タイにおけるショップハウスはシンガポールから導入されたとされているが、タイ独自の形式を成立させてきたように思われる。本稿はバンコクのラッタナコシン地区のショップハウス全44棟(地区)に関するフィールド調査をもとにして、その類型を明らかにした前稿に続いて、さらに土地所有形態の異なる寺院所有、王立財産局所有、個人所有3地区に焦点を当て、ショップハウスの変容(増改築)過程について明らかにし、考察している。3つの地区のショップハウスのもともと平面形態も前庭を持つもの(A型)、後庭を持つもの(D型)、庭を持たないもの(C型)とそれぞれ異なっている(A-Eは前稿の類型)。それぞれの地区について細かく住居類型を見ると、それぞれ5つの型を区別することができ、その関係に一定の変容過程を推定することができることを論じた。

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The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the American style housings in Okinawa by looking at their reutilization to non-dwelling functions. As survey methods, observations of housings and interviews with residents were used. Some results are as follows: 1) The American style housings of off base were provided by private sectors under the regulation and specification of U.S. military base. 2) By the survey, 3,726 housings are still existing and 293 housings are reutilized to non-dwelling functions. 3) As the reutilization, 3 types of reutilize styles were observed and it shows the spatial diversity. 4) The reutilization process is divided by 3terms, releasing to the local resident at the beginning, increasing of local residents, and extension of reutilization. The utilization is greatly affected by the rectangle shape of the housing as the provision and the reutilized space assures the residents that they make the diverse and flexible life that is stemmed from their autonomous activities.

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This study is focused on care of watching by family to reveal the relationship. Between elderly and family. The validity of consecutive space as an effective tool for elderly in need of care is substantiated. 1) The activity of both care for family and home care service is easily carried out when living room and bedroom was linked. 2) The separation eating area from sleeping area can be maintained when bedroom separate from the living room. The consecutive space that is linked unused room and bedroom is effective when family need to sleep near by elderly at night.

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This research explored constituting factors, examining their reliability and validity, to develop a general residential environment assessment measure, recognizing the importance of the elderly's dwelling life. Residential environments were categorized into health, efficiency, safety and belonging. Factor analysis results indicated the following in each category: health -"peripheral environments," "temperature and humidity environments," "indoor environments," efficiency-"integrated composition centering around the living room," "bathing" "eating" "wash-up," "mobility," "toileting," safety - "indoor mobility" "indoor mobility with variations" "room lighting" "emergency" belonging - "ownership," "attachment," "privacy." This was found to be a useful assessment measure of residential environments, considering the examination of reliability and validity.

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The purpose of this paper is to extract of the typical type of the welfare center for the elderly. First, we classified 146 centers from five viewpoints. They are the user-range, the complex facilities, the activity leader, the population and the leisure environment. Then, we clarified the characteristics of institutions for every viewpoint. As a result, we found out that there were the great different characteristics according to what activity leader is. Last, we extracted five typical types of the center based on the population scale, the degree of aging and the activity leader.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the significance of day care centers for the elderly, which are like private houses, in terms of human behaviors in environments. On-site observations and supplementary interviews were carried out in 3 institutions organized in Tokyo. The findings are as follows. 1. The significance of them can be explained by applying 'behavior settings' as follows. 2. Some physical environments in house have possibilities to work as milieus that correspond to users' independent behaviors. 3. But whether this occurs depends on the situation. Each milieu doesn't always cause users' independent behaviors. 4. Another significance of them is that milieus have already recognized or they are easy to recognize. 5. Whether the milieu is meaningful or not depends on each individual.

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This paper discusses the demolitions and demolition works of high-rise office buildings. What we found are as follows 1. 59 out of ever-built 604 high-rise office buildings have been demolished at New York City, and there have been built higher ones on their sites in most cases. 2. Demolition methods with conventional construction equipments are adapted in some high-rise buildings, because most of them stand over congested estates. 3. The big volume and long-lifetime of a high-rise office building make some problems on demolition. For instance, illegalizations of building materials that were legal on construction forces many careful treatments of them during demolition works in large quantities.

