in three hot spring resorts in Kaga. They are located in the central area of the hot spring resorts, which enhance the beauty of Kaga’s landscape, the safety of its citizens and its image as an attractive tourist destination; moreover, their location allows the city to avoid uncontrolled redevelopment. Most buildings were demolished to create squares. However, bankrupted property was acquired not only by the government, but also by various private companies, who have purchased 21 buildings. These enterprises bought out lands in the surrounding scenic areas, with most of them re-utilizing the buildings instead of tearing them down. Based on its analysis, this paper proposes an experimental planning methodology for revitalizing bankrupted facilities in tourist destinations.

 This study aims at the verification of the hypothesis on the polarization to mega-city regions and urban divide with focus on gentrification in the Special Wards of Tokyo, Japan. Following the extensive literature review on gentrification, firstly, we analyzed the situation of gentrification and urban divide at the Ward level and applied the cluster analysis to further discuss the situation at a micro-level. Secondly, we shed light on the relation between local government policies on urban regeneration and gentrification in Tokyo and found strong relationship between them.

 The acceleration of the concentration of wealth to Tokyo is clearly observed in Japan since 2000s. In particular, the polarization of wealth as well as the highest income class to the central part of Tokyo is ever accelerating these days under the neoliberal urban policies. In the urban scale analysis in the Special Wards of Tokyo, situation of gentrification in the central city areas are obvious these days. On the other hands, the concentration of lower income households is observed in inner areas. Younger people of lower income tend to live in the west inner city areas while aged people with lower income tend to live in the north and east inner city areas. As a result, the urban divide in both social and spatial terms are observed. Yet, in inner city areas middle-class gentrification through the development of high-rise apartments/condominiums are also actively advancing and thus micro-level, mosaic-pattern spatial disparity is formed in inner city areas of Tokyo.

 Based on the analysis on the land use and urban redevelopment policies of Tokyo Metropolitan Government and the City Master Plans of 7 selected Wards (cities), it is found out that urban development/redevelopment policies at the Ward level are classified to the following 3 types: ‘large-scale urban redevelopment oriented type’, ‘incremental improvement oriented type’ and ‘hybrid type’. Wards located in the city center and its vicinity belong to the large-scale urban redevelopment-oriented type, while other Wards belong to other types based on their situations. The large-scale urban redevelopment-oriented policies naturally have high affinity to neoliberalism urban development/redevelopment policies. It follows that urban development/redevelopment polices in the Wards in the city center and its vicinity promote gentrification in those areas and thus bring about urban divide in Tokyo.

 In the erstwhile merchant town of Kuroishi City, a small city in a snowy region of Aomori Prefecture, “Komise,” a sheltered walkway in front of the townhouse, has created a safe space for people to walk on the street since the Edo period. Similarly, “Kaguji,” the open space behind the townhouse, has secured a space for snow accumulation in the inner part of the city block. Incidentally, “Komise” and “Kaguji,” at the front and back of the townhouse, respectively, have supported life in this heavy snowfall area.

 The Nakamachi area, with its traditional “Komise,” was selected as an Important Preservation District for Groups of Traditional Buildings in 2005. Efforts have been ongoing in this area to conserve the “Komise” streets since 1985. Additionally, the hitherto unused “Kaguji” has now been utilized to create a public space in the inside of a city block.

 The paper reveals the interconnection of “Komise” conservation and the maintenance of public space through “Kaguji” use, as well as the phased reorganization of the city block. These phases are summarized as follows:

 1. In the discussion between the government and the residents of Kuroishi City after 1985, the notability and importance of the function of the snow-proof passageway of “Komise” and the awareness of its ownership were clearly stated. It was positioned as a historical space at the heart of the urban renewal project for the revitalization of the shopping street and became a subject of conservation. Conversely, “Kaguji” was positioned as a residual space in the city block to complement street maintenance.

 2. Urban development since the 1990s has progressed in stages, with a series of small-scale spatial developments. The revitalization of “Komise,” the development of public spaces using “Kaguji,” and the development of circulation pathways have been interlocked, leading to the creation of a circulation environment not only at the front of the block but also in its inner part. Hereon, past methods will be used as a model for the reorganization of the surrounding blocks.

 3. The historicity of “Kaguji,” shared by neighboring houses, was recognized by the results of public space development, which allowed recent administrative plans to position it as a historical space to be inherited. After 30 years of effort, a perspective of the entire city block as a historical environment was formed.

 In conclusion, the case of the former merchant town of Kuroishi showed the possibility of a phased reorganization of the town area, where vacant land in the inner part of the city block is utilized to improve public space while conserving the townscape on the front side.

 People -both residents and visitors- have certain images of streets and alleys of Kagurazaka. For example, Kagurazaka Street, the main street of the area, is vibrant with many shops and restaurants. The historic alleys are narrow and stone-paved, surrounded by black wood-board wall, and quiet. However, the quantity analysis of streetscape in Kagurazaka, from pedestrian views, have not been done. Such study is important to recognize and share the current conditions, and find the target for succession of the “sense of place” and improvement of streetscape.

 For the purpose, the following notions have been defined and introduced.

 - Initial Streetscape: A streetscape that a pedestrian without a special focal point perceives. It is what a pedestrian perceives first when it starts to walk on a street/alley and is looking straight ahead, to recognize overall safety and walking environment. 　- Secondary Streetscape: A streetscape that a pedestrian perceives when it focuses on something particular at the eye-level. It is out of the main scope in this paper, but is an important notion to understand the recognition of streetscape because a pedestrian comprehensively perceives streetscape with both initial and secondary streetscape by moving eyes instantly back and forth.

 - Static Streetscape: A streetscape that consists only of static factors, such as Street Surface, Building Façade Wall/fence, Outdoor Advertisement, Facilities on Street, Electric Poles and Wires, Green, and Sky.

 - Dynamic Streetscape: A streetscape that include dynamic factors, such as pedestrian, bicycle, automobile and temporary/seasonable items. Dynamic factors give significant influence on the perception of streetscape.

