The purpose of this study is to clarify the influence that living environment has on the vital functions of aged cerebral apoplexy patients and disability structure. The subjects were in-the-home cerebral apoplexy patients over 65 years of age, and the investigation was conducted by individual interview. The investigation items were base attributes, living environment (measure for evaluation of living environment), physical function (SIAS), ADL (BI), IADL (FAI) and health-related QOL (EuroQol). As a result of the analysis, a comparatively strong relevance was recognized in trafficability and living environment (convenience, safety).In addition, there was relevance between the degree of dysfunction and living environment, which suggested in particular that the degree of dysfunction and living environment were influenced by certain physical functions such as the functions of the lower extremities and the trunk. In ADL, relevance was shown in safety and convenience although a significant correlation was not recognized concerning relevance between IADL and habitat. However, a comparatively strong correlation was recognized among all items on the scale in health-related QOL.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify conditions to generalize the refurbishment on public rental housing by tenants. We researched the reality of the refurbishment, which used refurbishment system of Kanagawa Prefectural Housing Supply Corporation, and then studied conditions for generalization of the refurbishment by tenants through the reality analyses. As the result, it would be required for generalization of refurbishment by tenants to prepare various choice of refurbishment including expense.

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Wudadao district is an upscale residential area in the historical concession area of Tianjin China which was established in 1903. The Tianjin government designated the entire area as a conservation area in 1994. It has been one century since construction was begun on Wudadao's historical buildings. An investigation of 736 individual street addresses from the six streets of Wudadao district clarified the current conditions of the reutilized historical buildings and the reformed lots. The study of Wudadao indicates that 30.7% of historical buildings are being reutilized in someway (i.e. business use), whereas 22.0% of them are serving dual purposes, both regular housing and some secondary purpose. A total of 52.7% of the historical architecture in the area is being reutilized in some fashion. A significant measure of the trend of reutilizing historical housing is related to the unique shapes of the buildings themselves.