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The purpose of this paper is clarifying space arrangement which less stressed to Lumbar vertebra. Therefore, the hand was attached and movement which rises from a chair, a sofa, a floor was analyzed. Joint moment of lumbar vertebra load was comparison and the result following was understood ・ Elderly people and a youth do not have the difference of load. ・ Load should be mitigated if a hand is attached. ・ A difference should be in mitigation of load in the position which attaches a hand. ・ Be greatly influenced rather than the difference in a seat in height and the position which attaches a hand.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the difference between spatial cognition from WASS (Wayfinding Active Simulation System) environment and Real Environment. Concretely, It made wayfinding experiment and sketchmap inquiry after the spatial learning trials. There are two groups with different information presentation. Group R is lerning space by walking through real environment. Group W is learning space with WASS. Group R can recognize space better than Group W. Finding of this study are as follows. 1) Spatial cognition is affected by physical activity and view. 2) Physical activity mainly influences orientation. 3) View mainly influences cognitive map.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between historical changes of 'Administrative Sphere (AS)' and local 'Facility / Service Sphere (FSS)' according to field works carried out in Kagoshima-Prefecture. This is a first step for reaching the Method of Sphere Establishment on the Local Facility Planning. This paper can be divided into two contents; 1) To research about historical conditions of AS, 2) To research about present'conditions of FSS; therefore, we show the coordination of them through their comparison. As a result of those analyses, we made it clear, that almost FSS in Kagoshima-Prefecture are greatly influenced by the Administrative Districts (the 'City-Country-Area' in particular) and the formation processes of them; while is more when are influenced within an old Administrative District.

