The author made the histological studies on the distributing arteries of the mucous membrane of the human inferior nasal concha. The specimens were obtained by means of the operation. After fixation with Zenker-formalin or Levi's solution, the trimmed pieces were embedded in paraffin, and cut into frontal, complete serial sections 7μ in thickness. Hematoxylineosin stain, Heidenhain's azan stain, Weigert's stain for elastic fibers, Heidenhain's iron-hematoxylin stain and periodic acid-Schiff stain were used. According to the author's observations, arteries of the mucous membrane of the inferior nasal concha are divided into two, that is, arterial plexus in the deep layer and that in the middle layer of the mucous membrane. Arterial plexus in the middle layer braches off subepit- helial arteries, arteries in the layer of glands, precapillary arterioles and capillaries. Author studied the morphological interrelationship of these arteries and their histological structures. Moreover, "Pol- sterarterien". which are found in the deep and middle layer of the lamina propria mucosa and their specific structures, were mentioned. Author divided of "Polsterarterien" into two types, that is, the valve-shaped process type and the thickened intima type and then observed the histological structures in detail.
In the valve-shaped process type, 1) the tunica media of blood vessels is convex into a lumen of blood vessel with the intima, and most parts of club-spaped process, is free from the blood vessel- wall, except its base. 2) "Polster" originates usually from the branching portion of the vessels and runs towards periphery. There are cases in which "Polster" enters into the both branches or only into the the main blood vessel. These "Polster" consist mainly of longitudial smooth muscle fibers with a small amount of collagen and fine elastic fibers. Longitudinal smooth muscle fibers in "Polster" connect with the smooth muscle layer of the tunica media in the blood vessel wall at the basal portion of the process. Tunica intima of "Polster" runs into the intima of the blood vessel wall itself. Therefore, the internal elastic lamina of both "Polster" and blood vessel wall are connected each other. 3) On the inner surface of the thickened blood vessel inculding "Polster", remarkably waved plicae are not observed. The neighbouring portion of the blood vessel wall does not show any abnormalities.
As regards the thickened intima type, 1) this type consists of the thickened intima, and longitudinal smooth muscle fibers in inner layer of internal elastic lamina. In this case, the lumen of bloodvessels become more narrower than that of the valve-shaped process type, but has never been compl-etely closed. 2) "Polster" in this type has usually a fairly small amount of elastic fibers and is not found in the capillaries which are lacking of a tunica media, like a valve-shaped process type. The neighbouring wall of blood vessels including "Polster" also does not show abnormalities.
As results of above mentioned observations, the author considers that "Polster", regulates arterial blood flow through capillary beds to the pseudo-erectile tissue, playing an important role incontrollin the physiological swelling of the inferior nasal concha. Also, in only one case the author found the direct arterio-venous anastomosis.

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Systematic analysis was performed on potentials evoked by sound stimuli at various meassured depths in the primary auditory cortex of the cat. The potentials were recorded by means of glass micropipette electrodes. Synaptic potentials recorded intracellularly, were also taken into consideration in this study. The following conclusions were obtained.
1) The surface positive wave of a surface positive-negative evoked potential showed a potential decrement as the microelectrode was inserted beneath the cortical surface to become reversed in electrical sign in the deeper layers (V and VI).
2) In order to analyse the relationship between the "sink" and the "source" of current, a chart of perpendicular potential distribution for each time point (time section) was made of evoked potentials at each depth. A negative peak Was revealed in each "time section" constantly at the depth of 1000μ-1250μ. Its time length and the immobility of the peak in the identical depths seemed to suggest that it was caused by the synaptic potentials of the cells in this layer. Therefore, the surface positive wave of the evoked potential was considered to be caused by the electrotonical potential in the apical dendrite due to the synaptic potential, i.e. the "source" to the field potential caused by the synaptic potential.
On the other hand, the negative peals seen about the depth of 500μ in the "time section" of 12m sec was moving slowly to the surface as seen in the "time sections" of 15m sec and 18m sec, which suggests the existence of the conductive excitation, and the excitation seemed to occur in the dendrite because of its low moving velocity.
3) The synaptic potential was recorded by intracellular lead at the depth of about 1100μ by means of a superfine microelectrode in the deteriorated cell after the high frequency injury discharges had ceased. It was similar to the evoked field potential at the same depth in its wave form. but it was reverse in its electrical sign.
4) This synaptic potential seemed to have two components; one was hyperpolarization and the other was depolarization. As the hyperpolarization was assumed to be IPSP and the depolarization EPSP, nerve cells in the auditory cortex were considered to have converged synapses.
It was concluded that the surface positive wave of the evoked potential was due to the synaptic potential of the layer IV, and the surface negative wave was caused by the conductive excitation of the apical dendrite.

