This research is an analysis of the transition of the LDK space from 1960 to 2005. Moreover, this is an analysis of the purpose of the Dining Kitchen of “55-4N-2DK” of Japan Housing Corporation. The purpose of the Dining Kitchen of “55-4N-2DK” is a minimum house, a meal room look south making, and a chair type. As a result of the analysis, it has been understood to have changed from the independent type kitchen to the Dining Kitchen in 1960's. The number of combined Living Kitchen increased in the latter half of 1970's. The tendency to an open type is developed to the LDK space. This is because the family space is valued. It has been understood that the purpose of the Dining Kitchen of “55-4N-2DK” is not considered so much. I think the purpose of the Dining Kitchen of “55-4N-2DK” to have been accomplished immediately after the war.

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This study focuses on policies and one-room apartments problems in 23 wards of Tokyo. The aim of this study is to lead several points of view to solve the one-room apartments problems in the future. Analysis was taken under 2 points of view; “one-room apartments problems”, and “one-room apartments policy”. Findings are as follows;
The one-room apartments is negatively caught in the region at the present stage, though the peak of the one-room apartments problems was about 1985. In addition, while the local society concretely points out one-room apartments problems, local society's recognition that the one-room apartments itself is a problem is deep-seated.
The one-room apartments problems was not solved as for the present stage, though the municipalities of Tokyo had introduced the one-room apartments policies in around 1985.

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This study based on a planned viewpoint, it is arranging the present condition and the subject in space composition of GH of our country through analysis of a plane figure, and aims at giving suggestion to the spatial state of future GH. Investigation performed the questionnaire including the request of the institution plan view for 1753 homes. The future subject in a space plan has also emerged.
· It turned out that a tenant's stay place in common space is restricted to sitting room and a dining-room in many cases. The spatial device which can perform stay which thought the “individuality” as important also in common space is required.
· It is actual that the “private room” environment as the place of the life which can be passed also in the daytime is not built. On the present minimum area standard, it is in a situation with a difficult physics top to prepare bathroom and a toilet, and storage as an independent life space.
· It becomes a subject on a future plan to give continuity through sound, a sign, etc. Between common space and a private room.
· The field like equipment, there are not few plans with few common toilets which are not enough. At points in connection with bathing care, such as a form of a bathtub, it became clear from the present condition that a tenant's serious also has many examples where correspondence is difficult.
· It is necessary to improve the present plan level sharply for realization of rich common space, the maintenance as a “private room” of a single room, and planned realization of the place put into the view to terminal care.

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Japanese nursing homes are usually located far away from urban districts. Therefore, the elderly have to move there away from their own homes. However, it is supposed to be important for the elderly to keep relations to their own local environments, even if they have to move to nursing homes. This paper verifies continuities of relations between local living environments and the elderly with dementia, who moved to a group living in their living areas, and discusses on a requirement and a significance of them. On-site observations were held mainly as for behaviors and sayings of inhabitants of the group living, when they went out. Conclusions are as follows;
1. It is verified that six inhabitants, who moved from near the group living, have kept some relations with their local living environments.
2. Current inhabitants' local living environments are thought to have close relations to their own histories of living environments.
3. A requirement for continuities of local living environments of inhabitants is thought to be moving in their own living areas, approximately 600m.
4. A significance of continuities of local living environments is thought that they can give inhabitants reliefs by keeping their senses of hometowns.

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Group homes for seriously handicapped people have been developed based on ordinances or guidelines by local governments. In this paper, 12 Group homes for seriously handicapped people in Tokyo are researched. Facility operators in 12 group homes answered questionnaires and were interviewed, and information for residents' physical condition and floor plans were gathered from 10 group homes. The results are as follows: 1) More than half of group homes are run by NPO. 10 group homes are operated throughout the year, whereas 2 are closed on weekends. 2) Three kinds of attitude towards group homes are found. One is training place for independent living, another is place for permanent living, and the other is both of these. 3) Residents are divided into four groups according to physical ability and intellectual abilities. 4) In this research, two stories and wodden building is the most popular style for group homes for seriously handicapped people.