 Firstly, “Closure Ratio” of the five representative streets and alleys were measured and analyzed. It was found that the closure ratio – both D/H (D: Distance between buildings, which is close to the width of street, H: Height of Buildings) and Built-Up Ratio (Total length of buildings and walls along the street/ Length of Street) were 0.8 and up. It means the closure ratios are high, therefor the building facades/walls, items on streets and street surface are the main component factors of streetscape.

 Then on the 51 points on the 5 streets/alleys, quantity analysis of main component factors of the initial and static streetscape was done. Sequential change of the streetscape component factors, and characteristics of each street/alley were quantitatively shown and discussed. For example, the percentage of building wall in Kagurazaka Street was 33.6%, while that in Kakurenbo Alley was 68.7%. It was found that in the alley, exterior wall is the major factor of alley-scape so it is a main target for streetscape improvement and succession of the historic sense of place.

 Analysis of the dynamic factors was also done. In Kagurazaka street, dynamic factors (mainly pedestrians) occupy 10-30+ percent, and 18% by average. But in the historic alleys they were only 2-4%.

 The results were shown and explained to a third party, and the effectiveness of the analysis method was asked and analyzed. It was found that the methods studied in this paper were easily understood and the effectiveness was mostly approved.

 In response to the rapid urban development that proceeded along with the economic growth of Japan, there has long been a movement to focus on familiar "lifescape" and to design surveys of vernacular architecture in the region. Lifescape is the most familiar landscape that reflects the daily life, and it can be said that it is a landscape that shows people's attachment to places that have been nurtured in their daily lives. Therefore, there has been a search for a method to determine the value that can be shared through subjective value evaluation.

 In this study, we focus on the "Machikado" that locates in the corner of the city, which is a landmark of the district, in order to consider the living scenery and the identity of the region. This study distinguishes between corner and "Machikado" and considers "Machikado" as something that left an impression on people and became familiar among people. The purpose of this study is not only to grasp the evaluation index and spatial elements of attractive corner by investigating well-maintained "Machikado" but also to clarify where these "Machikado" occur in the region. Findings from the survey are as follows:

 First, through a workshop to extract the elements that form the evaluation axis of "Machikado", six factors explaining the impression of the corner, ("nostalgia" "sophistication" "esthetics" "intimacy" "belonging" "ordinariness"), were obtained.

 Second, according to the composition ratio of the obtained impression evaluation factors, five types of the corner were obtained: CL1: low impression type, CL2: sophistication and esthetics specialized type, CL3: sophistication and belonging oriented type, CL4: favorable impression type, and CL5: nostalgia specialized type. Among them, four types of CL2 to CL5 with good impression evaluation were called "Machikado", and the relationship between the types and spatial components was clarified. And, the connection between each type and space component was clarified.

 Third, based on the relationship between the type of Machikado and the spatial components, the distribution of each type of Machikado was observed in each target area. As a result, it was found that CL2 and CL3 are more likely to be located in mixed residential and commercial area, and CL4 and CL5 are more likely to be located in areas where low-rise residential buildings are concentrated. CL2 tends to be located in high-rise buildings, CL3 tends to be located in high-rise and commercial buildings, CL4 tends to be located in low-rise buildings along streets with stores, and CL5 tends to be located along narrow streets and to be located in residential buildings.

 Through the survey, six factors were obtained to explain the impression of the corner, which gave not only an evaluation of the appearance but also an impression of intimacy, belonging, and ordinariness, indicating that Machicado was recognized as a friendly space like a public space even though it was a private area. Also, from the location of each type of Machicado, it is possible to consider the different connection between each type and the town. When individual buildings gradually contribute to the richness of urban space, the corner has a public nature and can be considered as an important starting point for planning regions.

 In recent years, with the social situation surrounding the city changing drastically, community development is being promoted by restructuring and reusing road spaces in urban areas through width reconstruction, area reconstruction, and multipurpose use.

 In 2011, the Law on Special Measures for Urban Rehabilitation was revised, the “Special Provisions on Road Occupancy Permission Standards” and the “Urban Convenience Promotion Agreement” were established, and the motivation for utilizing road space increased.

 Under such circumstances, a social experiment (hereafter, PL experiment) for reorganizing the road space by setting up a parklet (hereafter, PL) was conducted in October 2019 on Kosei Street in Okazaki City.

 The PL is a place to create bustle and relaxation by setting up tables and benches using the roadway.

 The objective of this study is to verify effects of the PL experiment.

 This study is comprised of the request survey, the traffic survey, the attitude survey, and the accumulation survey.

 The results are as follows.

 Fig. 3 shows the outline of the workshop, and Tables 1, 2, 3, and Fig. 5 show the results of the workshop. According to the request survey using questionnaire, it was found that participants were looking for rest facilities and eating and drinking spaces that utilize road space such as PL and open cafes.

 Figs. 9 shows the outline of the traffic volume survey, and Figs. 10 and 11 show the results of the traffic volume survey. According to traffic survey using video cameras, the installation of parklets could reduce weekday bicycle traffic, weekday morning car traffic, and holiday car traffic.

 Table 5 shows the outline of the attitude survey, and Tables 6, 7, 8, 9 and Fig. 11 show the results of the attitude survey. According to a attitude survey using questionnaires, users were satisfied with the use of the parklet, and the notices increased interest in the city.

 Tables 10, 12 and Figs. 13, 14 show the outline of the accumulation survey, and Table 11 and Figs. 15, 16, 17 and 18 show the results of the accumulation survey.

 According to accumulation survey using video cameras, setting up a device for viewing information, such as a whiteboard or bulletin board, was effective in encouraging the act of viewing information and promoting short-term retention. On the other hand, installments for relaxing in various postures, such as boxes and toys with different heights, and installments that induce play are clearly effective for promoting conversation and long-term stay by parents and children or friends while playing.