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1.はじめに近年のガザにおいて、住宅の乱立による伝統的なスタイルや文化性の喪失は深刻なものとなっている。なぜなら、コストや形態の美しさを優先するため、気候や社会的な快適さが軽視されるからである。この状況を改良するために、住宅内部の環境や文化的問題などを、風土に合ったかたちで快適なものを提案することが重要だと考えている。そこで本研究では、階層分析法を用い住宅の平面プランを分析する。そして、各住戸の各平面プランを、夏を重視したプラン、冬を重視したプラン、また夏-冬に共通するプランに分類する。さらに、これらの分類を、伝統的な住宅の関係図と照らし合わせることで、伝統的な住宅を取り入れた将来の住宅計画につながる原理を考察する。2.研究の目的ガザの気候は、気温の最も高い月で、平均31.2℃、最も低い月で6℃と気温差は大きい。このことは、住宅のデザインに多大な影響を与えると考えられる。また、ガザは人々が密集して住んでいることで知られている。こうした土地の不足、人口密度の問題を西洋風の高層住宅を建てることにより解消してきた。しかし、そのことは気候や社会的で伝統的な住まい方に悪い影響を与えた上に、住宅の問題を解決することが出来なかった。これを改善するため、イギリス統治時代以降の戸建住宅を分析する。そして、それの結果に応じて現在の住宅特徴を明確にし、伝統的な住宅の要素を取り入れた新しい住宅計画の提案を目的としている。3.調査の方法アンケート調査により、一般的な115の住宅で結果が得られた。その内訳は、エジプト時代の住宅が17件、イスラエル時代の住宅が48件、パレスチナ時代の住宅が50件である。これらのアンケート結果を、階層分析法により分析する。また、現在の戸建住宅の特徴を類型化するため、本研究では、土地利用の形態、地上での人々の活動、住戸内空間の方位、空間の大きさの4つの要素に焦点を当てて分析する。そして、それらの要素をさらに様々な選択肢に再分割し、マトリックス理論から引用した分析手法で分析することによって、人々の行為やその部屋の方位について要求や満足を仮定する。4.住宅パターンの分類時代別の傾向をみることに加えて、再分割された要素の分配とアンケートの分析から、そのプライオリティーを決定する(図7)。これらのプライオリティーから風土と密接に関わる夏冬の平面プランのパターンがそれぞれ明確になった。一般的に、夏の間涼しい風が北西から吹くことが知られているので、リビングが北西に配置される。これが3つの時代において、リビングスペースが北西につくられてきた理由である。また他方では、冬のことを考えて、リビングスペースを東や南に配置する事例もみられた。リビングスペースを東や南に配置することは、太陽光を住宅内部に取り込むことを容易にし、快適なリビングの環境をつくることが可能である。5.プライオリティー理論による平面計画ガザにおいて、サスティナブルの視点から新しい住宅の評価を特定することが緊急の課題である。そこで、本研究では、住宅の評価を満足度が反映される住宅内のリビングスペースの方位に焦点を当てている。3つの時代それぞれの空間のプライオリティーを総合化することで、各時代のリビングスペースの方位がわかった。そこから、住戸パターンが夏型、冬型、夏-冬型に分類することが可能で、それらがリビングスペースの方位を基準に配置されていることがわかる。しかし、著者は夏のパターンのみをまとめるだけでは不十分であると考えている。夏だけではなく、冬や夏-冬のパターンにも柔軟に対応したゾーニングを整理する必要がある。そして、これらのアプローチから伝統的な住宅の平面計画と現在の平面計画を検討し、双方の長所を持ち合わせた、新しいデザインを考えていく。これらのアプローチは、2世帯居住により生じるガザ特有の文化的混乱を減少させ、住環境や社会的な快適さを増加させることが出来る。また、戸建住宅やコレクティブハウスは、これらの検討結果をデザインや計画に反映させ、さらに発展させることも可能であると考える。AHPの分析はnote1を参照してください。6.まとめ上記の分析をふまえ、本研究を以下の通りまとめた。6-1.空間の配置1)図9.5は居住者が満足する空間の配置を示すことができた。2)住戸ユニットの中に中庭や外庭を計画、及びそれらと他の部屋の関係が重要な意味を持っていることがわかった。3)住戸ユニットは、コレクティブハウスやコーポラティブハウスで同じコンセプトを用いることが可能で、オープンスペースを共有する形で2つのユニットを上下でつなげることは、住環境や社会的な環境を向上させる上で望ましい。4)コンビューター、ファックスやプリンタなど新しいコミュニケーションツールへの要求があることがわかった。さらに、それらを住宅内のコミュニケーションが取りやすい場所に配置することに対する興味を訪ねたところ、85%の人々が要求しているということがわかった。小さいスペースをリビングスペースのまわりにまとめて配置することが、家族での共有を容易にすることが図9.6からわかる。6-2.標準的な住戸ユニットとその敷地1)表1から、住宅が小さくても、すこし大きなオープンスペースを持つことは、2世帯居住にとって良いことである。また、内部空間を共有することを文化的な観点から勧めることは、重要な意義を持つことがわかった。2)住戸ユニットの近くで日常の生活を営むことで満足を得るためには、図9に示す計画的アプローチに沿って検討することが賢明である。3)最も重要なのは、住宅が小さいことではなく、オープンスペースが必要なことである。私は、上記の特徴を将来のプランニングや構造のプロセスに反映させることを強く推奨する。なぜなら、これらが今後の文化や気候の観点から、持続的な計画論や設計手法を確立する上で重要だからである。

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This study focused on the natural growth process of forming six coastal villages for the purpose of gaining a spatial understanding of how residents perceived distance between themselves, which is a component in the inherent self-regulating order of the villages. In the types of fishing industries and processes of becoming villages, the results indicated that villages with higher ratios of fishing production tended to form denser territorial communities with mutual support functions. In this spatially-organized system supporting these industries, it was found that buffer zones were situated within the residential area by appropriately assessing the conditions of the neighboring environments so that high-density living environment conditions were alleviated. In addition, observation of production, living, and exchange activities in outdoor spaces enabled a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the crowding states of the entire village space by how distance was perceived in terms of residential, clustering, and environmental units.

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This paper aimes 1) to grasp actual condition of various learning activities in the Junior High School and 2) to acquire the knowledge towards a future planning by analyzing students' grouping for study and style of learning activities. In this paper,we reached the conclusion as follows, 1) Recently, how to construct the curriculum and a timetable of a junior high school is becoming flexible, and practice of characteristic education has started for every school. 2) It is forecast that the development of study is diversified more and more in the future. Therefore, it is important to plan the scale, arrangement, and the composition of the study space noting the diversity of the study activity. 3) A common trait to the content of study and progressing each subject was extracted, and it arranged and it classified it.

