Calcium values in auditory ossicles of 45 malleus and 40 incus from normal persons and 11 malleus and 10 incus from persons suffering from otitis media were quantitatively determined by the titrimetric method with ethylendiamine tetraacetic acid using "Sunchromine Fast Blue MB" as an indicatro. The magnesium content in ossicle was previously measured colorimetrically with Titan Yellow reagent, and the bone magnesium turned out to be no obstacle to the calcicm determination.
In normal ossicles, contents of calcium in malleus and incus were 27.30±1.64% (by weight) and 26.77±1.76% respectively, regardless of sex or age. The local calcium content of each ossicles was highelst in capitulum and corpus incudis, the next in collum mallei, and lowest in crus longus and manubrium mallei, as follows; capitulum 26, 70±2.50%, collum mallei 24.30±2.83%, manubrium mallei 13.50±3.58%, corpus incudis 26.90±3.12%, and crus longus 22.55±4.17%.
In specimens with otitis media, the content of calcium of the auditory ossicle, especially that of the incus, was lower than that of normal ones. Thus, values of 25.81±2.02% for malleus and 23.37±2.17%for incus were obtained.

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The planimetric measurement was performed on the areas of the pneumatic cells of the 128 billaterally healthy ears, those of 160 patients of chronic middle ear inflammation (197 diseased, 123 nondiseased), and 54 operated ears by exenterating the cells totally. on the X ray-photographs taken by the Lange-Sonnenkalb's method.
The values of measurement were treated statistically, and the following results were obtained.
1) On the bilaterally healthy ears, from 0 to 15 years of age, the pneumatic cells develop rapidly, but after that age, the development becomes very slowly. The mean value of the measurement was 12.1±1.2cm².
2) On the ears of chronic middle ear inflammation, the development of the cells is evidently worse than those of the healthy persons, showing poor development from 0 to 15 years of age. The mean values measured 3.5±1.1cm² on unilaterally diseased ears, and 3.7±0.8cm² on bilaterally diseased ones.
3) The mean values of the measurements on the non diseased ears of the patients, who were suffering from unilateral c. m. e. i., intervened between those of the bilaterally healthy ears and of the c. m. e. i., showing an intermediate development according to the age.
4) The areas of the exenterated cavities of the pneumatic cells of the c. m. e. i. on the X ray photographs were measured between the values of the diseased and non-diseased ears of the c. m. e. i.
From the above data, the author concluded that the hindernis in the development of the pneumatic cells of the ear is caused by congenital disposition as well as secondary inflammation.

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Using the method of graphic cochlear reconstruction, the author conducted experiments to investigate localization and distribution of injuries of Corti's organ in the guinea pigs exposed to powerful thermal noise stimuli (135db, 125db, 120db).
The results obtained were as follows:
(1) The region of initial injury of Corti's organ was between the points of 8.4 and 9.0mm. from the basal end.
(2) When the stimulus was stronger and/or when the duration of stimulation was longer, distribution of the injury was wider. There was a tendency to spread mainly toward the basal end.
(3) Most of the pathological changes of Corti's organ following to the stimulation were progressive for about one week except minimal changes which were thought to recover to normal condition.
(4) Following to the exposure to thermal noise, the pathological findings in the Corti's organ were seen primarily in the hair cells, secondarily in the supporting cells and subsequently in the mesothelial cells.

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Nerve distribution in the mucous menbrane, which obtained at the time of operation, was studied systematically.
Nerve bundle arriving to the mucous membrane of maxillary sinus is mixed nerve and consists of chiefly vegetable nerve. They distribute in the mucous menbrane of maxillary sinus accompanied by the artery, penetrating the bony wall and also through the natural orifice.
This nerve bundle arriving to the mucous membrane forms the deep nerve plexus of proper layer and superficial nerve plexus of proper layer.
The vegetable nerve forms minute end nerve plexus around the arteries, veins and glands, and dense nerve anastomoses ore found hetween them.
The sensory nerve forms many ending in the connective tissue of the superficial proper layer, and the mode of termination is simple, and their distribution is sparse.

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Authors observed the property of the cross hearing in the patients of unilateral deafness using ordinary audiometer.
We found the attenuation with which air-borne sound was transmitted from deaf ear to good. hearing side was 60db in average. But bone-conducted sound transmitted from the deaf ear to healthy side showed 10db attanuation in average.
From these observation the authors demonstrated the possibility to know the side of the ear with good hearing of bone conduction from audiogram obtained without any masking noise.
Moreover, the method of masking at the test of occluded bone conduction or fluid conduction was described.