 The status of stay -i.e., the state in which an individual exists - is essential. However, when land is expropriated for public welfare under urban spatial policy, this state is often lost. The process of land expropriation requires rationality of planning and just compensation. From a public-welfare perspective on spatial policy, the principle of utilizing all the land available is considered more important than the current situation of each individual. As a result, the spatial policy tends to treat the relationship between individuals and land lightly, even though individuals protect their existence through space. This is an inevitable consequence of the fact that spaces are not independent, but have collective characteristics, and that spatial planning is performed under administrative management. Especially following the earthquakes, wars, and other disasters during the mid-twentieth century, the most important factor of urban planning has been to determinate how quickly broad areas can be made ready for new developments. That is the reason why the strong leadership of administrations are required. Although there were various criticisms against this concept at that time, such an idea of space policy under the exceptional state was inherited as the foundation for ordinary urban planning. It was suitable for the period of Japan's "economic miracle".

 Times have changed; more lands with unknown ownership have become available in urban areas, allowing neighbors and community to manage them. Lands and buildings can absolutely be owned as property, but the various qualities of the relationship between an individual and a place should be considered in urban spatial policy. Moreover, since lands and buildings have a survival aspect, there are some policies in place to ensure that afflicted people can regain shelter after losing it in a disaster. However, in reality, it is difficult for victims to regain their lives and lifestyles. The place assigned to a victim may play a role in piecing together their survival for the time being, but it is difficult to live a normal life there. This is because both the building style and the surrounding environment have changed drastically. In order to stay where they are now, financial support may be needed; however, such support is very limited in Japan, whether for homes or for shops and businesses. Housing lacks good-quality private tenancies, and the basic need for affordable housing is not considered at the foundation of housing policy. On the other hand, it is believed that places for stores and business should basically be exposed to market competition.

 We cannot respect for the status of stay under the current spatial policy. Viewing the status of stay as a property or as a place of survival is not sufficient to respect the individual. The land is more than that. It has the spatial aspect of supporting the existence of an individual. The loss of status of stay is a state of emergency. To respect the status of stay, it is necessary to consider the prevention of emergencies as the principle behind urban-space policy, and to consider the full response in the case of emergencies.

 Compared to western countries, Japan still has a large number of new housing starts while vacant stocks have been increased over time. A possible explanation is that effective age of houses is short in housing market: existing housing stock becomes economically obsolete once new housing equipment emerge among newly built houses. Although reform and renovation take place to update part of the equipment, some may be difficult to be inserted through renewal, and thus, newly built houses play a crucial role to update housing quality to the contemporary needs.

 The purpose of this paper is to measure (i) the degree of economic obsolescence of properties from lacking emerging housing equipment and (ii) effect of renewal activities on improving housing quality, price, and depreciation. To capture such a market mechanism, which has been ignored in architectural literature, we employ a novel dataset on resale transactions of detached houses in the Tokyo metropolitan area with details on their housing equipment and renewal activities.

 First, we investigate relations between diffusion rate of housing equipment and renewal activity. For sanitary equipment, diffusion rate has been increased over time, and even for old houses, the equipment is inserted through renewal. For equipment relating to building structure, on the other hand, such a renewal adjustment is not so common.

 Second, we investigate the degree of economic obsolescence from lacking emerging housing equipment, employing a hedonic regression technique. Old houses without the up-to-date housing equipment exhibit lower price premium among their age cohort, suggesting economic obsolescence.

 Third, we investigate the effect of reform and renovation on property price and depreciation speed, through similar estimations. Although renewal activities are positively reflected in transaction price for old houses, renovation that fundamentally update the quality of a house rarely occurs. Alternatively, make-up inner-reform is common, which is unable to slow down depreciation.

 Fourth, subsample analyses are conducted on the locational heterogeneity within the Tokyo metropolitan area. In outer suburbs (far away from the center), diffusion rate of housing equipment tends to be low, renovation rarely takes place, and most of the renewal activities remain to be make-up inner reform. Therefore, the economic obsolescence from lacking sanitary equipment and depreciation tend to be severe, while renewal, if taken place, has a large effect on slowing these down.

 The above results imply that old houses face a mismatch between their poor housing equipment and contemporary needs for living, and that reconstruction may play a role to fundamentally update the housing quality because of the difficulty in updating through renewal.

 There is increased need to improve the environment with housing life recently in Japan, because of low birthrate, aging and declining population. In this kind of situation, a housing policy should work efficiently and be tailored to needs of residents. Then, satisfaction of residents could be a good clue to consider the way. Therefore, this study tried to quantitatively reveal “the structure of residential satisfaction”, and acquire a useful data for housing policy.

 Concretely, we used Comprehensive Survey of Housing Life 2013, which is the typical statistical data about conscious of residents. And we applying “Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)” and “Multiple Group Structural Equation Modeling (MGSEM)” to satisfaction data of residents. In these phases, we used R3.4.1.

 As a result, this paper shows basic data for housing policy as following.

 1) In the model of “the structure of residential satisfaction” was revealed by SEM in this paper, comprehensive satisfaction of housing and environment is directly affected by satisfaction of housing and satisfaction of environment. The latent variables about safety, which residents considered particularly important, has only indirect paths through other latent variables.

 2) The latent variables have a huge effect are “Spaciousness and usability of housing(lv1)”, “Human resources (lv11)”, “Noise barrier, Privacy (lv6)” and “Housing safety against disaster (lv2)”. Of these, “Noise barrier, Privacy (lv6)” and “Housing safety against disaster (lv2)” doesn’t have direct paths to comprehensive satisfaction, so that shows importance to consider some unseen influence.

 3) MGSEM shows that “Convenience of life (lv9)” and “Service (lv10)” have large gaps among types of household, and the others don’t have. Therefore, it can be efficient for housing policy to consider following 2 points.

 a) Basically, the effect of a measure of housing policy can work for every type of household.

 b) When a measure should be tailored to each needs of types of household, by focusing “Convenience of life (lv9)” and “Service (lv10)” can cover most of differences.

