In 1942, the Second Faculty of Engineering of Tokyo Imperial University was instituted. Its 2 story timber-framed buildings had reinforced concrete firewalls, simplified firewalls supported from both sides, boundary walls, roof-space bulkheads, and hanging partitions. Although there were fire disasters, it was proved that these walls, especially RC firewalls, were durable and prevented the spread of fire. Compared their structure and frequency of installation of these firewalls to the regulations of laws and acts from 1919 to 1950, it was possible that these firewalls affected the provisions of the 1950 Building Standard Law.

In this study, which considers 15 Osaka modern Nagaya houses with semi-public spaces, we analyzed and investigated changes in the spatial composition of the renovated semi-public spaces, space utilization, the content of interaction in semi-public spaces, and purpose of use. After renovation, including changing the form of the earth floor, integrating adjoining rooms, and enhancing the versatility of its semi-public spaces, etc., we found that, based on its spatial uniqueness as a traditional house, the Nagaya opens up the living space to the local community with the neighborhood forming the focus.

This study analyzed changes in the living environment and social communications after relocation from a rural village with one-story houses to an urban area with high-rise apartments in a city in China based on an interview survey of 31 residents. The places where residents were most likely to socialize daily and incidentally after relocation were the open spaces near the entrances of the apartments, not around the doors of the dwelling units as before relocating. However, intensively developed public spaces, such as parks in districts, have become places where residents remain purposefully and have not yet encouraged daily socialization.

This study aims to understand the reality of volunteer activities in public art museums and to gain insight into planning museums as a place of public participation. The changes observed in the educational programs and volunteer activities held at public art museums are organized to understand the current situation of volunteer activities. A questionnaire was conducted to public art museums to capture the realities of volunteer activities and field surveys were carried out to determine the actual usage of museums by volunteer activities. The conclusion summarizes and discusses concerns on the architectural planning considerations for the volunteer rooms and workshops.

This paper explains the establishment process and management, renovation details, and use of a visiting-type disability employment support facility, which involved renovating vacant detached urban houses. This project’s success factors include (1) securing a start-up fund through a business consignment project from Shimonoseki City, (2) formulating a renovation plan based on an understanding of the operator’s management policy, (3) adopting a work selection system involving approximately 20 people, and (4) using the original floor plan and distributing the workrooms, which allow the staff to work in calm spaces.

This study takes the Shikemichi area, an important traditional conservation district in Nagoya, as an example to identify the current situation of excessive parking spaces resulting from the inappropriate use of vacant land due to the decline of water transport along Horikawa after the port modernization. Through analysis of the current distribution of parking spaces in this area and categorizing them based on their location and form, this paper examines the specific impact which 9 different prototypical categories have on the sense of place within historic street space, as well as exploring underlying logic behind it.

In this study, a walking experiment was conducted in an urban park to analyze route selection.

The “spatial structure type” tended to walk around the outer perimeter first, and then walk around the inner perimeter or to a place they had no experience.

The “linear type” plans to walk along the main street first, and then to take a narrower path.

The “surface, three-dimensional, point type” tends to use what they see in front of them as the reason for choosing a route, and is not likely to continuously plan their route choice.

This study analyzed the expression techniques used in animation and found the possibility of developing them into architectural introduction CG. The analysis revealed the following three findings.

1. Typified six types of expressive techniques, “First person view type”, “Second person view type”, “Mirror image type”, “Time lapse type”, “Bokeh practical used type” and “Free floating type.”

2. “Bokeh practical used type” is used very frequently, indicating that it is a very common type of expression techniques for 3DCG animation.

3. Three expression techniques that cannot be typified were considered and proposed for use in the architectural field.

This study aims to clarify aspects of attachment formation to local community by surveying ecomuseum participants in Chigasaki City. Most of the participants are people who migrated from outside the city when they were young and are now elderly.

They become attached to their residential neighborhoods through the following three stages.

1. the stage in which the individual’s intellectual interests are satisfied by learning.

2. the stage of gaining a sense of fulfillment from working with others in the community.

3. the stage of realizing one’s own individuality and realizing the relationship with the community in which one lives.

The objectives of this study are 1) to clarify the past restructuring of commons “sea” and land-side elements, and 2) to consider how the restructuring of fishing settlements in relation to commons “sea”, in Owase City.

1) Three types of restructuring of commons “sea” were identified: integration, differentiation, and loss. Three types of restructuring of land-side elements were identified: integration, differentiation, and relocation.

2) It was possible to show that the restructuring of commons “sea” and the restructuring of land-side elements, while having either an integration-oriented or differentiation-oriented orientation, were linked to form the restructuring of the fishing settlements.

Sannai is an ironmaking complex for traditional Tatara practice where work space and administrative facilities were accompanied with company accommodations. Sugaya Tatara Sannai Ironmaking Village is an only remaining example of Sannai, thus designated as an Important Tangible Folk Cultural Property. However, the terraced houses built for employees called ‘Nagaya’ are currently at the risk of demolition due to deteriorations of buildings and depopulation of the settlement. The objective of this article is to analyse the surviving ‘Nagaya’ to explore their characteristics, spatial features and development process of the dwelling units created in the particular mining settlement.