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北京集合住宅居住者に対話型インテリアデザイン手法の評価実験を行った。デザインの専門家でない中国人居住者が自らインテリアデザインを行う場合の、CGを用いた対話型進化計算の有効性を確かめた。そして対話型インテリアデザイン手法を実用化する際の問題点を明らかにした。現地実験は1ヶ月間にわたり、231人の集合住宅居住者に対して行われた。実験結果の分析により、本論の対話型インテリアデザイン手法は、デザインの専門家でない集合住宅居住者にとっては有効であるが、より高いデザイン手腕を持つ者にとっては、遺伝的アルゴリズムオペレータに任せるだけでなく、自らデザインプロセスを意図的にコントロールしたいと思うため、手法に対してより低い評価を下すことが分かった。被験者が、より高齢で、より低い教育水準で、より低い家計収入であるほど、対話型インテリアデザイン手法を高く評価する傾向があった。性別の影響は小さかった。多くの人はインテリアデザインに、強いインパクトや情熱よりも、快適やリラックスを求めていた。あるデザインの専門家は、顧客の嗜好がわかるので、顧客とデザイナーとの間のコミュニケーションの道具として有効であるが、言語を用いた表現方法等のより直接的な方法も同時に有効であると言った。本手法の欠点としては、現実のインテリアに存在する数多くのデザイン要素を扱える訳ではない点、現実空間を十分正確に再現していない点、終盤の世代では提示される案が類似してくる点、視覚的疲労等が挙げられた。実験で生成された画像の分析の結果、案の進化の過程で、世代を経るに従い、インテリアの各部位の明度の相関が大きくなって行くことが確かめられた。相関係数はあまり大きくないが、好みのインテリアの色の組み合わせについての規則性が創発的に生じることが、対話型インテリアデザイン手法の過程において明らかになった。

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This paper is an analysis of the structural transition of wooden storehouses in the area around Mt. Yatsugatake. A few types of the structural characteristics can be seen in the same village, and in the same area. In previous studies, it was found that these types of the structural transition were caused by the development of lumbering techniques and changes in the way pine wood was used in the area. First we researched the distribution of wooden storehouses in this area and their details and found out that there were five types of structural characteristics among them. Second, we analyzed each type according to the characteristics of their walls: their lumbering techniques and the length of wood pieces and concluded that the structural types were decided on by a method to build a long wall according to lumbering techniques, We also found that there were some differences in the way of fixing pillars between eastern areas and western ones around Mt. Yatsugatake.

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This paper deals the survey and analysis on the wooden storehouse that is called “Momido” in Yamagata City. Momido has a role to store up paddy. The plane type of Momido is divided into “outer cap style” and “inner cap style”. Because “inner cap style” preserves household goods other than the paddy, the scale is large and the plane forms are various. There are two types in wall construction. To resist pressure in cereals, Momido is made. As the result, consider this to be a development process to close-set pillars style.

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The characteristics of the eye fixation at the traffic intersection were examined. The experiment was performed using eye-camera, and subjects were aged people and general people. The results are as follows. 1. In the case of the aged subjects, the eye fixation time in waiting for a signal was longer than that in walking on the sidewalk and that in crossing the crosswalk. In the case of the general subjects, the eye fixation time was not influenced by such situations. 2. The eye fixation objects of the aged subjects tended to be different from that of the general subjects. 3. The eye fixation height of the aged subjects tended to be almost the same as that of the general subjects.

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This paper aims to ask the future childcare institution plan in Japan by clarifying the history of the childcare system of Finland, the difference actual condition of the work life balance of the parents and mothers' attitude for childcare between Finland and Japan.
As a method, (1) the varied child-rearing system is surveyed from the history of child-rearing of Finland, (2) the questionnaire is carried out toward the mothers of the nursery in Finland Pori-City and it compares with what conducted same investigation in the nursery of Japanese Tama-City. (3) Arrange the diversifying child-rearing support to some steps by making the Finnish system into a model.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of lighting conditions on an impression and cognitive distance of nighttime streets. The subjects were all women and they estimated two different routes; one was a residential street and the other was a sidewalk of two-lane street. The experiment was carried out at night (8pm-9pm). The subjects walked along those streets and estimated the impression of each street and the distance.
The results found in the experiment are summerized as follows; a) increase of the street lights did not improve regularly the impression of the nighttime streets. b) to improve the estimation, feeling of security and desirability, of the nighttime street was difficult by the only control lighting. c) sensor lights were not enough to improve the uniformity of the street lightning. d) lighting conditions had an effect on impression and cognitive distance of nighttime streets.