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This paper reports influence of pure tone stimulation on histopathological changes of Corti's organ of normal guinea pig. The sound stimulations were conducted through metal tube directly from 1000, 2000 and 4000cps pure tone souce to ear drum of guinea pig, and the sound level just before the ear drum was settled between 100 and 135db. The results obtained were as follows:
1. On the 1000cps stimulation group, critical intensity line was determined, which was connected with the intensity and duration of sound stimulation and was able to separate the reversible and irreversible change of Corti's organ,
2. On the 1000cps stimulation group, the begining of the most demaged region was observed between 10.0 and 10.6mm from basal end.
3. On the 1000cps stimulation group, when the sound level was intensified, the demaged region was extended little to helicotrema but chiefly to basal end and the center of the demaged region was observed between 8.0 and 9.4mm from basal end.
4. On the 2000cps stimulation group, the center of demaged region was observed between 7.0 and 7.8mm from basal end and was near to basal end compared with that was on the 1000cps stimulation group.
5. On the 4000cps stimulation group, the center of demaged region was near to basal end compared with that was on 2000cps stimulation group, and observed between 6.4 and 7.2mm from basal end.

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Unitary activities were recorded from occulo-motor nucleus and optic nerve in rabbits by means of super-fine microelectrodes with the aim at clarification of neuronal mechanism concerning the reflex arc of optokinetic nystagmus.
1) The unitary activities of occulo-motor nucleus when optic nystagmus was produced were as follows
The discharge rate increased or decreased with turning an optical cylinder till it reached to a certain rate, which continued to the beginning of nystagmus. This phenomenon made us consider that bulbs were kept in a deviated position.
The impulses to the occular muscle which rested in quick phase decreased promptly to a minimum discharge rate just before the beginning of a quick phase and increased gradually with the beginning of slow phase. The change of discharge rate of the impulses to the occular muscle which contracted in quick phase corresponded to the course of nystagmus.
2) The occular movement recorded with electronystagmography was accelerated towards the foveopetal direction of the image of a stripe when discharges of an optic nerve fiber which derived from the area close to the fovea were increased.
Discharges of an optic nerve fiber with derived from the area close to the fovea showed constantly marked increase when the image crossed over the receptive field by foveo-fugal shifting; on the contrary this marked increase was not shown by foveo-petal shifting of the image.
When the image left the fovea in slow phase, occular movement was so accelerated that the image could be caught on the fovea by increase of discharge from the nerve fibers derived from. the area close to the fovea. Even when the image drew nearer to the fovea in quick phase, occular movement was not accelerated and it decelerated intensively after the image crossed over and left the fovea.
3) In order to clarify the cause that the dischasges of the unit derived from the area surrounding the fovea reacted a different way by shifting direction of the image, the unitary responses of optic nerve to shifting of stripes were examined in immobilized animals. An analysis of unitary discharges derived from periphery of the optic field revealed the existence of suppressive field on the eccentric side of and close to the receptive field. This unit showed the marked response by foveo-petal shifting of the image on the contrary to the unit derived from the area close to the fovea. These fact were considered advantageous for the formation of quick phase.
In the area around the fovea, suppressive field was considered to be on the concentric side of the receptive field, which, however, was to be proved.

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A series of Studies on the autonomic nerve in the cervical and facial region have lately been carried out in our department. The author, working of the same subject, has performed a series of experiments in which irritating substances such as croton oil or silicon powder were put in direct contact with one of the suborbital nerves of the guinea pig. It was found that the exposure of the nerve to such stimulants caused always production of various changes, such as hyperemia, edema and/or hemorrhage in various remote organs, particualrly in the lungs. Those changes were more remarkable in the lung of the same side at that of the irritated nerve.
The author believes that the mechanism of the production of these changes can be explained on the basis of Reilly's theory, i.e., the irritation given to the nerve is transmitted through the sensory fibers contained in the autonomic nerve to bring about an axon reflex which, in turn, affects the vasomotor system to cause an increase in permeability of the capillaries, producing local edema, repture of the vessels, and necrosis of the surrounding tissue.
The author also found that occurrence of these lesions can be prevented by the administration of chlorpromazine or promethazine hydrochloride which are known to block the action off the autonomic nerve before and after the exposure of the nerve to the irritation.