Sannai is a unique work-live settlement specially developed for practicing Tatara ironmaking. The objective of this article is to explore the domestic history of Important Tangible Folk Cultural Property, Sugaya Tatara Sannai Ironmaking Village, the only surviving example of its kind. However, the life history associated with the ironmaking practice is not fully interpreted today. This article focuses on alterations of dwelling units at Sangen Nagaya, the middle-class company accommodation, to analysis the process of modernisation in their kitchen spaces and the housework of female members who supported the ironmaking industry and the following charcoal production.

This paper focuses on the Liyuan blocks in Dabaodao area, Qingdao. Based on the map data collected in Qingdao Urban Construction Archives, libraries in Germany and Poland and other research materials, this paper analyzes the formation, development and transformation of urban blocks in Dabaodao area under German administraton. By analyzing the changes of the urban planning and the construction of Liyuan blocks in different years, we consider the formation, development and transformation process of Dabaodao area.

The purpose of this study is to re-evaluate regional plans in Okinawa designed by Atelier Zo. By analyzing how the distinctive concepts and methods of a series of regional plans were expressed in the design works of Atelier Zo, we re-evaluate a series of regional plans these works as having produced these outcomes, as well as the value of the design works of Atelier Zo as planning heritages of regional plans, thereby contributing to their preservation and utilization.

This study investigates the current conditions and features of “Food Cart Pod (POD)”, a cluster of mobile food units, in Portland, Oregon, and explores their utilization. PODs that have the advantages of semi-permanent land uses and have been formed by the combination of regulations, operations, and urban spaces have the potentials of 1) supplementing eating facilities in short supply, 2) creating destinations by utilizing underutilized properties, 3) utilizing empty lands caused by phased urban development, and 4) strategically activating public spaces. In contrast, the challenges include the provision of infrastructure and the development of regulatory systems tailored to their purposes.

The purpose of this report was to grasp the features and characteristics of the structure of the through-passage and the proposed public contribution, which had not been paid attention to until now. The following were clarified.

1) Width and length were not related. The floor area was related to the site area and building area.

2) Many of the outdoor through passages were intended to assist traffic.

3) Eight structural patterns and characteristics of types, connecting floors, and installation locations were clarified.

4) Public open spaces with the same function as through-passages were often set up adjacent to through-passages.

This paper aims to present the structure of landscape interpretation and reconsider the concept of landscape by depicting the process by which landscape emerges as observer-specific “meaning”. For this purpose, we will focus on the existence of “knowledge,” which is said to have the function of directing human consciousness and encouraging the assignment of meaning, and grasp the relationship between its reality and landscape interpretation. By approaching the reality of “knowledge” and structurally understanding the interpretation of landscape, we empirically demonstrated that landscape as a phenomenon is momentarily “constructed” by the observer and that “environmental knowledge” drives it.

This study captured the positioning of the Sumida River terrace from the reaction of the walker as “the environment that I wanted to walk” in the city space. 1) In the waterside space, a walk purpose was classified by “activity” “place characteristics”, and a course choice enthusiast was formed by the “comfort” that waterside space brought “environment characteristics”. 2) I raised the quality of the walk, and the psychological effect that waterside space brought promoted a walk. 3) I recognized the waterside space that raised the quality of the walk to be “the environment that I wanted to walk”.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the establishment of cafes and other bustling facilities and people's actual use of parks. The study was conducted in 2017 and 2020 through on-site behavioral observation surveys. After eliminating the impact of the Corona disaster on park use, analysis of the actual use of the park revealed that the number of people using the park increased significantly in the area around the bustling facilities. On the other hand, changes were observed in the previous use of the park, such as a change in location or a decrease in users.

This paper explores the roles and functions of project managers in hotel projects, with a specific focus on the TMK scheme. Interviews confirm that the workload of project managers has increased due to various factors unique to hotel projects, including operator-induced changes and complex decision-making processes. Project managers are responsible for managing each project and assume the client’s workload for each work process, identify problems, and encourage compromise to resolve issues. To implement these functions, project managers must select meeting participants, clarify the agenda, and prepare specifications.

This study analyzed the actual state of the housing expenditure and the burden feeling of housing expenditure using Comprehensive Survey of Housing Life 2018 by regions classified by regional characteristics for the appropriate promotion of housing safety net policy. This study revealed that there is almost no difference in the relative relationship between the burden feeling of housing expenditure and the regional average housing expenditure rate for each region. That is to say, the burden feeling is relatively determined by the difference from the regional average housing expenditure rate rather than the absolute value of the housing expenditure rate.

The purpose of this study is to clarify conditions for promoting the use of vacant houses as company dormitories by evaluating benefits of labors and companies. As a result of analysis, when companies increase the ratio of actual rent payment or when municipalities subsidize this project available stocks as company dormitories tends to increase. However, if the ratio of actual rent payment or the subsidy rate is too high, the risk borrower cannot be found increase. Furthermore, the setting of subsidy system effective for increasing tax revenue and the setting effective for promoting the use of vacant houses are different.