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The aim of this paper is to consider the relation between the population increase and the social network of women at Boze island.
It is considered that the visiting each other of the close woman corresponding to their life stages continued the tendency such as natural increases and social decreases.
The details are shown as follows.
1) Women of before their child is born have spent much time on meal and conversation.
2) When their child is born, women have received the support of the child care from her relatives.
3) When their children care ends, they have taken the place of the support to nurse.
4) When their children begin to marry, women mainly support a child care of the child family.
5) When the support of the child care ends, their visiting frequency decreases.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the actual conditions and tendency of local facilities as specified refuge shelter in The Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake 2004 in order to improve the plan of refuge shelter. The former Nagaoka city was chosen for investigation. As the result, the followings are made clear: 1) case of school facilities, the gymnasium was mainly used for refuge shelter; 2) case of community center and nursery school, most of the rooms were used for refuge shelter; 3) a securing of privacy was the main problem in a refuge life. It is important for the refuge shelter to discuss the correspondence of problems considered characteristic of each local facilities.

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The aim of the study is to examine the St. Helens Landscape Masterplan and environmental regeneration of under-used and unused land, and to clarify the characteristics of each cases and a landscape masterplan at a local level. St. Helens is promoting environmental regeneration of under-used and unused land and the Landscape Masterplan which may contribute to environmental and economic aspects in the area. From the results, in terms of the landscape masterplan, it became clear that a half of the development and 80 percent of business and industrial projects were planned in better environmental locations. This may demonstrates potentials of the environmental regeneration of under-used and unused land to enable redevelopment at the better environment.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze characteristics of landscape elements in three treasures buddhist temples in Korea.
First, viewpoints through approach roads in the temples were extracted. Second, characteristics of site conditions are clarified through the viewpoints considered approach axis and earth level. Third, 360° image data was taken at the viewpoints. Finally, the pattern and appearances characteristics of landscape elements in approach road and Precinct to the temples by the analysis of the image data were understood.
Therefore, the main point of the study is the study was conducted by the sequence landscape considered human's movements.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify pattern of wayfinding behavior and space characteristics based on walking conditions in the street space. This paper differs from the previous research by conducting moving experiments by selecting a pathway of a different experimental area.
The results obtained from the experiments are as follows:
i) The subject veered extensively, using a map for wayfinding for the shortest distance to the goal seemed to commit mistakes in reading the map and collate the actual surrounding space and the map.
ii) As for the subject who was taught the direction to the goal had the slowest walking speed and veered a little as the subject walked only on the basis of the information in the actual space.
iii) It is most difficult for the subject with the low degree spatial cognition to choose his path after reaching the “Square” which is associated with the change of the scene.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility that business cooperative associations manage urban resources. In the case study of C Cooperative Association, the usufruct of stores is cheap, because these spaces are small. And the stores which aged members own are utilized being done sublet. The sublets satisfy market needs to open small stores, and the dues are cheap because of self-management by members.
In business cooperative associations, there are concerns for payment of holdings when the members withdraw, because of difference in value of the amount of investment and holdings. For these measures, we can take the revised Medical Care Law into account. And we expect the better system reform utilized the non-membership use system provided by Law on the Cooperative Association of Small and Medium Enterprises, so that they participate in the management positively.

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It is required to set up and train an independent civil society organization in order to establish a public and private partnership. For that, it is important to establish a partnership with a public sector after strengthening a relationship among the residents by discussions and supports and sophisticating the demands and activities.
The objective of this study is to analyze the mechanism in making a public and private partnership by strengthening the community relationship and sophisticating the demands and activities in a form of liaison association which is an assembly of the intermediary civil society organization by mutual discussions and cooperation. It is analyzed from the points of view of wide exchange of information, accumulation and return of the acknowledges, function as a saucer of the staff.