 Since there are many uncertainties in the future, it is difficult to improve the accuracy of the results in the maintenance plan for buildings even if using a complicated theory or mathematical formula in order to calculate the timing and cost of the maintenance works. On the other hand, the commonly maintenance plans have low accuracy and large deviation from the reality, so it is high possibility that the necessity and importance of maintenance plans may not be recognized by anyone other than an expert.

 Therefore, this paper indicates a method of the maintenance planning for public facilities based on the inspection data and deterioration progress of building elements which was not basically considered in conventional plans for public facilities, and confirmed its validity verification.

 As a result, it became clear that the maintenance plan is more useful than conventional plans in the following 4 points.

 1. The maintenance plan adjusts the timing and cost of maintenance works according to the deterioration status of each building element, so it is possible to plan a highly accurate and realistic maintenance.

 2. Whether the inspection data is reflected, it has been clarified that the total maintenance cost does not change in the long-term. However, it is effective to make a short-term maintenance plan in order to confirm the priority, timing and cost of maintenance works that will be required in the future.

 3. Accounting ordinary repair costs is effective when managing many facilities like a local government, or when a long-term maintenance plan is created to confirm the total maintenance costs in the future.

 4. Visualization of the deterioration progress is effective if creating maintenance plan from the viewpoint of confirming the necessity and the promoting of maintenance works at appropriate times.

 Gangi-Dôri is a type of alley for pedestrians, which is created as a measure to cope with deep snow. The Gangi which forms part of resident’s homes is made an integral part of the town street so as to form arcade-type sidewalk. In the Edo era, Gangi-Dôri was constructed for the purpose of securing function of passages in the heavy snowfall areas.

 This is a research of private use of spaces under eaves in front of houses （Machiya） and decline of the Gangi-Dori between the Meigi era and the Taisho era in Yamagata Prefecture by focusing on collection of paintings and old pictures. This time, the analysis was limited by the small amount of historical material, and it is necessary to collect and analyze some more historical materials in the future.

 Ujiie cleared the peak period of construction and development of Gangi-Dôri was between the end of the Meiji era and the early Taisho era. On the other hand, as a result of this research, Gangi-Dôri of the Yamagata prefecture was declined between the end of the Meiji era and the Taisho era. The decline of Gangi-Dori had two types.

 1)Eaves in front of houses（Machiya）were used privately by the owners because the space under the eaves were used for business. Furthermore, glass doors and lattices were fitted at the boundary between the eaves in front of houses (Machiya) and roads.

 2)Eaves in front of houses（Machiya）were covered for fire prevention after the big fire. This is a characteristic found in Yamagata prefecture.

 Magobisashi (small eaves) fixed on the eaves in front of houses (Machiya) was sometimes set out for snow protection and business.

 In ancient China, there are three meanings for the architectural “Tei” (亭): “Yadori”, “Monomidai”, and “Azumaya”. Among them, “Azumaya” has its usage in Japan, and it seems to originate from China. However, there are unique changes in China and Japan. “Chitei” (池亭) usually refers to a pavilion beside the pond, but it is said that there was also the meaning of a villa or a garden in the Tang Dynasty. In ancient Japan, it sometimes referred to as a residence. The Japanese word “Tei” (亭) has been seen as the last word of the residence name in the middle of the 9th century, and it has been widely used and generalized. I will clarify the actual condition of the last word “Tei” (亭) of aristocratic residences in the Heian and Kamakura period that can be seen in “Hyakurensho” “Azumakagami” and “Kitsuki”. It is essential to compare it with “Tei” (第).

 Summarize the following research results.

 ① In ancient China, the architectural word of “Tei” (亭) and “Tei” (第) is different. There is an upper and lower grades of the residence “Tei” (第), “Tei” (第) and especially “Koudai” (甲第) in Tang and Song Dynasties are limited to higher-ranked residences. On the other hand, “Tei” (亭) in the Tang dynasty is a villa that often used for banquets and the like, and may be a private residence. In addition, “Tei” (亭) has a close relationship with “water” such as ponds and springs.

 ② Looking at the last word “Tei” (亭) after the 10th century in the era of Heian period, it is possible that the pond and spring were used as a characteristic residence. It is related to the usage of “Tei” (亭) in China.

 ③ However, the latter half of the 12th century was a turning point from the last word “Tei" (第)to “Tei” (亭), and thereafter “Tei” (亭) is used extensively.

 ④ The above ② ③ and combination of “Tei” (第) leads to the inference that the relationship between “Tei” (亭) and the pond/spring is difficult to find, especially after the 12th century.

 ⑤ Sasageshi consider that “Tei” (亭) is used in a wider range of ranks than “Tei” (第), and “Tei” (第) is higher than “Tei” (亭), the former was confirmed in this article, but the latter is questionable by the case of using both “Tei” (亭) and “Tei” (第).

 ⑥ In “Hyakurensho”, the “Tei” is often used for the Kyoto residences of Heike gens, and in “Azumakagami”, it is used for the samurai residences in Kamakura. And also history books seem to reflect the era and personality.

 I think the fact that “Tei” (亭) appears vigorously infers that the emergence of a new social hierarchy and the rise were background of the transformation. In order to confirm the truth of “Tei” (亭) and “Tei” (第). It is essential to extend the scope of the analysis and verification to more noble diaries of the same era.

 The Sankyo soko is located in Sankyo Town, Sakata City, Yamagata Prefecture, and it has 12 warehouses facing the east side of Niida River in the south of the downtown area of Sakata City. They are called "1 gou" to "12 gou " in order from the north side. Currently, 10 buildings from 1 gou to 10 gou warehouse are owned by JA Zenno-Yamagata, 1 gou warehouse is used as an exhibition such as "Shonai Rice History Museum", 2 gou to 10 gou warehouse stores rice grains, 11 gou and 12 gou warehouse are used as the Sakata City Tourist Product Center “Sakata Yume no Kura”. The space between 5 gou and 6 gou warehouse is rather wide, and it is the approach to the Sankyo Inari Shrine located on the back. The space between 11 gou and 12 gou warehouse is rather large, and the east side front of 1 gou warehouse to 10 gou warehouse and 11 gou to 12 gou warehouse are connected by kuramae. Zelkova trees are planted in a U-shape around the north, west, and south (between 11 gou and 12 gou warehouse) to avoid seasonal winds and solar radiation. Hirayama et al. conducted a survey of warehouse buildings in the Sankyo soko in 2019. The purpose of this article is to show the history of warehouse buildings and the actual conditions of nails used, based on the results of architectural research. The following points are clarified.