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In order to study the origin of labyrinthine deafness, 70 patients with labyrinthine deafness were examined for their auditory function and autonomic nerve function. The results obtained were as follows :
The causes of labyrinthine deafness were classified, Those due to hereditary factors were 5, Meniere's disease 5, middle ear disease 4, Presbycusis 4, Occupational deafness 3, syphilis 3, Typhus 2, Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis 1, Pregnancy 1 and Unknown cause 39.
The function of antonomic nervous system were examined by using adrergic and cholinergic drug and classified as follows: Unbalance of antonomic nervous system 1, Hyperactivity of autonomic nervous system 11, Sympathicotonia 10, Unbalance of parasympathetic nervous system 7, Vagotonia 22, Hypoactivity of autonomic nervous system 7, Normal 12.
The condition of vagotonia was often found in patients with hearing impairment by unknown etiology, especially in late stage of the disease. Generally, at the begining of hearing impairment and Meniere's disease, the patients have a tendency of sympathicotonia.
In patients with hypoactivity of vestibular function which was diagnosed by rotatory nystagmus test, condition of vagotonia, vagotonic unbalance and hypoactivity of autonomic nervous system was noticed,
Vestibular dysfunction was not always marked in labyrinthine deafness. Hearing impairment was severe in degree in cases with vestibular dysfunction. In conclusion, sympathicotonic condition seems to manifest itself in early stage of labyrinthine deafness, while it shifts vagotonic condition in later stage.

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The present study was undertaken to evaluate the practical application of different audiometric methods for younges children and to determine the reliability of the threshold values obtained by these methods.
Subjective test methods of the hearing, i. e. ordinary pure tone audiometry and play audiometry were carried out on 291 children without hearing impairment. It was found that standard pure tone audiometry could be successfully performed on school children down to the age of 6 or 7 years, and play audiometry was preferable for pre-school children down to this age limit.
The attainment of successful results is said to be dependent upon the degree of the mental developement and the age level of the subjects. However, in those who showed to have normal hearing, there was no statistically significant correlation between threshold and intelligence as expressed by the quotient system. So far as the age level concerned, threshold values showed a general tendency to fall as the age of the subjects became older.
Final threshold determination should be based on at least two audiograms after stabilization and it seems probable that deviation from true hearing acuity may be 10 db for school children and 15db for pre-school children.

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In order to provide preliminary experience, 61 children with normal auditory acuity were examined by PGSR-audiometry.
A simple Wheatstone bridge type circuit was used for measuring the skin resistance and output of the bridge was fed into electroencephalograph which was used as a DC amplifier and recorder.During the conditioning a shock stimulus which consisted of brief galvanic impulse from the discharge of a capacitor was delivered after each tone stimulus with interval of 0.5or 1.0 sec. The intensity of the tone stimuli was kept as low as possible, provided that children could perceive them clearly. The tone and shock had been repeated regulary fifteen times with intervals of 20 sec. (resnforcement), but sometimes irregular interval of 25 to 40 sec. were interpolated sporadically. After establishment of the conditioning threshold determinations were carried out by successively increasing the tone intensity. When the threshold for a tone of a certain frequency was noted, the conditioning to the next frequency had been attempted.
Results indicated that threshold values obtained with PGSR-audiometry distributed within ±10db with those obtained in standard audiometry.
Threshold determinations with PGSR-audiometry were performed on 72 children from 1 to 10 years of age, all of whom were found impossible to attain successful results with ordinary pure tone audiometry. PGSR-audiometry proved possible for 46 eases out of 72 children, but about 1/3 of the attempts were unsuccessful.
PGSR-audiometry is a time-consuming procedure and requires at least more than two persons. However it can be successfully carried out in pre-s chool children to a greater extent than any other methods, although success may not be anticipated for children under 2 years of age.

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When the bone and air conduction sound was given to one ear at the same time, the pathway of transmission of bone conduction to the inner ear was studied.
The pathway of transmission of bone conduction was thought to be "Ossale Leitung" and "Osteo-tympanale Leitung" at 124 and 8192 C.P.S. And high tone hearing was also able to be impaired when the external auditory canal was in volved.

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The author studied vascular permeability in healthy subjects and in those with various diseases accompanied with spontaneous nasal bleeding, using Landis' method. The Capillary Permeability Promoting Factor of Menkin was also studied at the same time. Results obtained were as follows:
1) C.P.P factor level was variable even in healthy subjects.
2) Vascular permeability for protein was far less variable compared with that for fluid.
3) There was no direct relationship between vascular permeability and bleeding. Vascular permeability and vascular fragility were the characteristics not related each other.
4) Vascular permeability for fluid was remarkably increased in those with spontaneous nasal bleeding and allergy. Vascular fragility was also increased in many cases.
5) Vascular permeability and C.P.P factor were within normal limits even in the cases with leucemia and purpura in which bleeding tendency was prominent. Capillary fragility in these cases was remarkably increased.
6) In cases with chronic sinusitis, fluid permeability was increased in many instances. After the surgery for sinusitis, C.P.P factor was elevated and fluid permeability was further increased. There was no change in C.P.P factor level in cases with simple hemorrhage and blood loss.
7) Bleeding tendency observed clinically was related to fragility of the capillaries.