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This study aims to clarify the efficacy and problems of location control for large scale commercial facilities by municipal ordinance or guideline by case-studies of Kanazawa City and Nagano City. Kanazawa's system prescribed by ordinance and guideline is zoning control with limitation of floor area. Since 2002 it availably has led commercial facilities, whose store floor is over 1000m², into appropriate zones except for new land readjustment areas, which is pre-zoned areas. Nagano's system prescribed by guideline is a committee deliberation with master plan for commercial facilities location and has defended commercial developments into non-urbanized areas of the suburbs since 2004. But its targets are only those over 5000m² of store floor or 2ha of developing area so it is looser than Kanazawa's regulation from the respects of targets and limitation level.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of visiting purposes of households in residential network. We grasped the characteristics by analyzing relevancy of visiting purposes between dispersed households. The results are summarized as follows;
1) Two axes, “Family needs—Business needs” and “Daily life's needs—Recreational needs” were obtained from a corresponding analysis of items' crossed score table.
2) Items of strengthen emotional family bonds are always important roles among visiting purposes of the network residence.
3) The characteristics of visiting purposes between households have variations in age groups and life stages of subjects. Especially through a marriage stage of life cycle, the female group has changed their visiting purposes to the family.
4) From the analysis of relatives' network extent, frequency of visiting among dispersed households and family type of network residence, the visiting between households aimed to satisfy the needs of daily life at first. When they are satisfied in a household, then form of emotional family bonds are appeared to be main visiting purposes.

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For the advanced welfare service model by Yamaguchi Pre., the establishment details of welfare facilities, management form, contents of maintenance, cost and the effect on public support are examined. In case of the management by social welfare corporation, crop work, help of the volunteer activities and so on are done in addition to the fundamental service with the system which makes area and human resources reflect on the management. With the case of wooden house, there are a few plane changes and main improvement is the equipment renewal, and the effect on assistance is large for the folk association and there are a few self-burdens. Because it becomes full-scale improvement, the interior, fittings and heat insulations construction are necessary in addition to the equipment one, so the initial investment is large in case of steel frame facilities. Because there is no assistance to the steady management expenses with the model project, securing of the facilities cost of operation is difficult, in case of accepting the care insurance un-users, system-making of the human support by talented people training and public subsidy is the subject.

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A sheet was lying at full length on eaves of some town house “machiya” in Kyoto city under the Tokugawa regime.
The name of this sheet is “Shoyakumenjofuda” or “Kishukumenkyofuda”. This paper aims to clarify the reason of this sheet hang out. The meaning of “Shoyakumenjofuda” is evidence board exemption from tax imposed on the machiya house.
And so “Kishukumenkyofuda” is evidence board exemption from obligation to receive guesuts imposed on the machiya house.
The Imperial court award town people who was in close connection, therefore feudal firemen hesitate to clime on this house roof, for scared the authority of Imperial court.

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This paper examines the function of Kotaijingu Gishikicho in reconstruction of buildings of Naiku (Inner Shrine of Ise-JIngu) in Keian (1648-52) and Kanbun era (1661-1673). In both cases, they adopted Gishikicho as the design norm, but most of the reconstructed building sizes were different from the instruction of it.
In the Kanbun project, the reliability of Gishikicho was questioned, and since then, Gishikicho was not seen as the absolutely faithful description of ancient buildings. The loss of authority of the text was hidden at first, but soon they insisted that they can distinguish the original parts of the text from later distortion with close study. Since then, many attempts to seek for the original forms of ancient buildings were made through compiling old texts and publishing commentary or plans.

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On the ceremony space about Rikko-no-Kyo (立后饗) performed in Tai (対) of the aristocratic residences in the Heian era, the following points were clarified.
1) In Rikko-no-Kyo (立后饗), the placement method of the seat of the participants were different from the first day and the second or third day.
2) A difference between these methods were not caused by a difference of order of Ritsuryo-sei (律令制) and order of Sekkan-sei (摂関制).
3) A difference between these method were caused whether Tai (対) and Shinden (寝殿) become one ceremony space.

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This series of papers aims to clarify the characteristic of the modular proportioning of a bracket complex written in “Kamakura Zoei Myomoku” which had been formed in 16 to 17 century by carpenters in Kamakura. This paper identifies the specific member called ‘Kasane Hijiki’ and ‘Kaketo’, and examine the use of them on remain buildings. Findings are follows; (1) The Kasane Hijiki is bracket arms appeared in a sectional direction of a complex with increased height and width. (2) The Kaketo is bearing blocks on bracket arms in a sectional direction and is made about 10% increase of a Makito bearing block dimensions. (3) The use of these members can be found in the remains of Zen Buddhism buildings in Kanto Area and it shows the characteristic of this book that contains the traditional design method in the east Japan in middle ages.