 Sankyo soko held the inauguration ceremony on November 3, 1893. Now, 1 gou to 12 gou warehouse are lined up. Of these, from 2 gou warehouses to 7 gou warehouses were originally built in 1893, from 8 gou warehouses to 10 gou warehouse were built in 1894, 1 gou warehouses and 11 gou warehouses were built in 1895, 12 gou warehouse was built in 1916. The damage to the warehouse caused by the Shonai earthquake in 1894 was considered minor, but from 8 gou to 10 gou warehouse and 2 gou warehouse were also damaged. In addition, the big braces seen from 2 gou to 10 gou warehouses were installed for reinforcement after the earthquake. Initially, the Western nails were used in the all warehouses, but Japanese nails and Western nails were used together for the big braces after the 1894 earthquake. It can be judged that the combination of Japanese nails and Western nails is late in the era.

 This paper is study on the "Sashihijiki" of the Jusimpo style architecture in the Goryeo era. The subjects of research are the 9 buildings shown in Table 1. The "Sashihijik" of the Jusimpo style architecture in Korea is different from that of China and Japan. The "Sashihjiki" of the Jusimpo style architecture is not the orthodox "Sashihijiki" that is inserted into the column, but the fitted in the top of the column. .In addition, there were two types of "Sashihijiki" in the Jusimpo style architecture in the Goryeo era. One is a "Sashihijiki" that reinforce the structure and the other is a simple "Sashihijiki" fitted at the top of column. The former is found at Sudeoksa Daeungjeon (Fig. 1), Seongbulsa Geugnakjeon(Fig. 2), and so on, and the latter is found at Buseoksa Josadang(Fig. 3), Gangneung Gaeksamun(Fig. 4), and so on.

 They have different geographical distributions(Fig. 7). Buildings with the "Sashihijiki" that reinforce the structure are located in the area near the center of Goryeo Dynasty -namely Gaeseong or Ganghwa, and the buildings with the "Sashihijiki" symply fitted at the top of column are located in the area away from the center. This shows the process of popularization of "Sashihijiki", the old form remains in the areas far from the center, and the more developed "Sashihijiki" spread in the near the center. And it shows the process of development of "Sashihijiki". That is, it changed from a simple "Sashihijiki" fitted at the top of the column to a "Sashihijiki" that reinforce the structure.

 The change to the "Sashihijiki" that reinforce the structure mentioned above was made independently in the Jusimpo style architecture at the Goryeo era. In addition, it is possible that the "Sashihijiki" that was simply fitted in the top of the column also created in Korea. On the other hand, such "Sashihijiki" that is simply fitted in the top of the column is also found in Chinese and Japanese architecture related to Fujian architecture. It is buildings in Kaiyuansi(Fig. 10) at Fujian of China and buildings related to Daibutsuyo style architecture(Fig. 11) in Japan. It considers that such a "Sashihijiki" is a modification of the orthodox "Sashihijiki". Therefore, it is unlikely that such “Sashihijiki” was created independently in Korea at the same time as China and Japan.

 In addition, there is a high possibility that the orthodox "Sashihijiki" inserted into the column was known in Goryeo through Southern Song. In the painting of Goryeo, Ajipdo Daeryeon(Fig. 13), the orthodox "Sashihijiki" brought from the Southern Song is drawn. And "Sashihijiki" of Eunhaesa Gojoan Yeongsanjeon (Fig. 5) is double-layered, and there is posibility that the below one is a trace of the orthodoxl "Sashihijiki" that inserted into the column. That is, there is high possibility that Fujian architecture of China was known in Korea. Theerfore it is considered that under the influence of Fujian architecture from Southern Song "Sashihijiki" was made in Goryeo. And then "Sashihijiki" has developed and spread independently in the Jusimpo style architecture of Goryeo.

 In the early 1950s, Le Corbusier began to search for ways of synthesizing sculpture and architecture by using a dichotomy between a ‘mouth’ as an emitter and an ‘ear’ as a receiver. This dichotomy was closely related to his unique concept of théâtre spontané, which signified the event occurred by contact between a performer as an emitter and an audience as a receiver. He put the dichotomy theory into architectural practices in various ways, and built a series of notable buildings.

 It was in the Chapel at Ronchamp that Le Corbusier attempted to practice such a dichotomy with voices for the first time. According to the dichotomous thinking, he placed a monumental chapel with concave walls and a topographical object, in this case a ‘pyramid’, facing each other in the given site. When a liturgy was celebrated outside, the concave walls of this chapel filled an important role in diffusing the voices of priests and choirs; the ‘pyramid’ was utilized as seats where one could listen to their voices emitted from the chapel. As a result, these two constructions were connected by the voice transmitting from speakers' mouths to listeners' ears. With the aid of human's activities (speaking and listening), he experimented on an ‘acoustic’ synthèse between the chapel as an emitter and the ‘pyramid’ as a receiver.

 In the same period, applying such an idea to the Governor's Palace, Le Corbusier undertook an ‘optical’ synthèse by means of the reflecting pools placed in between the Palace and the geometrical hill (observation platform). As he explained in Œuvre complète (vol. 5), the reflections in these pools, which increase the visual information of the building received in the eye, generated a rapport between the monumental building (sculpture as an emitter) and the geometrical hill (architecture as a receiver), while simultaneously maintaining distance between them. This attempt at utilizing a physical phenomenon brought about a reconciliation between distance and rapport, which is a prerequisite for his synthèse.