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I made a series of studies on the olfactory fatigue.
The results were summarised as follows:
Part I: The degree of threshold shift, examined by change of either duration time of smell stimulus or density of smell substance, was generally irregular. No regulation on the olfactory fatigue was recognized. Thus necessity and possibility of the new method of the examination of the olfactory fatigue was demanded.
Part II: Using my new method, named the increasing stimulus method, examinations of the olfactory fatigue were performed on groups of persons normal in health and with various nasal diseases.
Fatigue curves could be devided into 4 types (Type I, II, III, IV), and Type I regarded to normal type, II, III, and IV pathological type. According to the studies, signficant corrlations were found to exist between the chronic nasal diseases and Type IV.
Part. III: Examinations of the relation on the olfactory fatigue between both cavities, and of the fatigue curve type of each nasal cavities were conducted. From these results obtained, conclusion was drawn that the localisation of olfactory fatigue would be peripheral.

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I conducted the roentogenological examination of excretory function using 40% Molijodol in the maxillar and ethmoideal sinus on twenty normal cases. As the result of the continued observation on occipitofrontal and bilateral sides during 10 days, I found the excretory function of ethmoid sinus more delayed than maxillar. I used Proetz's method to pour the contrast medium in to ethmoid sinus.
Of 40 cases of chronic sinuitis, I found the excretion in the anterior ethmoideal sinus more delayed than in the posterior ethmoideal sinus.
As the result of the histological investigation of ethmoideal mucosa divided in to 5 types (Catarrh, edematous, infiltreted, fibrous, and mixed type.) Catarrh and edematous types were more frequentry observed. From these results on the relation between mucous type and ability of either excretion or sense of smell, I conducted that catarrh type schowed most excellent excretion and smell sense, and fibrous type worst.

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Tinnitus aurium was classified after Nagahama into the three following types, based upon the results of hearing test:
1) Tinnitus aurium without deafness
2) Conductive tinnitus
3) Perceptive tinnitus
As the non-deaf cases the author had selected the cases which did not reveal hearing loss over 10db in sound of each frequency. Twenty-three cases (43 ears) of tinnitus of this type, due to streptmycin, were collected and an audiometrical study on these cases was carried out.
The results are as follows:
1) The sound of non-deaf tinnitus is mostly high.
2) The tinnitus audiograms which were consisted of the masking curve of tinnitus and the minimal threshold of hearing demonstrated the high sound convergent type in 42.8%.
3) From, the difference limen test of these cases the author could evaluate their results as positive(+) or positive-negative(±). So far, the author had emphasized that in these cases disturbance of hearing might exist in the labyrinth in the latent state.
4) The minimal threshold of hearing in 80% of these cases has not changed at any frequency in the observation period, of 2 to 17 month.
5) From these results the author had expressed his opinion about the origin of tinnitus of this type that some stimuli might be occured in the labyrinth, which do not result in degeneration of the auditory cells, but make continuous mechanical irritation, such as dilatation of the blood vessels or hypertention of the labyrinth liquor.

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There have been many theories about the formation of the cerebrospinal fluid. One insists on its formation by the choroid plexus, others report the formation by the spinal cord of lumbar region, but no satisfactory theory has ever been reported.
The author made following experiments to study the formation of cerebrospinal fluid usinga radioactive isotope as an indicator.
Experiments were carried out on 41 adult dogs weighing 5 to 15kg., giving radioactive phosphorus (p. 32) in the form of Na₂ PO₄. 12 H₂O into femoral vein intravenously. 0.5u curie per kg of body weight prepared as isotonic solution to the cerebrospinal fluid).
Five 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes, after the injection of radioactive isotope, 0.1cc of the cerebrospinal fluid was taken from the left and right region slowly enough so that not to cause artificial flow of the cerebrospinal fluid, and radioactivity by Geiger-Mueller Counter.
In about holf of the cases (21 cases), the highest radioactivity was seen in the specimen from the lambar region, and then in order of both lateral ventricles and cisterna magana. In the other half (20 cases), the radioactivity in these regions was almost. equal.
From the result of these experiments, the author concluded that the cerebrospinal fluid was produced not only by the choroid plexus, but also each region of the cerebrospinal fluid system, chiefly in the brain and spinal cord and the blood vessels of leptomeninx.
The diference in the value of radioactivity between lumbar region and cisterna magna was thought to depend upon the abundance volume of leptomeninx covering each portion. In lumbar region, because of the presence of cauda equina, there was more leptomeninx containing much blood vessels than in cisterna magna, so that the radioactivity seen in lumber region higher than that of the cisterna magna.