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In this research, we clarify the transition of the official residence, from 1870 to 1943, of Japanese National Railways, and consider the historical meaning of that. The transition of the official residence of Japanese National Railways can be divided into following four stages. The first one is from 1870 to 1875, the second one is from 1876 to 1905, the third one is from 1906 to 1916, and the last one is from 1917 to 1943. In this paper, we considered the former two stages. The result can be summarized as follows:
1. In the first stage, existing regulations which relates to official residence had been partially applied also to the Japanese National Railways. After passing various groping, it had been exceptionally permitted to build the official residence for the first time in Shinbashi Station in 1875.
2. In the second stage, against the background of the extension of railways, a lot of offic ial residences were built in various places. In such situation, to manage those residences smoothly, new bylaws had come to be enacted. And finally, in 1899, the scale of residence was standardized.
3. The plannings of the official residence that had been built in those two stages were various for each place, though the existence of hierarchical difference also between small scale residences is common.

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After his apprenticeship with Frank Lloyd Wright in the early 1920s, Tsuchiura Kameki would go on to become a leader of the Japanese modernist movement in the 1930s. His interest in the new movement can be traced back to his time in Los Angeles and at Taliesin, where he met architects like R.M. Schindler, Werner Moser and Richard Neutra who were importing the new movement from Europe. By the late 1920s, Tsuchiura's concern with functionality and standardization had transformed his style from Wrightian motifs to abstract white boxes. This paper analyzes his designs and writings to clarify the process by which he adopted and adapted the modernism that was recognized as International Style in the 1930s.

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Hanoi is the oldest capital city in Southeast Asia. During its long urban evolution, indigenous cultural elements gradually formed up that are best found in its Old Quarter. With regard to architecture, “tube house” should be the most significant dwelling form here. Under strong urbanization and modernization processes within the last decade, many tube houses has been being torn down for new constructions or at least seriously downgraded and much modified. Thus, it has become a pressing task to conserve those precious tube houses, especially oldest and most originally remained ones, then to restore or renovate them as historic monuments for future generations' as well as foreign references. This paper generally discusses on the more pressing task to conserve invaluable tube-houses, then focuses on describing existing situations and finally publishes the latest complete documentation (as of Sept. 2006) of the chosen study case: the 47 Hang Bac house.

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This paper analyzes the spatial flexibility of main spaces in the houses designed by SEIKE Kiyosi focusing on types of partitions surrounding the main spaces. Defining a set of devices parting the main space from the extendable adjacent spaces as partitions, analyses are made firstly within interior spaces then extending to exterior spaces. It is revealed that the various types of partition and their locations enriched the main spaces and the continuity of floor and ceiling from interior to exterior appeared mostly in 1950s. As the result, 8 types of extension are identified which shows the characteristics of spatial flexibility around the main spaces.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the urbanization in Hiraizumi, one of the medieval central city in Japan, from the viewpoint of the relation between important facilities, streets and surrounding geographical features. The first hypothesis is that the streets in Hiraizumi are parallel to the buildings with the largest size in important facilities. The second hypothesis is that the lost street's networks are clarified from the location of surrounding mountaintop.
As a result, two kind of street's grid were found. The first type is composed of the south-north axis, and the other is rotated to the east some degree. The grid size are both based on ‘400-syaku’ (≈400 feet). However the buildings are not parallel to those streets. Therefore many buildings are supposed to be built before the road construction by the Osyu Fujiwara family.

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In succession to the previous article to clarify a characteristic of Istanbul as Islamic city, this paper focuses on a transformation of physical urban structure during the second half of 16th century by analyzing urban facilities recorded in two Waqf survey registers of Istanbul. As a result, it is recognized that residential areas expanded toward the city wall while the location pattern of facilities changed little compared with the middle of 16th century. This phenomenon is considered as the urban sprawl of Istanbul in the 16th century by the accumulation of individual donations as Waqf.

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The purpose of this study is to figure out one of the climate of the architectural criticism from 1970's to 80's by analyzing “OPPOSITIONS”. At first, we selected the noticeable objects and keywords which indicate topic from the objects of study, then considered about them. Secondly, we considered the tendency of each criticism based on analysis of architectural works in one of the main noticeable objects. According to the results, we revealed weight of numbers of historical architectures, Le Corbusier's works and architectures of 1920's-30's as tendency of the noticeable objects, and its characteristics emerged to {oppositions}, {history} and {Le Corbusier} well.

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