 Such an ‘optical’ synthèse was taken over in a different manner by the Convent of La Tourette, in which Le Corbusier and Iannis Xenalis devised an ingenious lighting system: les canons à lumière and les mitrailleuses. Under this system, the sculptural elements of the building gained the ability to emit light toward the cave-like interior space, maximizing the potential to receive the light by using darkness. It was through the medium of light that Le Corbusier attempted to connect sculpture (outside of the building as an emitter) and architecture (inside as a receiver), and accomplished the ‘optical’ synthèse.

 These practices concerning synthèse were inspired by Le Corbusier’s Taureaux series of paintings. The face of un taureau, composed of heterogeneous objects, provided a clue to reconcile distance with rapport, and it functioned as a model of the synthèse that he had explored throughout the 1930s and the 1940s. Thus, this model allowed him to put into practice the dichotomy theory concerning synthèse.

 Pushing the dichotomy further, Le Corbusier built the Palace of Assembly. In the assembly hall of this building, the sound-absorbing ‘clouds’, achieving a synthèse with a wall reflecting sound, played a vital role in communication with others which he called des inconnus. This unit of ‘cloud’ and wall, ‘receiving and giving’ information like a ‘hand’, functioned as infrastructure to send something unpredictable to des inconnus.

 This paper aims to clarify the formation of "decor" focusing on the study of the decorative art movement in Germany by Charles-Edouard Jeanneret (Le Corbusier) in 1910. At first, we reorganize the subjects concerning "decor" of the interior space from the description in the report of his research study. Next, through the notebooks and sketches drawn during his German journey, we analyze specific decorative elements for each subject. And finally, we consider the relationship between the subjects.

 Jeanneret's report is the result of the survey of workshops, factories, and school education facilities regarding the production of furniture that are directly related to our daily lives. His consistent logic of the description contrasts the late decorative art in France with the modern decorative art in Germany. According to Jeanneret, German decorative arts transform the "art" in France into general applied arts introducing the "industry" in Germany. The "kinship" created between the elements of the interior decoration is the outcome of the machine-production.

 In the notebooks and sketches drawn during Jeannere’s journey in Germany, which is the source of his report, there are 32 direct descriptions about interior decoration. In addition to "house" (18 places) as living spaces, He also mentions building types such as "theater" (6 places) and "department store / cafe" (2 places) that are not directly related to living spaces, and study the same subject as "house".

 It is the fact that in the notebook, Jeanneret inspects the decorative elements in the interior space attributed to "industry". Above all, he analyzes in detail the mobility of furniture as a mechanical product with a mechanism of rotation and folding. however, At the same time, he researches forms and colors that cannot be mechanized like works of "art", even on the subject of "industry". His interest spreads from the independent decorative elements to the method of fixing to the wall, to the color of the wall surface. That is, the "kinship" between the decorative elements as a characteristic of German decorative arts indicated in his report is established in the spatial relationship of the elements.

 Jeanneret's appreciation for German decorative arts in his notebook is ambiguous. In the latter half of his study journey for the German decorative arts movement, he comes to regard the products produced in Germany as reference systems such as the Biedermeier style and the Empire style. In addition, his evaluation of material quality and color decoration is not directly linked to cost reduction through mechanization. He evaluates the color of the wall itself as a decoration, and the artistic painting works as a decorative element at the same time.

 In the case of Jeanneret, there is no boundary between "industry" and "art". He verifies the quality of products and works, and questions their spatial characteristics regardless of whether they are mechanized or hand-crafted. Jeanneret's concept of "decor" in the interior space is understood by the spatial relationship of the decorative elements called "kinship", which coexists the subject of "industry" by machine technology and the subject of "arts" with human hands.

 Antonin Raymond (1888-1976) and one of his disciples, Junzo Yoshimura (1908-1997), are major architects who contributed significantly to the development of modern architecture in Japan. Both attached considerable importance to openings in architecture. This paper discusses how an architectural design philosophy succeeds across several architects by studying the design philosophies of Raymond and Yoshimura on openings as an example.

 First, the roles that Raymond and Yoshimura attributed to openings in architecture can be understood through the analysis of their written and spoken discourses. Raymond understood the characteristics of structural forms composed only of columns and beams in traditional Japanese architectural works from the perspective of openings. He paid close attention to the mobility of sliding doors and tried to incorporate this feature directly into his architectural designs. Likewise, Yoshimura also emphasized openings in his traditional Japanese architecture. In addition, Raymond explained the importance of the fusion of architecture and “nature” in exteriors and pointed out the indissoluble relationship between traditional Japanese houses and gardens. Yoshimura shared this thought, arguing that, as an exterior space, a garden should be united with the internal space of the built environment. However, he also considered it reasonable to capture a part of the external space into the internal space as a borrowed landscape in order to integrate interior and exterior through architecture.

 In the first half of Chapter 3 of this paper, the differences between the methods used by Raymond and Yoshimura to put their design theories on openings into practice are disclosed by comparing measurements of individual parts of the opening apparatus present in architectural works conceived by both architects. Raymond attempted to create large-width openings that could fully open fittings by putting small movable fittings on the outer side of the columns. On the other hand, Yoshimura typically fit a large width into an opening with a limited width because people expected greater airtightness in architecture with the advance of air conditioning facilities. He expected openings to function as picture windows that could capture the scenery widely without the opening motion.

 In the last half of Chapter 3 of this paper, the succession of design philosophy, including theory and practice, is discussed by analyzing their detailed structures. Raymond and Yoshimura were attentive to the design in detail of opening apparatus structures. As Raymond makes the sash width and sash aspect width wider than usual in a cold district in order to obtain a large width opening that integrates interior and exterior, he developed detailed structures that could fit the climate in different locations. While using several details like Raymond’s, Yoshimura actively utilized the concealed type sash and removed the flame from openings to reduce the presence of the opening apparatus. Furthermore, both sought to ensure the continuity of the space between interior and exterior by maintaining the floor height to a minimum in order to limit the height of the sill. Yoshimura also improved airtightness by increasing the height of the sill and installing a pinch block or a weather strip.