This paper treats how carpenters in the Middle Ages inherited and accumulated their techniques. First, an investigation revealed carpenters who come from advanced countries to bring new various techniques. Another investigation then the foreign technology was inherited by local carpenters, and they were able to build by themselves. Finally, still another investigation of an unknown craftsmen acquired high skills and productivity, and social standing improved. Consequently, the transition of carpentering could be understood by organizing it into three periods.

This paper discusses the morphological tendency of mountain monasteries at Hieizan-Enryakuji in the mid- and late Tokugawa period by surveying historical records archived in Eizan Library. A comparative verification of 18 monasteries reveals the existence of certain typologies in layouts and roof shapes, such that most monasteries had three-beam-span frontage layouts covered by gabled or hipped roofs with an additional stepped roof, or shikoro, along the perimeter of the main building. The paper also describes the typology’s relationship with the Kanbun 8 regulation. The knowledge derived is expected to elucidate the situation of the mountain-dwelling religious community in that period.

This article examined the career of Nakamura Jubei, a nail dealer who was involved in the import of Western nails in the early Meiji period, his involvement in the import of Western nails, and the trading house that was responsible for the import. The following points become clear.

He imported cut nails before round nails. The import of cut nails was outsourced to the overseas manufacturing of Japanese nails. Nakamura’s import of cut nails was second only to Kato Yasugoro. It was Yokohama Building No. 16 Carroll & Co. that was

involved in the import of Nakamura’s cut nails.

This study analyzes the design process of the Imperial Theater through an analysis of its stage and auditorium. The style of the Imperial Theater’s stage was taken from the Kabuki Theater, and the Hanamichi was initially a permanent Hon-Hanamichi, but was gradually converted to a temporary structure. The Imperial Theater has been described as the first example of the use of chair seating, but the majority of the theater used floor-seating style in combination with seating that did not have compartmentalization devices.

The Incorporated Church Building Society, established 1818, was initially unable to subsidize secular use buildings from the General Fund. However, in 1858 it implemented a Mission Building Fund, and began to construct hamlet chapels, school-churches, mission halls, and mission rooms. In the early years, there were some examples of dual-purpose buildings without a strict distinction between sacred and secular space, but a type of church on the upper floor and secular rooms on the lower floor emerged. However, the distinction between sacred and secular was not sufficient and a stage for secular use had not yet emerged.

This study clarifies the transition of the characteristics of Kazuo Shinohara’s residential works based on the characteristics of the main and subordinate spaces. Focusing on the finishing materials of the main and secondary spaces, a cluster analysis is conducted using the presence or absence of differences between them to grasp the characteristics of each work, and to further clarify the characteristics of each style. In addition, we will clarify the relationship between the characteristics of the floor plan and the visual characteristics of the openings, which were clarified in the previous report.

The aim of this study is to clarify the compositional characteristics of the interior space by focusing on doors on vertical circulation. Results are summarized in the following statements.

1. No door: The older ones are large, passing through hallways, while the modern ones are small, including bedrooms.

2. One door: The door is placed at the entrance to separate public and private areas.

3. Two or more doors: Rooms on the lower level are common space, while the upper ones or containing one staircase are private rooms and the users there are given priority.

In the collection of Kyoto Institute of Technology, there are many sketches and drawings scanning variety of exterior compositions of the cathedral. Togo Murano recalled the process was quite difficult to achieve understanding and approval from the priests. This paper analyzes the creative evolution of the cathedral’s exterior form until the conclusion of the schematic design in November 1948. A proposed analytical method was applied on totally undated sketches and drawings to reveal the architect’s morphological creation and development of diverse types in a very short period, as well as his design thinking and strategy in this phase.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of the sugar refineries on the area development process in the dominant rice-producing zone in Taiwan between the 1900s and the 1920s.

The following points were different from the area development process in the dominant sugarcane-producing zone in southern Taiwan. Improved traditional sugar manufacturing plants were constructed in the Taichung Basin from the periphery, not from the center, and were in operation for a longer period. The involvement of the Japanese and Taiwanese capitalists residing in Taiwan was more significant. Low-cost Taiwanese push-car railways were used for a longer period.

When Leonardo drew the ceiling grid etc., it is thought that he envisaged the architectural space and prepared reference lines as the basis for the grid etc.. These lines are hereafter referred to as ‘reference lines’. In this paper, nine previous studies including perspective drawings are investigated. As a result, it was clarified how the perspective drawings in the previous studies were drawn, what the size of the architectural space in the pictures was like, etc. It was also confirmed that none of the previous studies drew a ‘reference line’. The perspective drawings in the previous studies are not ‘reference lines’.

There are several doubts in the paper, including comments on results, scrutiny of descriptions and use of terminology. Therefore, some points should be discussed as a question-and-answer session.

We are grateful for Prof. Nakayama’s discussion to our paper. In this answer, we will give our opinions on questions about the comments on results, scrutiny of descriptions and use of terminology.