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The purpose of this paper is to research actual conditions and problems of the complexes of day nurseries and other facilities in Tokyo. Many day nurseries have been built as a part of complexes with other facilities, because of higher land prices. And the local authorities certify specific day nurseries based on their independent criteria, because of rapidly increasing demand of nursery services. Many of certified day nurseries are also built as a part of complexes with other facilities. We focus on physical environments of the day nursery complexes from the viewpoint of child care. These day nursery complexes have some merits and demerits. The merits include convenience for parents and opportunity to communicate with other generations. The main demerit is safety problem. Especially the teachers and children in the complexes with housing suffer from a fear of falling objects. Most of certified day nurseries have no playgrounds; they use parks in neighborhood instead. Some of certified day nurseries have a problem that it is difficult to take cooperation with other facilities.

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This paper aims to study on the modeling of material management and supply systems, and evaluates the model from the view point of the material flow. Some reasons are given in the following. (1) The plan of the rational movement is an important theme for the hospital. (2) The matter that the material flow is put in order is connected with the rational movement plan. Interview investigation was done in 2005, 2004 and 2003 at 4 general hospital. As for that, all materials and the post were made the target. The characteristics of the supply form were explained from the actual condition. Then, the material carried with the supplied processes became a chart. The following is results of study. (a) Three models could be extracted from the actual condition. It made the sharing of the material management job an axis. (b) As for the flow of the material, the flow which could be removed by detailed check's being done was found. And the flow of the material in three models could be estimated.

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現在、建材と太陽電池モジュールが一体となった、光電一体式屋根(Roof Integrated Photovoltaic System:以下RIPV)は、戸建て住宅分野で普及しつつある。それは、RIPVの建材としての導入の容易さ、コストの低下等の背景もあるが、今後の更なる技術革新により、ライフサイクルにおける光熱費の削減による個人(世帯)の利益と、省資源すなわち排出CO_2削減による社会の利益の、両者に貢献する可能性があることが要因であるためである。このことは、個人がRIPVを導入する動機を高めるとともに、我が国の政府や自治体が費用補助や助成等によるRIPV導入の後押しを積極的に進める要因になっている。光電池の性能は、設置方法や数量、モジュールの種類、立地場所の緯度、気候等に左右されることか知られているが、RIPVは特に、屋根建材と一体であるため、屋根形状の属性は、RIPVの性能に決定的な影響を及ぼす。これまで筆者らは、地球環境に大きな影響を及ぼす、住宅分野のLCCO_2を低減させるための方法の研究を継続的に行ってきた(文献8)。RIPVの発電特性に注目すると、日本列島では、南面し、かつ立地場所の緯度+5度程度の屋根が最大の効率を引き出すことが知られているが、環境負荷すなわちRIPVのトータルなCO_2排出量に注目することにより、RIPVの建材使用量や発電エネルギーを一元的にCO_2に換算して扱い、排出CO_2を低減させる優秀なRIPVの屋根形状を求める研究は見られない。多様な形態的可能性が考えられる屋根形状について、RIPVの投資価値を表す、初期投資や削減光熱費、補助金等から計算される個人の費用と、RIPVの地球環境負荷を表す排出CO_2の関係を調べ、両者の望ましいバランスを求める研究は重要であると考えられる。本論では、簡単のため幾何学的な屋根モデルを作成し、異なる地点(札幌、東京、那覇)における太陽軌道を計算機上でシミュレー卜し、多点探索を行う進化計算を用いて屋根形状について、投資価値と排出CO_2を指標とした二目的最適化を行うことで、投資価値増大と排出CO_2低減、すなわち個人的利益と社会的利益の両者を高度に満たすRIPVの代替案を得ることが目的である。結果として、3つの立地場所に対し、それぞれ投資価値と排出CO_2についてのパレート曲線が得られた。RIPVの屋根形状について、投資価値と排出CO_2は、トレードオフの関係にあることを、両者を二軸とする散布図により示した。那覇と東京においては特に、南面の屋根がより大きく、より多くの光電池に覆われているものが、投資価値増大と、排出CO_2低減に、より貢献することが明らかとなった。投資価値を最大化するには、各立地場所における従来理想的とされてきた屋根面傾斜角度よりも小さな角度が優秀となった。排出CO_2を最小化するには反対に、各立地場所における従来理想的とされてきた屋根面傾斜角度よりも大きな角度が優秀となった。

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This research aims to evaluate the shelf designs with Less Lumbar Stress. More Lumber Stress action of the lumbago patient has been understood from the investigation. (Going up and down in the stairs, Washing the face, Standing motion, and Storage action) The Joint moment of lumbar vertebra load was made an index, and the storage action was compared. And the following matter was clarified.・As for the storage design, the Lumbar Stress reduction can be done according to height and the type of Storage Designs.・Senior person's influence of the load is larger than a young person because of the difference of the design.