 Therefore, an architect’s design philosophy is succeeded through the passing over of design details from master to pupil, and the detailed design, which varies directly over time, provides a new direction for design philosophy.

 This essay discusses the formation process of a service communs that share social functions brought inside buildings in the planning of urban apartments that Le Corbusier has been continuously developing since 1922. We have already verified that there is a special notation “Salle Commune” including the meaning of the community, in the living room with a two-story atrium. In a rapidly rising residential environment, people separated from ground need to have contact with society, and the beginning oh this solution is “Services Communs”, which is treated as the second commune.

 In 1920, Services Communs was first shown on a drawing by Ville Radieuse plan. Various functions are arranged at each level from the basement to the rooftop, aiming to build a society within the architecture. In the process of planning a series of Unite d'habitations later in the year, Services Communs, which were mostly located on ground-facing platforms, came to the air.

 Le Corbusier has found a new form in tall buildings, 50 meters high, beyond the history of being limited to six stories by old technology. In addition, elevators were introduced into the apartment, allowing residents to move vertically on four or more floors without any burden. As the times led to higher buildings, Le Corbusier also brought another urban space into the architecture. The facility floor, which consists of two floors, the seventh and eighth floors, almost in the center of the building, is intended to be accessible to residents on any floor with average ease. In addition, it can be said that there was an intention to further emphasize the newness by setting the height to the height exceeding the former limit of 6 floors. Le Corbusier finds the newness of architecture in the height of architecture, and as one of the realizations, has set up a facility floor shared by residents in the air.

 This study concludes that one of the prototypes of urban community facilities was intended to overcome a new history based on the lives of residents.

 This paper attempts to clarify spatial continuity of the interior space of buildings and urban space in the center of Tokyo by analyzing of the spatial continuity of passage spaces in station buildings and their surrounding urban spaces. The station buildings are composed with not only gate for railway user but also department store, office, hospital and so on as a consequence of repeated extension or reconstruction of building and functionalization for multipurpose use to accommodate social demands and commercial requests in Japan. In this paper, the station building is defined as buildings include ticket gates for railway user or passes from exterior space to those ticket gates, and the spatial construction and continuity of passage space (Photo1, Fig. 1) as a penetrated urban space in those station buildings is analyzed. The Chapter 1 mentions about those background, purpose, and methods of this study.

 In the Chapter 2, the total number of entrances of passage spaces of station buildings of all 55 station samples is analyzed by planar shape (Table1), and the continuity of the passage space and exterior spaces on its entrance is analyzed in terms of two aspects of surface's continuity and spatial scale continuity (Fig. 2).

 In the Chapter 3, the spatial characteristic of the constituent space and its collateral spaces is analyzed in terms of the planar shape of the constituent space (Table2) and the variety or spatial depth of collateral spaces of its walls (Table3), and the spatial construction is classified into the 9 patterns of spatial construction concerning collateral aspect (Table4).

 In the Chapter 4, by using these 9 collateral patterns, the spatial continuity of passage spaces can be described by collating of its constituent spaces, the passage space of HACHIOJI Sta. is described and analyzed as an example (Fig. 3). And the spatial continuity of passage space of station buildings is analyzed by describing with collate patterns the spatial construction of all samples, and consecutive spaces, which has spatial consistency by same or similar collateral pattern, are extracted and analyzed by those spatial characteristics (Fig. 4). And furthermore, the spatial characteristics is divided into 4 type by analyzing the position of consecutive spaces (Table5) and consistency of spatial continuity (Table6). As a result of this chapter, two paradigm of mechanism about spatial continuity of passage space as determined by collateral spaces are clarified, distinctive trend of complexity of spatial continuity and articulation of passage space are examined.

 In the Chapter 5, the spatial articulation of passage spaces and continuity to urban spaces is analyzed by collating the continuity of the passage space exterior spaces on its entrance and the spatial continuity of passage spaces, and four tendencies of spatial continuity of passage space of station building in Tokyo are determined through the relationship of these frames (Fig. 5). As a result of this chapter, four fundamental model of spatial continuity of the interior space of buildings and urban space in the center of Tokyo are examined by comparing these tendencies and urban space in Tokyo.

 Finally, two paradigm and four fundamental models were isolated by deploying the above-mentioned data, which may be said to represent one aspect of the urban form of contemporary Tokyo, and which afford one possibly useful way of describing the urban spatial character Tokyo today.

 It is a violation of several international humanitarian laws and international cultural heritage laws to conduct attacks, destruction, and looting of cultural heritage and use it for military purposes. However, except for the shelling of Dubrovnik old town punished by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, such offences have hardly been addressed at the criminal court.

 Meanwhile, a person who ordered and conducted the attack against ten mausoleums and mosque in Timbuktu, Mali, nine of which are on the UNESCO’s World Heritage List, in 2012 was found guilty under the Statute of International Criminal Court (ICC) that provides that “intentionally directing attacks against buildings dedicated to religion, education, art, science or charitable purposes, historic monuments”, “provided they are not military objectives”, is war crime, and sentenced to 9 years’ imprisonment by ICC in 2016. Further, he was ordered reparations at 2.7 million euros in 2017 that was designed to consist of reparations for the damaged mausoleums and mosque, reparations for the consequential economic loss and reparations for the moral harm. It was the first case that an intentional attack against cultural heritage was sanctioned as a war crime at the ICC, and the first case that a conviction was decided at any international tribunals or courts solely on the grounds of an offence relating to cultural heritage.

 On the other hand, lots of deliberate destruction of cultural heritage in countries of north Africa and the Middle East has been observed in the last decade. It has been an international issue to find out how those violations would be brought to justice regardless of whether it would be at the ICC or at a national court.

 Having these as a background, taking the case of Timbuktu as a concrete example, this study aims at investigating how an intentional attack against cultural heritage could be punished. In particular, putting a special focus on the evaluation of value of the attacked mausoleums and mosque, it examines how the damage was assessed, victims were identified, and the damage would be recovered through reparations programs in the case of Timbuktu by analyzing official relevant documents of ICC.