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1.はじめに 今日の都市計画において、行政やプランナーなどの専門家だけではなく、市民との協働により計画を推進することが重要である。しかし、市民と専門家の並列的な関係により、計画が人々のニーズを十分に満たすことができない中で、その過程において個人の意見をどのように反映することができるかが、ひとつの大きな課題となる。本論では、都市計画における市民参加の原点となる近代都市計画家パトリック ゲディス(1854-1932)の理論である「生命の表記」に焦点を当て、その中における市民参加の位置づけを明らかにする。また、ゲディスの考え方を継承した都市計画家であるアーサー グリクソンの理論との比較を通して、近代からポスト近代の計画論において、個人と計画者が引き離されてきた過程について検証する。さらに、現代の都市計画が抱える問題を踏まえ、近代のゲディス理論が今日においで期待される役割とその可能性について検証する。なお、個人と計画者との関係を検討するための基盤として「近代化理論」と「従属理論」を用いて分析を行う。2.パトリック ゲディスの「生命の表記」 ゲディスは、1905年に「生命の表記」と呼ばれる思考機械を発表している。それは、生命の発展過程を示す4つの概念:「行為」(科学に基づく人間の活動の把握)、「事実」(日々の生活における「場所」の個人的な認識)、「夢」(個々の認識を超えた、人々が共感できる世界の構築)、「業績」(「夢」に基づく新たな世界の構築)によって構成される。「事実」では、都市の中での人々の活動を捉えるため、彼は「場所」(地理学)、「仕事」(経済学)、「人」(人類学)を社会学の基礎的概念として位置づけている。それ以降の「事実」「夢」「業績」は、これら3つとその組み合わせによるダイアグラムが徐々に発展していく過程を示している。さらに、この4段階の概念を1サイクルとする過程を繰り返すことにより、都市が進化しながらひとつのゴールへと収束していく。「生命の表記」の中でゲディスが思い描いていたものは、個人による場所の認識から政治的な議論までの道筋を構築することであったと言える。彼は、個人が地域に興味を持ち参加する市民となるよう、感情面での動機付けを行うと同時に、市民を新たな都市づくりを実現するための原動力として、重要な役割を担うよう位置づけていることが分かる。それは、市民とプランナーが、人間と自然との調和という社会が目指すべき共通の目標を抱き、言わば同一の社会観を有していることを前提としている。3.アーサー グリクソンのゲディス理論の解釈 ゲディス以後、生命の表記は、都市計画家であるアーサー グリクソンの理論の中に引用されている。1953年に発表した著書である『地域計画と開発』の中で、彼は独自の地域計画プロセスの枠組みを示している。彼の理論は、ゲディスが定義した4段階の概念のうち、一番初めの「行為」、つまり科学による人間活動の把握のみを用いている。それを含む計画過程として4つのステージ:自然科学の視点による「基本的過去」、社会科学の視点による「歴史的過去」と、それらの統合による「現在の文化的景観」、さらにそれが導き出す「計画的行動を設定している。ゲディスの「場所-仕事-人」は、社会科学の視点による「歴史的過去」として位置づけられており、より基礁的な学問としての自然科学による視点とあわせて、地域の現状を把握しようとしている点では、実証主義に基づくゲディスの理論と共通すると考えられる。しかしながら、ゲディスの生命の表記とグリクソンによる新たなアクションとしての都市計画プロセスとの相違点は、前者が、「行為」、「事実」、「夢」、「業績」からまた「行為」へと戻る循環するプロセスとして記述されているのに対して、後者は、「計画的行動」で終わる1サイクルとして表現されていることである。また、ゲディスの「行為」とグリクソンの「歴史的過去」の過程における「場所」、「仕事」、「人」を比較した場合、グリクソンの定義が、より詳細な専門的調査に基づく科学的データを重視しでいる。4.「近代化理論」としての生命の表記 今日の社会において、プランナーと市民の並列的な関係に基づく計画は、必ずしも人々のニーズを満たすことを保証しているとは限らない。ゲディス以後の都市計画のモデルでは、プランナーと市民の並列した位置づけと視点が明確に示されており、今日の計画理論にも共通して見られることが分かる。ゲディス理論の継承者であるグリクソンが描いた人と自然との調和に基づく地域づくりのプロセスでも、積極的に自らの生活の場を改善しようとする市民の力に依存することはなく、住民は、専門家としてのプランナーの意思決定に消極的に従うものとして位置づけられてしまった。ゲディスが「事実」の中で示した「感覚」、「経験」、「感情」といった日常の言認こよる地域の認識は、すべて専門のプランナーによる技術的な言語による地域の把握に吸収されている。このことは、ゼネラリストとしてのゲディスの理論がスペシャリストによる計画に移行する過程を示す一つの根拠として捉えることが出来る。今日、ゲディスの理論が過小評価されている理由として、市民プランナーの並列的な関係から捉えることができる。都市計画家ジョン・アボットは、近代からポスト近代に至る計画論を、「近代化理論」と「従属理論」として整理している。「近代化理論」では、その主たる目的を経済的、社会的発展と位置づけ、市民はその目的達成のために計画に参加するように位置づけられている。この視点に基づいた場合、ゲディスの理論は、人と自然との調和を目指すことをすべての個人にとっての共通の目的であると前提とすることにより、「行為」から「事実」の過程において、調査に基づく客観的な地域の把握と個人の知覚、経験、感情による主観的な地域の理解とが同一であると考えられており、それが「夢」としての新たな計画を導き出している。しかしながら、この問題点は、仮にこれら2つの認識に差異が生じた場合には、専門性とそれに基づく技術的言語が日常言語による主観的な認識を軽視する傾向にあること、またこうした専門性は、必ずしも複数の異なる住民の地域間のずれを調整する機能を持っていないことである。したがって、現代におけるゲディスの理論は、2つの問題を示していると言える。ひとつは、すべての人々が共有できる都市の姿が存在することを前提とすることはもはや出来ないということ、もうひとつは、プランナーが持つ専門的言語の優位性が、市民を都市計画から遠ざけていることである。5.結論:今日におけるゲディス理論の再評価 「近代化理論」としてのゲディスの理論が目指すプランナーと市民との同一の社会観の構築は、もはや今日の都市計画理論として応用できるものではない。しかしながら、彼が唱える「生命の表記」は、プランナーの価値観のみに依存することなく、個人が地域に対する自らの価値観を構築するための、個人の発展プロセスとして捉えることは可能である。このゲディス理論の解釈は、地域の経済的発展を第一の目的として置かず、その代わりに地域住民の異なる価値観や利益追求が共存できるように地域社会のエンパワーメントを推進し、個人のニーズを満たすための理論として定義することができると考える。このことにより、今日の都市計画の枠組みを、専門家による客観的態度と個人の主観的な自己表示的態度から捉え、その中で、ゲディスの「生命の表記」を、個人が自ら快適な生活の場、仕事の場を追求するためのひとつの手法として位置づけることが可能となる。さらに、より包括的な意味における都市計画には、これら2つの態度とそれぞれの価値規範を超えた公共圏の構築が必要であり、その中で両者の具体的な合意形成を行うことが求められる。

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This research aims to clarify the actual condition of Development Act, Building Act, and Land Use Change, and to verify those correlations. Main findings are as follows; (1) The time Zones demarcation system started, Ichinomiya-city had already had large-scale villages in the urbanization control area. (2) Farmland between adjoining colonies, and along the large-scale road going through the collected country zone are especially easy to be set as the object of development. (3) Disappearance of the small-scale farmland by building acts is remarkable at the circumferential edge of a colony.