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Absorption ability of nasal septum mucosa in healthy subjects and those with spontaneous nasal bleeding was compared using normal saline containing radioactive Na24. Fundamental experiments concerning absorption and permeation also performed using radioactive I131 and guinea pigs. Results were as follows:
1) Comparing with healthy subjects, cases with spontaneous nasal bleeding showed an increase in fluid absorption through nasal septum mucosa, in parallel with an increase in system vascular permeability.
2) In sensitized guinea pigs, fluid and protein absorption ability was increased in the early stageeven before the manifestation of morphogical changes. Protein permeability was also slightly increased.
3) At the site of local anaphylaxis, in the early stage, there was a difference in the speed of fluid absorption through the mucosa and skin. Absorption through the mucosa was faster than that through the skin.
4) No change in fluid absorption was seen in guinea pigs with anemia due to experimental blood loss or with vitamin C deficiency.
5) Absorption ability, like permeation ability, is one of the characteristics of blood vessels. The examination of absorption ability presents an important guide in diagnosis, evaluation of the prognosis; and treatment of the diseases.

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The experiments were performed on several living cats, in whose middle ear cavities the negative air pressure was caused by means of drawing the air directly out, pressing it into the external auditory meatus, or simultaneously giving the equal negative pressure into the external auditory meatus and the middle ear cavity.
The results were as follows:
(1) The decreasement of the air pressure in the middle ear cavity caused by drawing the air directly out as well as pressing it into the external auditory meatus reduced evidently the cochlear electric response, and generally low tones showed clearer effects than high tones.
(2) On these experiments, some enhancement of the response was recognized at 2000, 4000, and 8000cps by certain valus of the negative pressure.
(3) There was no distinct difference between the effects of the negative air pressure in the middle ear cavity and that caused by the positive air pressure in the external auditory meatus.
(4) At the negative pressure of 4cm height of mercury given simultaneously in the external auditory meatus and the middle ear cavity, the decreasement of the cochlear electric response was generally about 2db.
(5) Therefore the influence of the negative pressure in the middle ear cavity upon the hearing ability is considered mainly on the transmission system of the drum membrane and the ossicular chain.

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1. A statistical review and therapeutic results of 50 cases of Otitis media exsudativa were reported.
2. There were no difference in the sex distinction and it was found mostly in age over 50 years and few among children.
3. Almost in all cases there was complication of the Eustachian tube stricture. Among those, severe constriction was found in 44% of cases which appeared to be the most prevalent (80%) in age over 50 years.
4. Transudation in the tympanic cavity was mostly aseptic and physical quality appeared to be the transudat that microskopic examination, schowed predominatly lymphocytes.
5. The author considered that the cause of this disiease is eustachian tube stricture (mostlychronic incrassation) including Eustachian tube inflammation and allergic inflammation in the tympanic cavity.
6. Otitis media exsudativa shows gradualy changes of on set frequency in connection with pneumatisation of the mastoid process with the times, we consider that the chemotherapy is the important cause of it.
7. We employed cephalatin in treatment of otitis media exsudativa in 28 patients and found it to be effective in 78.5% of the cases.
8. Tetracycline appeared to be effective in 3 cases among the 5 cases taeated.

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1) It has been considered generally that severe mucosal changes in cdronic paranasal sinusitis are irreversible. But receutly, opposite opinious Van Alyea and others have been stressed, so an investigation was made.
2) In 48 cases of bilateral poranasal sinusitis, rodical operation was done on one side of the maxillary sinuses, and window operation was done on the other side, and comparatine study of the convalescence was made. Changes in bilateral sinuses were esseutially same in degree in thosa cases.
3) Observation was mada at 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 mouth, 2 mouths, 3 mouths, 6 mouths, 1 year, 2 years and 3 years ofter the operation.
4) Changes in the simuses were examined grossly through large opering which had been made in inferior meatus.
5) After the window operation, there was a tenducy of quick healing of the mucosa ever in severe eases. Even though these were occasinal cases of flare-up of the inflammation after the operation.
At least in mild cases. the healing of the mucoal chunges was quicker than that following to radicad operation.

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A case of squamous cell carcinoma arising from external auditory canal in 48 years old woman was reported. It had originated in deep external auditory canal wall, and then extended to timpanic cavity, mastoid cells, parotid gland, bulbus jugularis, and fossa pterygopalatina.
On hundred and twenty-six reported cases of cancer of the ear were collected from Japanese literetures. There were 42 cases of primary cancer of external auditory canal. Cancer developed from deep external auditory canal appears to be similar to middle ear cancer specially those so-called superficial form of Dr. Kirikae and Sawaki, but it is different from that developed from superficial external auditory canal.

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