The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine
Online ISSN : 1349-3329
Print ISSN : 0040-8727
ISSN-L : 0040-8727
Volume 64, Issue 2
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
  • Chikamasa Ninagawa
    1956 Volume 64 Issue 2 Pages 99-103
    Published: August 25, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The present investigation has been undertaken to elucidate the spinal pathways for spontaneous sweating of plantar sweat glands in albino rats.
    Total section, hemisection or unilateral partial section of the spinal cord were made at various levels and the effects of these sections on spontaneous sweating in the plantar surface were examined.
    Experiments of the total section of the spinal cord indicated that secretory fibres for the plantar sweat glands in rats descended the thoracic segments of the spinal cord, leaving the spinal cord at the levels from D11 to L1.
    Experiments involving the hemisection or partial section of the spinal cord indicated that the descending spinal pathways subserving spontaneous sweating in the plantar surface ran in the lateral or ventrolateral column and mostly without crossing.
    I wish to express my gratitude to Prof. T. Suzuki, who suggested this pro-blem to me, for his encouragement and advice.
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  • Minoru Kurihara, Kazuo Asano
    1956 Volume 64 Issue 2 Pages 104
    Published: August 25, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • I. Observation with Polarization Microscope
    Shigeru Asakura
    1956 Volume 64 Issue 2 Pages 105-115
    Published: August 25, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Recently, the use of polarization microscopes has become gradually more common in the domains of biology too. In 1928, Runnström10)observed the fertilization membrane of the egg of sea-urchin with a polarization microscope and has first pointed out its double refraction. More recently, Schmidt, 11) Inoue and Dan12) have observed similar phenomena, Schmidt giving a minute description of the double refraction shown in the egg-shells of ascaris and pointing out that this double refraction comes from chitin in the shell. As detailed in the above, I have observed under a polarization microscope that the shells of eggs of various parasites show double refraction and have been informed that these shells have crystalline structure. Hereunder, I will subject to further discussion the above findings of the eggs of various parasites under a polarization microscope and their crystallographical properties and characteristics.
    The shells of the eggs of ascaris show the highest stability, with their thick shells of crystalline structure showing strong double refraction and ellipsoid form. Upon swelling and separating the outermost layer by Ida's method, it was found that the next layer was the thickest and showed the highest degree of double refraction, greatly contributing to the stability of the shell. The second layer was found to have radially arranged crystalline structure, indicating its presumably high crystallizing aptness as nucleus. In general, it is of course necessary that an adequately powerful supporting basis is present, if a crystal is to grow to a size. From such a view-point it is needless to emphasize that a fertilized egg of ascaris with very high stability and with a thick layer of crystalline substance in its shell offers an ideal nucleus in crystal formation. The presence of an albuminoid layer is a characteristic peculiar to an egg of ascaris not shared by an egg of any other parasite. Its uneven surface of large superficial area, its high cohesiveness and easy stainability are important factors in performing its duty of protecting the egg. They also conform with its aim at multiplying the chance of infection by adhesion to external objects. Its propensity to invite pigmentation and under definite circumstances to receive precipitation of crystals has been proven in the above described experiment. In this case, the albuminoid membrane is preserved to play the part of the skeleton of the forming crystals. The crystallographic properties ascertained in the above study are clearly of the nature that will, if a groundwork favoring a growth of crystals exists in the medium, lead to a growth of crystals too.
    The unfertilized eggs of ascaris, however, have thin shells with only low double refraction, showing a perceptible difference from the fertilized eggs and indicating a probable frailty. It may be supposed that a partici-pation of calcium and other inorganic components has a considerable influence in forming the fertilization membrane.13) Such properties of an unfertilized egg probably make it worse adapted to form a nucleus of a bile stone than a fertilized egg, even if laid in the bile duct and the bile had acquired the predisposition facilitating the stone formation. Of course, the difference in the pictures of an unfertilized and a fertilized eggs under a polarization microscope offers a means for differentiating the two.
    The eggs of hookworm and of trichostrongylus orientalis have only thin shells of low double refraction indicating a frail structure like the unfertilized eggs of ascaris. This property seems to he of service, when the early-grown youngs hatch out of the shells. Generally speaking, these parasites may have some chances to invade the biliary duct, and even if some of them enter the duct, they are not so apt to cause its stasis.
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  • II. Spectroscopy of Fertilized Ascaris Egg Shells
    Shigeru Asakura
    1956 Volume 64 Issue 2 Pages 117-120
    Published: August 25, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • I. An Experimental Study on Transplantation of Portal Vein
    Seiko Kikuchi
    1956 Volume 64 Issue 2 Pages 121-135
    Published: August 25, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • II. Study of Collateral Circulation after Occlusion of the Main Branch of Portal Vein
    Seiko Kikuchi
    1956 Volume 64 Issue 2 Pages 137-142
    Published: August 25, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The collateral circulation is established within 1-2 weeks in experimental animals after obstruction of the portal vein. These animals had no operation except on splenic vein and superior pancreatico-duodenal vein. In patients subjected to pancreaticoduodenectomy for carcinoma of the pancreas or bile duct, the collateral formation was relatively limited by resection of the tumor with half of the stomach, most part of the duodenum, half of the pancreas and common bile duct. As already being shown by Edwards, 2) accessory portal veins in human beings are important in establishment for collaterals toward the liver. It seems important to preserve the vessels around the hepatic portae as far as no carcinomatous infiltration exists. Though (12), (13) & (14) in table I are not described in the literature, they do not seem to play an important role as portal collaterals. Veins described by Retzius1) is important when superior mesenteric vein is obstructed. (9) seems to have been built by the pressure difference of the bed of gastrosplenic vein and mesenteric veins during the operation. The collateral vessels (superior haemorrhoidal vein middle haemorrhoidal vein-venules in the pelvis-spermatic vein) described by Retzius were not discovered by the author.