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The auther caried out the Daito's inner ear irrigating fixation method with three ways that were 5, 30 and 60 minutes, in rabbits, cats, guinea pigs and humans, which had different appearance on each modiolus, with the object of observing accurately on the situation of fixation and deciding the standard of the irrigating time by using this method.
The results obtained were as follows.
1) Organ of Corti: The specimens of each animals were equally good as those obtained by intravital fixation.
Namely, the outer and inner hair cells were atrophic, slender and contained pycnotic nuclei. The cytoplasm of the supporting cells appeared pale and contained fine granules.
2) Spiral Ganglion Cells: There were no difference in the specimens of guinea pig, cat and human between 5' and 30'-60' irrigating. The some specimens of 5' irrigating in rabbit, cytoplasm were slight atrophic and Nissl's bodies wese not clearly visible.
However, among those specimens of each animals, there were no remarkable difference compared with those obtained by intravital fixation.
3) Vestibule and Semicircular Canal: There were no difference acording to irrigating time too. But only, some hyaloid and amorphous material were found in the subspace of Cupula and Otolitic Membrane. Cupula and Otolithic Membrane disappeared in human.
4) Therefore, the irrigating of about 5cc of Wittmaack's solution was enough to the Daifo's method.

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Recently we have been studying what irritation given to nervous system especially to the autonomic nervous system, will affect the internal organs.
Keisi Suzuki, a member of our depertment, has succeeded in obtaining some circulatory changes in the lung by irritating the infraorbital nerve with croton oil.
On this experiment I have seen an ulcer on the upper lip of irritated side. I have tried to study the cause and inhibition of this ulcer.
The result of the study revealed that the amputation of infraorbital nerve gave a higher incidence of ulcer than irritation with croton oil. This fact is thought to be due to the nutritional disturbance of the tissues through the dysfunction of autonomic fibers which accompany the infraorbital nerve.
A single administration of chlorpromazine did not inhibit the production of the ulcer. However, the development of the ulcer was inhibited, when chlorpromazine and promethazine hydrochloride were conjointly used.
It was consiconsidered that the mechanism of this inhibition is related to the supression of the unbalance of autonomic nerve, increasing circulatory blood volume in the tissue under its control.

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We devised a new method of the quantitative measurment of purity (or of hoarseness) of human voice with the Sona-graph.
The degree of purity was showed with deci-bel number of the retio of total energy of pure tone component to that of noise-component in the spectrum of voice.
It was experimentally ascertained that calculated values were parallel to the anditory charactors of the human voice.

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The euthor, had examined the growth of twenty seven parts of the body such as head, face, trunk, chest and et cetera every year for 5 years after adenotomy. In comparison with the healthy persons and persons who were not operated, following conclusion was abtained:
1) Growth of the lower part of the face was retarded in the patient than in healthy child, and the difference between the two increased gradually.
2) Growth of the trunkin the operated child gradually increased, reaching to that of the healthy child in five years.
3) Growth of the adenotomized was remarkable in the chest at first, and un-operated grew gradually reaching to that of adenotomized in 5 years.

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We had reported the histological findings of experimental candida albicans ulcer in a preceding article, in which we reported that the infiltrating cells were predominantly histiocytes and the proliferation of the young granulation tine was significant.
The most characteristic finding was the proliferation of the capillary blood vessels, resembling to hemangioma. In the late stage of the ulcer the giant cells were demonstrated. These histological findinding is similar to that of the oral candida ulcer of the human. To confirm these histological characteristics of candida infection, the author has studied the ulcers due to morbid candida albicans and staphylococci.
The ulcers due to morbid candida albicans were produced in 9 of 12 experimental animals, they were small and superficial, and these ulcers healed spontaneously in 11 to 13 days in average.
The histological findings in its peak stage were less significant than that of ulcer due to living candida albicans, the histiocyte infiltration was less, the capillar prolification was less remarkable and the giant cells were not identified.
The ulcers due to staphylococci were demonstrated in 3 out of 10cases. In 7 cases the abscess was formed but resolved without ulcer formation. Concerning histological appearance, the ulcer had a superficial and irregular shape and the margin of the ulcer was not undermined, histologicaly the infiltration of the polymorphneuclear cells were markedly demonstrated, but the edema in the tissue and the capillary proliferation were less remarkable. The giand cells were not found.
Based on the above-mentioned experimental study of the oral ulcer due to morbid candida albicans and staphylococci, the author has concluded that the histological findings which we have found in the candida albicans ulcer must be specific to oral candidiasis.

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