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The purpose of this paper is to make clear habitation characteristic of merchant family who work in the neighboring shopping district. In this paper, we cleared that the habitation characteristic is influenced by the local characteristic where shop exists, the age which shop is opened and the right of shop-ownership. But the desire to live in the neighborhood is not influenced by such things. So we have concluded that it can be said that it is necessary to consider about various types and systems of self-owned shop, and also consider about attractive place of residence in the neighborhood.

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The author has investigated the damaged Chi-Chi area several times since the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake in Taiwan, and conducted design surveys to grasp location and dimensions of all of the buildings on purpose to make a GIS database in the area. In this paper, the urban planning for reconstruction based on "The Essential City Planning for Reconstruction of Chi-Chi" is reported. Also it shows recovery and reconstruction progress curves with regards to public space using spatial reconstruction model that the author proposes to visualize complicated reconstructional process of damaged areas due to earthquakes.

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The purpose of this research is grasping the present situation of the river management by the partnership between citizen and administrator, and grasping the problem and administrator's evaluation by difference of partnership situations in the project for waterfront schools for fan. Consequently, it turns out that the difference of partnership has drawn the difference of a problem. It turned out that supporting by participation bring about evaluation good for administrator. Because of it, Administrator has to build the system which can share information between a citizen and administration, and should carry out flexible support that correspond to management ability of citizen.

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Making process of schemes for consensus building in participative planning is a spiral. People would receive information, understand schemes, discuss them, and make decision them. Process goes up spirally. Authors organized spiral workshop for local residents, and investigated factors which would determine subjective evaluation. As a result, we established clarity of the schemes, individual benefit, social norms, assumed term within which projects were completed, and possibility of realizing projects as the factors that determine the evaluation for an advanced understanding of community development schemes. And, we established individual benefit, social norms, embodiment of goals, and inclination to groups as the factors that determined the evaluation for decision making of the community development schemes.

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This paper aims to clarify the location characteristic of works, the relation between works and dwelling-house and the reason for selecting location of works founded in recent years. Findings are as follows. 1. In Wajima-city, works are located in suburb in recent years. In Yamanaka-town, more works are located in suburb by construction of industrial complex.In Sabae-city, works are located in officially designated land. 2. There are much the works in which the house becomes one body in every city. 3. In Wajima-city, manager of works select the location by aiming at the improvement in the life.

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This paper explores changes in the spatial structure of Khao San area, Bangkok as a case of backpacker place. Backpacker place is characterized by the concentration of low-cost hotels which provide not only domestic tourists but also foreign backpackers with rooms at a budget price. The expansion of global tourism has restructured the spatial structure of backpacker places. Through field surveys, the paper highlights the increased flexibility and diversity of building types, land use and commercial activities, and explores the characteristics of backpackers and service-providers such as hotel managers. As for future development of the area, there rises a tension between business communities which intend to promote a pro-growth development in the context of the wider economy, and local groups which put importance on the preservation of the indigenous context of the socio-economic and spatial structure.

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This study analyzes the 50 years evolution in the expansion of the housing market areas and in their structure as areas of daily life, focusing on the relationship between working and residential area, which significantly influences the actual housing location. As a result, it has been clarified that: 1) The number of the housing market areas decreases progressively, while their internal structure becomes larger and more complex. 2) Changes in the commuters flow within a market area indicate changes in the communes function. 3) The nature of housing supply and demand can vary depending on different housing market areas, and its function on different parts within each area.

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This paper shows the concept, method and assessing indexes to draw up a guideline for public facility management on a self-governing body. The method and assessing indexes, that the purposes are effective utilization of public buildings for having and reduction of life cycle costs, are required by analysis of life cycle costs on public free facilities for daily life in SETAGAYA-KU, Tokyo. The issues of public facility management and the method seizing the managing characteristics and position are clarified by analysis of life cycle costs, service costs and so on.