 As a result, it revealed that with regard to the damage assessment and the victims identification, symbolic and emotional value of the mausoleums and mosque and their significance for the international society were especially carefully considered. In relation to symbolic and emotional value, while recognizing the cultural and religious connection between the mausoleums and mosque and people, experts and the Chamber observed that the attack against them made it impossible to continue that connection, and then the rights to the freedom of worship, the cultural rights, and local identity were infringed.

 As for the international significance, the philosophy evolved in the field of cultural heritage conservation, including the concept of shared heritage of mankind and universal value of heritage, were reflected on the consideration. Regarding reparations projects, not only the work for the physical reconstruction of the mausoleums and mosque but also the projects that will enable the reconstruction of the Timbuktu community as a whole and its sustainability were approved. It shows the close relationship between the social reconstruction and the reconstruction of cultural heritage in the post-conflict period of Timbuktu.

 The ultimate goal of this study is to propose a methodology of inheriting vernacular technology by letting it co-exist with modern technology. Some vernacular technology is still valuable to keep the identity of a local region even though it is endangered by modern technology. This study tries to manifest rinsho-no-chi, which is hard to be formally expressed, from its pictorial and verbal expression of experience of participant observation of practice of vernacular technology. The authors are taking part in construction project of coral stone fences in Izena Island in Okinawa prefecture, and are observing and learning, through our experience, the construction technology of the coral stone fences. A series of experiments to express verbally our knowledge and skill of evaluating whether coral stone fences are well built or not, which are important in the vernacular technology. This paper describes the characteristics of the process of co-creating verbal expression of the judgement skill.

 Seven types of the verbal expressions, which are made to evaluate the workmanship of the coral stone fences on the basis of visual information of the coral stone fences shown in the pictures, are extracted from the conversations to discuss about the workmanship as follows;

 1. Implication of the existence of the typical styles of the coral stone fences,

 2. Depiction, with a positive, negative, or neutral point of view, of the scenes related to the coral stone fences,

 3. Figurative depiction of the scenes,

 4. Declaration of axiomatic understanding,

 5. Declaration of empirical laws employed in the evaluation of the workmanship,

 6. Reference to the actions in the coral fence construction with a positive, negative, or neutral point of view, and,

 7. Proposal of the actions to improve the coral stone fences.

 Types 1-5 suggest that the common understanding of the structure of evaluation which derives the result on the basis of the objectively observed information even though the evaluation of the workmanship may involve subjective judgement. Types 6 and 7 suggest that the knowledge that is never acquired without the experience of practice. The types also suggest that the knowledge concerning how to construct a good stone fence is derived from the conversation among people who experienced the construction even though the setting of the conversation doesn’t ask them to talk about how to make the fence.

 The conversation contains some interesting patterns of processes of co-creating the empirical knowledge concerning the coral stone fences as follows;

 1. Process of co-creating the logical structures of evaluating the workmanship of the coral stone fences,

 2. Process of co-creating the commonality of the usage – semantic or pragmatic - of ambiguous or abstract words,

 3. Process of establishing and fixing the logical structures of evaluating the workmanship of the coral stone fences, and,

 4. Process of making mutual understanding of the structure of evaluation even though the dialogue is irrelevant and incoherent.

 These processes may be some representative types of processes of constructing empirical knowledge, which is regarded as rinsho-no-chi.

 It is concluded that rinsho-no-chi in practice may be manifested through the conversation wherein the experience of the practice is naturally reflected.

 The structure and built-year of a building are significant factors related to the probability of building collapse during a large-scale earthquake. Therefore, they are used as parameters in building collapse probability models based on the results of field surveys. In other words, it is important to grasp the structure and built-year of each building for detailed damage estimation and disaster prevention planning. However, there is no Geographic Information System (GIS) data that has such detailed attribute information for all buildings in cities. Therefore, it is an urgent issue to develop a method to estimate both the structure and built-year of a building.

 In this paper, we developed models to estimate the building structure (three classes: wooden, steel, and reinforced concrete) and built-year (seven classes: 1962 or earlier, from 1963 to 1971, from 1972 to 1980, from 1981 to 1989, from 1990 to 2001, from 2002 to 2011, and 2012 or later) by using building facade images and building attribute data obtained from a real estate database (LIFULL HOME'S dataset). Attributes include information on the area, the number of floors, and the number of underground floors of each building. The accuracy of the models was evaluated by comparing the cases: when only the building facade image data was trained by a convolutional neural network (CNN); and when multimodal learning was applied using both the building facade images and attributes. Besides, we applied Grad-CAM, a CNN visualization method, to create activation heatmaps and used them to understand the decision structure of each model. The main results obtained in this paper are summarized below:

 (1) The percentage of correct classifications (three classes) to the test data of the building structure estimation model reached 76.0% for the CNN model and 78.6% for the multimodal learning model. Although the accuracy was around 90% for wooden and RC buildings, the percentage of misclassifications was relatively high for steel buildings. The total accuracy was 85.9% when considering two-class classifications of wooden and non-wooden buildings.

 (2) The percentage of correct classifications (seven classes) to the test data of the built-year estimation model was about one-third for the CNN model and approximately 37% even when a multimodal learning model was used. However, the accuracy was about 50% for particular classes and relatively good (around 70%) in the case of two-class classifications of buildings before/after 1981, when the Japanese Building Standard Law was significantly revised.

 (3) Through the creation of activation heatmaps using Grad-CAM, we attempted to understand the structure of the models we constructed. With regard to the building structure estimation model, there was a tendency to discriminate wooden buildings by focusing on the roof shape, and steel and RC buildings by focusing on building facade components such as windows. In some cases of the built-year estimation model, the focus seems to be on areas out of a building. In other cases, gradient values were uniformly distributed, which may indicate that the learning was insufficient.

 For future works, we will apply the multimodal learning model to facade images from in-/on-vehicle cameras, which can expect to be able to estimate the structure and built-year of buildings throughout the country in combination with nation-wide residential map data with attribute information.