    The collaterals (a) Portal vein -paraumbillical vein in the abdominal wall, i.e. Caput Medusae; (b) Sappey's vein3) -diaphragmatic veins did not appear. The reason that varix in the esophagus was not noticed is probably due to the small amount of blood flow in the esophageal vein, because the veins leading to it are cut at the operation when the portal vein is transplanted.
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  • III. Clinical Cases with Operation on the Portal Vein during Pancreaticoduodenectomy
    Seiko Kikuchi
    1956 Volume 64 Issue 2 Pages 143-149
    Published: August 25, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • K. Motokawa, J. Umetsu, M. Kobayashi, M. Kameyama
    1956 Volume 64 Issue 2 Pages 151-159
    Published: August 25, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The method of electric flicker which is serviceable for measuring the effect of oxygen lack and fatigue was shown to be useful for detection of the effect of a small dose of Roentgen rays, too.
    1. The threshold value of Roentgen rays to produce a noticeable increase of the electric flicker value was within a range from 0.1 to 0.4 r.
    2. The effect of a Roentgen irradiation appeared with a latency of a few minutes, and attained a maximum in about 20-30 minutes to dis-appear in about 50 minutes.
    3. As no sensation of light was elicited by such a small dose of Roentgen rays in a light-adapted state of the retina, the phenomenon under consideration is not a secondary effect of visual excitation.
    4. When any other parts of the body were exposed to Roentgen rays of higher doses, a very slight effect, if any, could be observed, and this effect could be accounted for in terms of the direct effect of scattered Roentgen rays upon the eyes.
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  • Koiti Motokawa, Eietsu Suzuki, Yutaka Ooba
    1956 Volume 64 Issue 2 Pages 161-168
    Published: August 25, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The effect of intermittent lights of subfusional frequencies was investigated by the method of electrostimulation of the eye. The lightdark ratio of flickering light was always 1 :1.
    1. Increases of electrical sensitivity following an illumination with intermittent white light were usually greater below the CFF than above it. When the electrical sensitivity after an illumination was plotted against the rate of flicker of the illuminating light, the curve showed two prominent maxima at about 10 and 20 cps.
    2. The same effect could be seen when monochromatic lights of various wave-lengths were used instead of white light. 3. At the flicker rate of 10 cps., the degree of enhancement of electrical excitability was found highest for red light, intermediate for green light, and lowest for blue light.
    4. The rod-process received no such conspicuous enhancement as the cone-processes.
    5. The above-mentioned effect was correlated with the psychological phenomenon described by Bartley that a light flickering at a subfusional rate looks brighter than a fused one. Based upon the wave- length de-pendence of this phenomenon a retinal mechanism was suggested for photic activation of seisure waves with intermittent stimulation.
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  • Tadashi Aizawa
    1956 Volume 64 Issue 2 Pages 169-178
    Published: August 25, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The distribution of the rod process was studied by the method of the electrical stimulation of the eye.
    1) Experiment 1
    The fovea of the human retina was exposed to circular patches of various sizes illuminated by spectral light of 510mμ and ζ-intensity curves of the rod process were obtained. Two types of ζ-intensity curves were distingushed. In the type I ζ was a simple linear function of the logarithm of the intensity, and in the type II ζ remained constant over a certain range of lower intensities. It was shown that the latter behavior of type II is based on the rod process. Utilizing this property the rod free area was determined. 2) Experiment 2 The spatial distribution of the magnitude of ζ was obtained, using i patch of small size and thus the rod free area was directly determined.
    3) The results of these experiments agreed with each other. Rods lo not appear at all in a central area of 40' in diameter in visual angle and begin to appear in an area of 50' in normal subjects. In color-blind subjects, protanope and deuteranope, rods do not appear at all in an area of 18' and appear first in an area of 25'.
    4) These results well agree with the rod free area determined histo-logically by Oesterberg.
    The author wishes to express his hearty thanks to Prof. K. Motokawa for his kind guidance and encouragement.
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  • Shin'itiro Katayama, Tadashi Aizawa
    1956 Volume 64 Issue 2 Pages 179-187
    Published: August 25, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    By the method of electrostimulation, the time course of development of indirect retinal induction was investigated. Indirect induction is a physiological correlate of simultaneous contrast.
    1. Indirect induction appears with a latent period of 60 msec. in the immediate neighborhood of the retinal part illuminated by colored light.
    2. The intensity of indirect induction increases with the lapse of time after removal of colored light, and reaches a constant level in about 300 msec.
    3. At various distances from the area illuminated by colored light, development of indirect induction was measured, and it was found that the development is delayed in proportion to the distance. From this relation the velocity of spread of indirect induction was determined. The velocity was found to be 1.69mm./sec. in the retina in complete agreement with the value determined by Motokawa with another method.
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  • Part II. Survey in Abnormal Liquor
    Zenryu Tanaka
    1956 Volume 64 Issue 2 Pages 189-198
    Published: August 25, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. In this paper, the electrophoretic sutdy on the protein components of the cerebrospinal fluid in 15 cases of schizophrenia, 13 cases of epilepsy and 11 cases of general paralysis was reported.
    2. Each fraction of liquor protein components in schizophrenia was almost the same as in normal liquor.
    3. In case of epilepsy, the mean value of the toal protein amount was almost the same as that of the normal liquor, but X-component, alpha-globulin and gamma-globulin indicated a tendency to increase altogether. Particularly, X-component showed a remarkable increase.
    4. None of X-component was observed in the liquor protein in -cases of general paralysis, but gamm-globulin increased conspiculously and the globulin/albumin ratio was usually above 1.0.
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