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Hermit's cell (ANSITSU)is the facility which was an official name of Buddhist temple was not recognized before the Buddhist temple was formed. Regardless of the presence of temple name acquisition, when the Statue of Buddha was not granted, the picture images of Budbha were hung on the inner wall of the worship in the "ANSITSU". The Buddhist alter and the inner sanctum did not exist. In the space of worship in the hermit's cell (ANSITSU) of the Shin sect of Buddhism that had a temple name of Buddhist acquisition and where the Statue of Buddha was already granted, a Buddhist alter did not exist, but a space for the inner sanctum to enshrine Statue of Buddha existed, and it was divided with a space for a priest and a believer to worship it definitely. The constitution of hermit's cell (ANSITSU) was the form that a Buddhist facility and a residence facility for the life of a priest unified, and it was extremely ANSITSU(hermit's cell) with an extreme district characteristic by a style of "FUTAMUNE-ZUKURI" that was a traditional house of the Higo area.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the formation of a community and the compilation of "Shiban" over the "Henkaiichirantei" in "Zuisenji temple". A summary will be given as follows: 1, The community over the "Henkaiichirantei" in "Zuisenji temple" was able to form across time and space. 2, The "Shiban" work installed in the "Henkaiichirantei" was estimated by "Gido shushin" from a viewpoint of "Ninkyokenbi". 3, It was also recommended to request gatha from a high priest zen monk in another landscape, and to show gatha by high priest zen monk in "Shiban". 4, The occurrence in which a lot of gatha was produced involving "Henkaiichirantei" is also that the idea of "Ninkyogufudatsu" functioned well.

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This paper shows that some characteristics were found in the design meanings of the Imperial Family's residences built in the Meiji Palace's private section in comparison with the Kyoto Palace. The residences were arranged conforming their new social rank established by the new government. They were designed basically following the former style on the module, planning method, and the proportion of its elevation, but much importance were attached to their daily life space, so the coved and coffered ceiling was applied, the fireplaces were set, and the tatami floors were covered with a carpet for their new life style.

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In the traditional European towns, we often find a large square, which each town calls it "la grand-place ". It is an.open space surrounded by the town's great architectures. This paper attempts to clarify the historical transformation of la grand-place during the 18th century by basing this transformation on the event celebrating the birth of two crown princes, which were held in la grand place of Lille, northern France. In the early 18th century, la grand-place was an area used to held festivals, where citizens gathered to enjoy themselves and admire the central, monumental statue. By the later part of the 18th century, however, it became used more for political or public demonstrations in which the authorities tried to emphasize their power, and by doing so they contributed in forming our modem society.

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This paper is an analysis of polychromatic religious architecture in Tuscany during the late medieval period. The purpose of the study is to reveal the types of strong bichromy in Pistoia by analyzing its patterns. The bichromy in Pistoia has three features. The first is that the patterns of bichromy on Pisa-Romanesque facades are different from one on the facade with Gothic elements; the latter has light, contrasting and intricate bands when compared to the deeper bands of the former. Secondly, they have complicated lozenge figures. The third feature is the coexistence of bands and complicated figures. Comparisons with polychromy in other Tuscan regions suggests that the strong bichromy in Pistoia has developed independently and has the specific characteristics of polychromy in Tuscany.

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For the future conservation of the marble revetment in Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, this paper aims at describing the present conditions of the marbles, and presenting new perspective on the material-architectural study of the church. By reviewing previous works on the restoration of Hagia Sophia, and through the preliminary investigation done by the team including the auther herself, this paper clarifies 1) the classification of the marbles, 2) characteristics in the setting and the placing of marble slabs on the wall, and 3) present situations with causes of decay. Through this research, it has also been proposed the necessity of multidisciplinary discussion about the systematic analysis for the marble revetment as a material of historic architecture.

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In Korean villages there are some Jyeongs (a kind of pavilion architecture) with Kyeong (views) such as the Eight-views composed as poems of village landscapes. The purpose of this paper is initially to clarify the constitution of the village landscape as articulated by Kyeong through the analysis of the Eight-views of Sangujeong located in Andong Sosan, and to show the spatial characteristics of the domain border made by Kyeong. Furthermore the spatial characteristics concerning Jyeong will be shown, by considering that composing and reading poems, as Kyeong at Jyeong, articulates village landscapes creatively.

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Through this research, "Ecologicalscape" for creating an excellent landscape matching the passage of time is being proposed. For this purpose, we disclose the following three points with regard to the required concept of "Ecologicalscape" and specific methods for realizing the proposed scenery creation. 1. Based on the changes of the seashore space in the course of marine coast improvement projects, the requirement for an "Ecologicalscape" was verified. 2. With the "Rainbow Pine Grove" in the city of Karatsu, Saga Prefecture, studied as a research case, the process of seashore scenery formation was determined. 3. Through the examination of the seashore scenery formation process in the Rainbow Pine Grove, factors for scenery experience (scenery evaluation) were determined, and specific methods for realizing an "Ecologicalscape" were formulated.

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