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In this research a workplace that enables the entry of information in a public space is proposed. Recently, important information, like individual personal information and so on, are being handled in public spaces. Such information can easily be obtained from PC screens or other information terminals. Reassurance when entering information is defined based on the fundamental research of ergonomics and environmental psychology. Some concepts and design standards for environmental design to remove uneasiness were proposed in this research.

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This study focuses on the problems of peculiar condition of Private Finance Initiative (PFI) that is intended to suit particularly to the legal and social circumstances in Japan. Based on the analysis of discussion that taken place in the process of PFI introduction in Japan, following four factors were identified as the root of the problem. (1) The inconsistency between the PFI and existing legal system, (2) The difficulty in the practice of project finance, (3) The capability of clients in the procumerment procedure, (4) The difficulty in the selection of bidders. Considering the four factors, the paper sets up several selective conditions that trigger the problems. Finally, the paper explains the assumable PFI project frame works in Japan as a combination of those conditions.

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This paper focuses upon the segregation of the caste groups in the city of Madurai, which is a typical "temple city" in Tamil Nadu, in order to consider the feature of the spatial formation. First, the ideal model of the city is considered by reviewing the historical forming process and the function of festivals. Secondly, it is clarified, the present condition of the caste segregation in Madurai based on the distribution of temples and shops, street names and so on. One of the conclusion is that, Madurai city has the hierarchical co-centric square formation which is similar to "Nandyavarta" described in Manasara, and the arrangement of the caste group's residences also follow it basically.

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This study aims at analyzing the population structure from 1980 to 2020 in terms of generation balance between the child generations who were born from 1950s to 1970s and their mother generations. It also aims at specifying the municipalities in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area where the population will be out of balance in near future. In this study, the Generation Balance Index based on the five-year age group is employed to make it possible to adapt this method to the further analysis. By comparing the generation balances of populations within the child generation, it is clarified that the cohorts born in 1960s and 1970s tend to move to the central area unlike the cohort born in 1950s. From the analysis of the future population, it is clarified the phenomenon of 'Empty Nest' in municipal level may occur mainly in the suburbs which were most rapidly urbanized in the 1960s and 1970s.

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Based on the investigation of Xibali village in Xi'an city of China, both the construction and the transition of residential space of urban villages have been studied. Conclusions can be given as follows: 1. Many people in urban villages become city dwellers because of land condemnation. They give up the traditional agriculture, rent their houses to others and live with them. 2. According to different plane styles and frontages of houses, the houses have been utilized efficiently based on three usage patterns, i.e., residential rooms for householders, residential rooms for others and being rented as stores. 3. The original good residential conditions have been destroyed by the changes of plane style and height of houses due to their reconstruction and extension.

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This study will track the reconstruction process of the urban area devastated by the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and clarify how the change of characteristics of houses/urban districts has affected the "isolation" of residents. We made a questionnaire survey on the residents in the public housing at the Tsukiji district, Amagasaki City where the Residential District Improvement Project was enforced. Clarified points are as follows: 1. Family units that moved in to the public housing from a detached/row house showed a larger percentage of "isolation" than the ones from an apartment house. 2. The degree of "isolation" differed according to what floor the residents lived. Family units living in the 1st-2nd floor showed a smaller percentage of "isolation", but the ones living in the 3rd floor upper showed an extraordinary larger percentage of "isolation". 3. What can control "isolation" is to have a chance of a natural exchange with the vicinity residents. An intentional plot to urge an exchange will not function well for the already "isolated" residents. A space design, which secures an exchange with residents on a day-to-day visual/traffic line base, is required.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the traditional landscape management and its transformation in Ogimachi, Shirakawa villege. As a result,we found that the landscape had been managed traditionally until 1950's. In traditionally.they did easy management themselves, and the else difficult part,they left it to the specialist of carpenter etc., and did the help by mutual aid or manpower offer. And the material had been obtained from a more familiar range. But the following, the traditional one has changed by the depopulation, a modernization, and the spread of public service. Afterwards, the local society is working on the landscape management while substituting or reviving the management method because it aimed at the preservation of traditional landscape.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigated the fact of technical standards for developments exceeded, to secure the minimal standards of town area. Result is as follows. Ranging small-scale development connected to roads of weak condition in the loose regulated area, which causes a condition of maze-like street. And we showed that technical standards in the City Planning Act are not enough to accumulate an ideal living environment. It is necessary to revise the technical standards or to guide developer development by local governments.

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In this research, the technique to analysys the rambling activities in downtown was developed by the follow-up-pedestrian survey and the concept of rambling unit. The researches were held in 3 regions of Tokyo metropolitan area and in 3 local cities. As a result, the following three points were analized. 1. Detailed and accurate problems caused by characteristics of each city became clear by the analysis of the concept of rambling unit. 2. The various problems on pedestian rambling were able to be shown, such as problems by a frame structure, a shape of block, an absence of supplementary axes and bases, etc.. 3. The important elements of pedestrian-rambling were empirically clarified. For instance, the importance of the distance between bases/ the arrangement of bases, and the using realities and the importance of byways/ back streets were clarified.

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In recent years, a number of subdivisions of building lots have been observed in established urban districts. Such subdivision of standard lots into smaller spatial units could be the cause of serious problems in case of the city disaster following great earthquakes, as well as the environmental deterioration. It is, therefore, very important to investigate the mechanism of subdivisions of building lots. In this paper, we construct stochastic models that describe how building lots will be divided and smaller spatial units will be formed. The unknown parameters of the models are estimated using the GIS data compiled by a local government ward in Tokyo, and the factors related to the subdivision are examined. Some numerical examples demonstrate that the possibility and the probability of lots subdivision is mainly dependent on the condition of the location and the properties of the lots.

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The Companies' branch locations are selected by weighting financial merits and the work efficiency merits in Osaka. The office market is competitive and the office centers are changing in Osaka. The relocation objectives showed characteristics of the each office center. The Office centers starategies can be positioned 3 different ways in the matrix of financial merit and work efficiency merit. Such as "New Development","Change of Use", and "Stagnant".

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The client's task in a construction project for business differs from the client's task for self-use. The purpose of this paper is to check the structure of client's task in construction projects for business and clear the model of client's task. In "Self-Project Management" and "Commissioned-Project Management", the client's task model for business is confirmed by the method of Interpretive Structural Modeling. And, the model of client's task is verified by other construction projects.

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During Edo-Era Honmaru palace of Kmegasaki castle shifted as follows; 1) In 1601〜1614 palace was used as a dwelling of lord and its plan was similar to other castles. 2) In 1614〜1622 governor was sent by lord to castle. 3) In 1622〜1867 palace was used as a lodging of lord and its plan was similar to Ocha-ya in Shonai-Han.

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The Kenchikushi Law for Architects & Building Engineers was completed by reform act in 1951. Purpose of this study is to clarify the reform process of Article 3 of the Law: Types of buildings which require Kenchikushi's design or superintendence. Conclusion of this study is as follows: 1. By reform act of the Law in 1951, Types of buildings were broadened than those of Kakuei Tanaka's declaration in 1950, but most of the housing in need were exempted from the Law. Ryoichi Naito, then the Director of Building Administration Division, Ministry of Construction, supposed every building should be designed or superintended by Kenchikushi. Naito's hope wasn't realized. 2. The first qualification standard of Kenchikushi, being considered simultaneously, was affected by the limitation of the Law. 3. The decision on the limitation imposed a serious problem on building administration officials of regional governments. Therefore, they began to expect the system of architectural agent for procedures required by laws to replace the role of architectural engineer outside the limit.

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インドネシアのジャワ島は、17世紀から20世紀初頭にかけオランダの植民支配下におかれた。その影響の下、一地方都市であるクドゥスでは、20世紀初頭になり、オランダ人が建てたコロニアルハウスを模した住宅が現地の富裕層によって建設されるようになる。これまでにもジャワ島のコロニアルハウスについては部分的に研究されてきたが、それらは大都市に建つものを対象としている。一方、オランダ人の建てたコロニアルハウスとは対照的に、こうした地元住民が建てた住宅は、インドネシアにおける都市の近代化を考察する上で重要な主題であるにもかかわらず、十全な研究がなされていない。こうしたことから、本稿では2004年から2005年にかけて行った、計3回の現地調査で得られたデータを基に、まずはクドゥスに現存する地元住民が建てたコロニアルハウスの現状を報告するとともに、その特徴をクドゥスでオランダ人が建てたコロニアルハウスとの関係において考察するものである。なお、現在のクドゥスには77棟のコロニアルハウスが現存し、うち実測の許可が得られたのは51棟である。19世紀初頭、クドゥスはオランダ東インド政府の統治下に置かれ、オランダ人が設立した砂糖会社や鉄道会社を基盤とした都市の急速な産業化が興った。この産業化は、時間の経過とともにオランダ人から地元住民の手によるタバコ産業や中国人の企業家へとその主導者を変えながら推し進められた。そうした政治・経済状況を背景に出現したコロニアルハウスは3系統に分類できる。初期のコロニアルハウスであるオランダ人建設のダッチ・コロニアルハウスは、その建設年代や職種に関係なく、(デザイン)様式はほぼ一貫しており、基本的に他の地域に既に普及していたコロニアルハウスの住宅様式を踏襲したものであると推察される。その様式は、多少の修正を加えつつ、タバコ会社以外の地元住民が建てたネイティブ・コロニアルハウスに引き継がれていった。一方、タバコ会社のコロニアルハウスに見られた特徴からは、ダッチ・コロニアルハウスの様式の踏襲とは異なり、住宅様式の独自の展開が窺える。換言すると、この住宅様式の差異は、地元住民がコロニアルハウスを建設する際に、自身の生活様式に適用する過程において1930年代という限られた時間の中で発生した現象であると推察できる。

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The purpose of this study is to consider the canons of the measurement of pasada type of Buddhist monastic architecture in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. In this paper, I analyze the measurement of the main parts of the building, especially the intercolumniation and the base, with the measurement data and the descriptions of traditional architectural texts. And I concluded the process of determining the intercolumniations as follows. At first the distances between corner pillars were roughly divided into same intercolumniations with unit measurement. Then vastupurusamandala was drawn on the building area and pillars that stood at the vulnerable points of this mandala were moved from their original positions.

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本稿は、アンコール地域における堂山型及び平地型寺院の排水システムに関する研究である。バイヨン寺院の排水システムに関する先の研究結果を踏まえ、本研究では対象を拡大して、17の遺構における排水方法、排水溝の配置と方位、並びにその排出口の形状について類型化を試みている。研究の結果を要約すると、1)アンコール遺跡に現存する排水システムは、建設当初より計画的に配置された排水溝と、これを改良して新たに付加された排水溝とから構成されている。建物が未完成である場合には、排水溝もまた未完成である。2)雨水排出の方法は六つのタイプに分類される。3)排水口の形状は四つのグループに大別される。また、一つの遺構内に数種の形状が混在する場合も見受けられる。4)排水溝の方位に関しては、以下の二つに分けて考える必要がある。a)宗教儀式のための排水方位には、北、北東、及び東西南北の四方という三種類がある。b)雨水排出のための排水方位には五種類がある。5)バイヨンはいわゆる堂山型の寺院であるが、他の堂山型と平地型の寺院と比較するとクメール建築の500年間の歴史を通じて、様々な排水システムのタイプが発展したことが解明された。クメール遺跡の崩壊には多様な因子が相関しながら影響を及ぼしているが、その中の一つとして排水システムの機能不全が挙げられる。将来的な遺跡保護計画の考案のためには、効果的な排水システムの整備が必須かつ急務の課題である。

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The member of the Asiatick Society, C. W. Malet researched on the Ellora Cavens, in the latter part of the 18th century. To investigate the origin and the chronicles of the Ellora Cavens , he paid attention to the cavens style and the sculptures of the pagan deity, and the characters and the sentence inscribed on six inscriptions. He was certain that most of the Ellora Cavens were the ancient works of the people, whose religion and mythology were Hindu. And he imagined that the most northerly caves were the works of another religion which was of a comparatively modern origin. This interpretation was based on Sanskrit and its literature.

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The church of Santiago de Penalba, generally known as an example of mozarabic architecture, is the only remains of an hermitage which Saint Gennadius founded in El Bierzo, Leon, at the beginning of the 10^<th> century. It is also one of the best preserved monuments from the Repoblacion period of the Duero basin. Besides its fancy horseshoe arches which show certain influence of Cordoban aesthetics, the structural characteristics of this small church demonstrate conservative tendencies still valid since Roman Hispania.

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